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"@ ,,       @N  M!',Ց* :  K8k* 67<67<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<67<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7,7<7<747<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<6677 7<7<7<7<7<7<7<7<77<7<7<77<7$  $,$`$`$` $`$` $` $` $` VN@I`E N 㿐1V@I "%TئT`  $T $` $@I*`$@H@H . "@  @Hܒ @HT㾐U@H`@H@H  T%V ,@H۔  ( & (@HՐ T T @(?& ?@Hē*`&?? 'VV@H} 0%@H @Ht@H P, "@ P  @H㿐 T  , ( $?$ (* @H@ ( 2 $! P  P@Hz$ P$`@@N "@H@@@&@ *   &V@Ha`㾰 'N") , * 'J`-'J `' @ӑ* :  KƑ* <=================   H .  2H \  * `J *``  +`"? * H ܀ \ 2*`+` "?p㿐  h "bb"`%"`@G! !$"VaX@F͠"$ `x!`x$" V*!`?䀢 "V!V!X@F "bb b@F@F 㿐~~`h `h"  `pV!03`p  `p`U@Fb   t` t , 2@!"@Fn"     J " @F@FK 㿐@/F/FH ? ???㿐㿠㿠mvartypefuncprotoenumdeftagFFFHFEEpE DDD@CCCC@CBBp -[dsStT] Backward compatibility options. See --help for more info. -x Print tabular cross reference file to standard output. -W Generate warnings about duplicate tags. -w Exclude warnings about duplicate tags (default). -u Unsorted; do not sort tags. 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" ? 2 ?S!TSaVSX㿐@/^/^ ? ???㿐㿠㿠Internal error: lalloc(%ld, )Thanks for flying VimUnknown!USR2USR1XFSZXCPUPROFVTALRMTERMALRMSYSSEGVBUSFPEEMTABRTTRAPILLQUITINTHUPVim: Double signal, exiting Vim: Caught %s %s deadly signal Vim: Got X error WINDOWIDbuiltin_]2;P1.y]1;P3.yxtermbuiltin_xtermiris-ansibuiltin_iris-ansihptermsun-cmdscreendtterm%d./kbkD[?1000h[?1000lScreen mode setting not supportedLINESCOLUMNS[203;%ld;%ld/y Cannot create pipes Cannot fork /dev/nullTERM=dumbROWS=%ldCOLUMNS=%ld Cannot execute shell returned Command terminated Vim: Error reading input, exiting... cshglob >echo > -fr*?[{`~$Cannot allocate buffer, exiting...Cannot allocate buffer, using other one...Empty BufferNo buffers were %sunloadeddeleted%d buffer%s %sNo modified buffer foundCannot go to buffer %ldCannot go beyond last bufferCannot go before first bufferNo write since last change for buffer %ld (use ! to override)Cannot unload last bufferWarning: List of file names overflowbuffer %ld not foundMore than one match for %sNo matching buffer for %sNo File%3d %c%c%c "line %ldBuffer with this name already existsbuf %d: "%s%s%s%s [+] [Modified] [Not edited][RO][readonly]%ld line%s --%d%%--line %ld of %ld --%d%%-- col Col %s of %s; Line %ld of %ld; Char %ld of %ld%d%d-%dVIM -VIM - file (%d) of %d)%d of %d)No relevant entries in buffer listex:vi:vim:modelinesset empty line <%s> <%s>%s%s %d, Hex %02x, Octal %03oMove lines into themselves%ld line%s moved [No write since last change] (%s) < %s %s>%ld lines filtered*Filter* Autocommands must not change current bufferNONEviminfo: %s in line: viminfo: Too many errors, skipping rest of filerwCan't write viminfo file %s!$HOME/.viminfo# This viminfo file was generated by vim # You may edit it if you're careful! Illegal starting charkbkD%7ld ~&=><!@zyankxallxitwviminfowqallwallwqwinsizewpreviouswNextwnextwritevunmenuvunmapvnoremenuvnoremapvmenuvmapclearvmapviewvisualversionvglobalunmenuunmapunhideunabbreviateundotagstagtswapnamesviewsunhidestagstopslastsrewindsprevioussNextsnextsplitsourcesleepshellsetsuspendsblastsbrewindsbprevioussbNextsbnextsbmodifiedsballsbuffersallsargumentsubstituterviminforightretabresizeregistersredorecoverrewindreadqallquitpwdpreviouspreserveputpopprintonlyopenNextnunmenununmapnormalnoreabbrevnoremenunoremap#numbernnoremenunnoremapnmenunmapclearnmapnewnextmodemfstatmkvimrcmkexrcmenumakemapclearmapmarksmarkmovelsleftlastlistkjumpsjoiniunabbreviunmenuiunmapisplitisearchinoreabbrevinoremenuinoremapimenuimapclearimapilistijumpifiabcleariabbrevinserthelpgvimguiglobalfixdelfilesfileexitexendifeditdsplitdsearchdoautocmddlistdjumpdigraphsdisplaydeletecunabbrevcunmenucunmapcquitcpreviouscopycnoreabbrevcnoremenucnoremapcNextcnextcmenucmapclearcmapcloseclistcheckpathchdircfilecentercdcccabclearcabbrevchangeblastbrewindbpreviousbNextbnextbmodifiedbunloadbdeletebuffersballbufferautocmdasciiargumentargsabclearabbreviateallappend^_R_Ti0uus0xu0cq~yx0y~yyy~1 toast|uqu0y~u0sy~00~0}q{u coffeeyx0}y|{O tea :cgrsre@!=><&~#Not an editor command: Backwards range givenBackwards range given, OK to swap Use w or w>>|"%%#<No file name to substitute for '%'no alternate filename to substitute for '#'no autocommand filename to substitute for ""Only one file name allowed"%s" is readonly, use ! to write anyway[%s]There is only one file to editCannot go before first fileCannot go beyond last fileNo swap file$HOMEline %ld'100Cannot open viminfo file for reading.vimrc.exrc"%s" is a directory"%s" exists (use ! to override)wCannot open "%s" for writingversion 4.0 |" Sorry, this command is not implementedWarning: Entered other buffer unexpectedly (check autocommands)Use ! to write partial bufferAutocommands unexpectedly deleted new buffer %s$ *?[{`$\errorfile option not set%s%s%s %s %s:!No write since last change for buffer "%s"No File%ld more files to edit... *?[{`$\%#.,rvimrc :|.$%'/?-+,;|"# # %s History (newest to oldest): Command LineSearch String0123456789gcr|"Regular expressions can't be delimited by letters or digits/?&|" replace with %s (y/n/a/q/^E/^Y)?do_sub internal error: old_match < old_line%s%ld substitution%s on %ld line%s(Interrupted) Cannot do :global recursiveRegular expression missing from globalInterruptedp # Last Substitute String: $Escape not allowed in digraph %c%c %c %3d (insert) Scroll (^E/^Y) (replace) Scroll (^E/^Y) Whole line completion (^L/^N/^P) File name completion (^F/^N/^P) Dictionary completion (^K/^N/^P) Tag completion (^]/^N/^P) Path pattern completion (^N/^P) Definition completion (^D/^N/^P)^X mode (^E/^Y/^L/^]/^F/^I/^K/^D) Keyword completion (^P/^N)\<\k\k\<%c\k\<%.*sThere are %d matches'dictionary' option is emptyThere are %d matching wordsThere are %d matching tagsThere are %d matching file namesAll %d matches have now been foundBack at original(the only match)match in file <Please wait, searching dictionaries,r1ielse<>!*oOe0is a directoryis not a file[New File][Permission Denied]*ReadPre autocommands made the file unreadable*ReadPre autocommands must not change current buffer[fifo/socket][RO][readonly][CR missing][long lines split][READ ERRORS].bakAutocommands deleted or unloaded buffer to be writtenAutocommand changed number of lines in unexpected wayWARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!!Do you really want to write to it,Can't write to backup file (use ! to override)Close error for backup file (use ! to override)Can't read file for backup (use ! to override)Cannot create backup file (use ! to override)Can't open file for writingClose failedwrite error (file system full?)[New] [w] writtenpatchmode: can't save original filepatchmode: can't touch empty original fileCan't delete backup file WARNING: Original file may be lost or damaged don't quit the editor until the file is successfully written!" [tx][textmode]%ldL, %ldC%ld line%s, %ld character%s[noeol][Incomplete last line]writing toclosingreadingError %s '%s'Warning: File "%s" has changed since editing started/tmp/v?XXXXXXAdd to read buffer%ld"AIRO rrecursive mappingNo abbreviation foundNo mapping found! i c n v mapmap!abbrmakemap: Illegal modenore\ mappingsSorry, no help for %srSorry, help file "%s" not foundisk!-~,^*,^|,^":ta vim_help.txt?:??/\(\)/\*/*]*[*g**/\\(\\)/\\star/star]star[stargstarstarbarquoteCTRL- \"|-e [errorfile]-t tag[file ..]Garbage after optionArgument missing afterToo many argumentsUnknown option : "%s" usage: vim [options] or: Options: -g Run using GUI -f Foreground: Don't fork when starting GUI -R or -v Readonly mode (view mode) -b Binary mode -l Lisp mode -n No swap file, use memory only -r List swap files -r (with file name) Recover crashed session -L Same as -r -T Set terminal type to -o[N] Open N windows (default: one for each file) + Start at end of file + Start at line -c Execute first -s Read commands from script file -w Append commands to script file -W Write commands to script file -u Use instead of any .vimrc -i Use instead of .viminfo -- End of options Options recognised by gvim (Motif version): -display Run vim on -iconic Start vim iconified -background Use for the background (also: -bg) -foreground Use for normal text (also: -fg) -bold Use for bold text -italic Use for italic text -underline Use for underlined text (also: -ul) -cursor Use for cursor -font Use for normal text (also: -fn) -boldfont Use for bold text -italicfont Use for italic text -geometry Use for initial geometry (also: -geom) -borderwidth Use a border width of (also: -bw) -scrollbarwidth Use a scrollbar width of (also: -sw) -menuheight Use a menu bar height of (also: -mh) -reverse Use reverse video (also: -rv) +reverse Don't use reverse video (also: +rv) -xrm Set the specified resource viewgvimbcdfgHilLnorRsTuvwWx$Attempt to open script file again: "%s %s" rCannot open "%s" for reading awcannot open "%s" for output --%d files to edit Vim: Warning: Output is not to a terminal Vim: Warning: Input is not from a terminal NONECannot read from "%s"VIMINIT$HOME/.vimrcEXINIT$HOME/.exrc.vimrc.exrcThis is Vim version 4.0.No ":version 4.0" command found in any .vimrc.Use ":help version" for info about this new version.ta command linei-current-No marks setNo marks matching "%s" mark line col file %c %5ld %3d jump line file%c %2d %5ld %s >Illegal file mark name # File marks: '%c %ld %ld %s , # History of marks within files (newest to oldest): > %s " %ld %d %c %ld %d Missing '>' %ld %dClose error on swap fileblock was not lockedfsyncSeek error in swap file readRead error in swap fileSeek error in swap file writeWrite error in swap fileUnable to open swap file, recovery impossibledidn't get block nr 0?didn't get block nr 1?didn't get block nr 2?Oops, lost the swap file!!!Could not rename swap fileUnable to open swap file for "%s", recovery impossibleNo Fileml_timestamp: Didn't get block 0??.swNo swap file found for %sEnter number of swap file to use (0 to quit): Cannot open %sUnable to read block 0 from Maybe no changes were made or Vim did not update the swap file%s is not a swap fileThe file cannot be used on this computer. The file was created on , or the file has been damaged.Using swap file "%s"Original file "%s"Warning: Original file may have been changedUnable to read block 1 from %s???MANY LINES MISSING???LINE COUNT WRONG???EMPTY BLOCK???LINES MISSINGBlock 1 ID wrong (%s not a .swp file?)???BLOCK MISSING??? from here until ???END lines may be messed up??? from here until ???END lines may have been inserted/deleted??????ENDRecovery InterruptedErrors detected while recovering; look for lines starting with ???Recovery completed. You should check if everything is OK. (You might want to write out this file under another name and run diff with the original file to check for changes) Delete the .swp file afterwards. Swap files found:,*.sw?.*.sw?.sw? In current directory: Using specified name: In directory : . -- none -- dated: [is not a swap file] file name: host name: user name: process ID: (still running) [not usable on this computer] [cannot be read] [cannot be opened]Cannot preserve, there is no swap fileFile preservedPreserve failedml_get: invalid lnum: %ldml_get: cannot find line %ldpointer block id wrong 3Updated too many blocks?pointer block id wrong 4Cannot find line %ldpointer block id wrongline number out of range: %ld past the endline count wrong in block %ldpointer block id wrong 2.swpwATTENTION Found a swap file by the name "" While opening file " (1) Another program may be editing the same file. If this is the case, quit this edit session to avoid having two different instances of the same file when making changes. (2) An edit session for this file crashed. If this is the case, use ":recover" or "vim -r " to recover the changes (see ":help recovery)". If you did this already, delete the swap file "" to avoid this message. Error detected while processing %s:line %4ld:[NULL][string too long]Interrupt: Press RETURN or enter command to continue %ld-- More -- (RET: line, SPACE: page, d: half page, q: quit),Warning: Changing a readonly file%s (y/n)? %ld %s line%s %smorefewer(Interrupted)HOME/ , /casedefaultifelsedowhileVim: preserving files... Vim: Finished. dyc<>!~=Q:UuJq@zm"rZtTfF[]g'`hles.,.+:x :q! /?\<:he :! :ta \> {(*/#})*/#:s yyccclc$d$dhdlxXDCsSY&:st "DCYSsXx.! :'<,'>:%ld,%ld!fmt-+*/%<>&|^!=Warning: terminal cannot highlightNo string under cursorNo identifier under cursor \<%.*s\>%.*s%ld line%s %ced %d time%s%ld line%s to indent... %ld line%s indented .%: : cannot yank; delete anyway%ld line%s ~edfreeing %ld lines%ld line%s yankedNothing in register %s" --- Registers --- ^J ". ": "% .!?%lo%lx%ld%lXIllegal register nameCHARBLOCK # Registers: LINEUnknown register type %d"%c %s t_ZRt_ZHt_vst_vit_vet_vbt_ust_uet_tit_tet_srt_sot_set_RIt_mst_mrt_met_mdt_kst_ket_dlt_DLt_dbt_dat_cst_CSt_cmt_clt_cet_cdt_alt_ALwdwritedelaywbwritebackupwawriteanywswrapscanwmwrapmarginwrapwhwinheightwiwindowwcwildcharb,swwwhichwrapwivweirdinvertwarnw9600w1200w300vbvisualbellviviminfoutupdatetimeucupdatecountulundolevelsttyttytypetslttyscrolltfttyfasttbittybuiltinttmttimeoutlenttimeouttitlelentitletmtimeoutlentotimeouttoptildeoptwtextwidthtxtextmodetatextautotersetermtgsttagstack./tags,tagstagtagstrtagrelativetltaglengthtstabstopfsyncswsswapsync.bak,~,.o,.h,.info,.swpsusuffixessolstartoflinesbsplitbelowsourceanystasmarttabsismartindentscssmartcaseslowslowopensssidescrollsmdshowmodesmshowmatchscshowcmdsbrshowbreaksnshortnameshmshortmessswshiftwidthsrshiftroundstshelltype>srrshellredirshqshellquote| teespshellpipe-cshcfshellcmdflagshshellsecureSHNHH HUnhshsectsectionssoscrolloffsjscrolljumpscrscrollrurulerreportremapredrawroreadonlyprompt.,/usr/include,,papathpmpatchmodepasteIPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbpparaparagraphsoptoptimizeopennunumbernovicemousetmousetimemousemoremodmodifiedmlsmodelinesmlmodelinemesgmmtmaxmemtotmmmaxmemmmdmaxmapdepthmakempmakeprgmagiclistlisplineslbrlinebreaklslaststatuslmaplangmapmankpkeywordprgjsjoinspaces@,161-255ispisprintiskiskeyword@,48-57,_,192-255isiisident@,48-57,/,.,-,_,+,,,$,:,~isfisfnameiminsertmodeinfinfercaseisincsearch^#[ \t]*includeincincludeicignorecaseiconhihistory8b,db,es,mb,Mn,nu,rs,sr,tb,vr,wshlhighlighthidhiddenhhhelpheighthfhelpfilehthardtabsguiptyagmrgoguioptionsgfnguifontgrgraphicgdgdefaultfpformatprgtcqfoformatoptionsflflashexrcetexpandtabekesckeys%*[^"]"%f"%*[^0-9]%l: %m,"%f"%*[^0-9]%l: %m,%f:%l:%m,"%f"\, line %l%*[^0-9]%c%*[^ ] %mefmerrorformaterrors.vimeferrorfileeberrorbellsepequalprgeaequalalwayseolendoflineededcompatible.,~/tmp,/tmpdirdirectorydgdigraphdictdictionary^#[ \t]*definedefdefineBceFscpocpoptionscpcompatiblesr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,://,b:#,:%,:XCOMM,n:>,fb:-comcommentscocolumnschcmdheightif,else,while,do,for,switchcinwcinwordscinocinoptions0{,0},:,0#,!^F,o,O,ecinkcinkeyscincindent !@*-+_;:,./?brkbreakatbioskbioskeybinbinarybfbeautify~bexbackupext.,~/tmp,~/bdirbackupdirbkbackupbsbackspaceawautowriteapautoprintaiautoindentWinLeaveWinEnterVimLeaveFilterWritePreFilterWritePostFilterReadPreFilterReadPostFileWritePreFileWritePostFileReadPreFileReadPostFileAppendPreFileAppendPostBufWriteBufWritePreBufWritePostBufReadBufReadPreBufReadPostBufNewFileBufLeaveBufEnterSHELLcshtcsh|& tee>&kshzshbash2>&1| tee>%s 2>&1alltermcapnoinvUnknown option?=:!&=:&not allowed heresNumber required after =b,s,h,l,<,>,[,],Cannot set 'term' to empty stringCannot change term in GUINot found in termcap'backupext' and 'patchmode' are equal8dehmMnrstvwbsnuirnbsmeflrIllegal flagMissing colonZero length string"'fr:/Missing number after <%s>Must specify a ' valuecontains unprintable characterbshl<>[],rmfixlnwaWtosbBcefFkmorsStwx$!%<tcroq2vlb,anvicrhabfglmrNeed at least %d linesNeed at least %d columns: Illegal character <%s>S-Tab --- Terminal codes --- --- Options --- set %s%sset %s=%ldset %s=get_varp ERROR%ldMissing {.Missing }. UnknownIllegal character after *: %sNo such event: %s --- Auto-Commands ---Can't execute autocommands for ALL eventsNo matching autocommands%s Auto commands for "%s"rmfixlnwvt@,48-57,_/opt/BMvim/lib/vim/vimrc/opt/BMvim/lib/vim/gvimrc/opt/BMvim/lib/vim/vim_help.txtgcc -c -I. -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DUSE_GUI_MOTIF -I/usr/dt/include -g -O -Wall -Wshadow -I/usr/openwin/includerinvalid % in format stringtoo many % in format stringinvalid format string'errorformat' contains no patternNo more errors(%d of %d)%s%s: %s (line deleted)%2d%2d %s:%ld:%ld, col %d%s: error warning%s %3d*+ operand could be emptyNested *=+\= follows nothing\+ follows nothing* follows nothing\* follows nothingIllegal back referenceuUlLeE[No File][help][+][RO]%7ld $-- INSERT REPLACE (insert) (replace) (paste) VISUAL BLOCK LINE --recording%ld,search hit TOP, continuing at BOTTOMsearch hit BOTTOM, continuing at TOPInvalid search string: %sPattern not found: %ssearch hit TOP without match for: %ssearch hit BOTTOM without match for: %sExpected '?' or '/' after ';'ifendifel.!?)]"')]"'\<%.*s\>%.*s (includes previously listed match)--- Included files not found in path --- --> (Already listed) NOT FOUNDrdefineMatch is on current lineAll included files were foundNo included filesCouldn't find definitionCouldn't find pattern%3ld: %4ld # Last Search Pattern: %s/~ # Last Substitute Search Pattern: %s&NulRightReleaseRightDragRightMouseMiddleReleaseMiddleDragMiddleMouseLeftReleaseLeftDragLeftMouseMousekPageDownkPageUpkEndkHomePageDownPageUpEndHomeDeleteDelInsInsertBackSpaceBSUndoHelpF35F34F33F32F31F30F29F28F27F26F25F24F23F22F21F20F19F18F17F16F15F14F13F12F11F10F9F8F7F6F5F4F3F2F1RightLeftDownUpBarEscReturnCRLFLineFeedNewLineNLTabSpaceat bottom of tag stackat top of tag stacktag stack empty # TO tag FROM line in file%c%2d %-15s %4ld %s >rFormat error in tags file "%s"%06dNo tags fileOnly found tag with different case!tag not foundvim_tags ,File "%s" does not exist^%s[ ]*(^[#a-zA-Z_].*%s[ ]*(Can't find tag patternCouldn't find tag, just guessing!./../ dumb[10/y[=1h[=2l[=6h[9/y[12/y[=6liris-ansi[34~[33~[32~[31~[29~[25~[10~[6~[5~[4~[8~[1~[7~[2~[26~[28~[24~[23~[21~[20~[19~[18~[17~[15~[14~[13~[12~[11~OvOtOrOxOCODOBOA[?1l>[?1h=M[%i%p1%d;%p2%drxterm[%p1%dC[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH[%p1%dM[%p1%dLansi|%p1%d;%p2%dM|f|4h|4H|8h|8H|16h|16H|2h|1h|63H|C|%p1%d;%p2%dR|%p1%dD|d|%p1%dI|i|$guiK5K4K3K1kNkP@7khkDkIkb&8%1F2F1k;k9k8k7k6k5k4k3k2k1%i#4krkdkutetikeksvbRIsrcmusueZRZHsosemdmrmevsvevicdclcsDLdlALalcemsyesdbdakllicobcuppc '%s' not known. Available builtin terminals are: builtin_%s defaulting to '%s' termpctermCannot open termcap fileTerminal entry not found in terminfoNo "%s" entry in termcapbuiltin_TERMterminal capability %s requirednvich --- Terminal keys ---NULLNo undo possible; continue anywayu_undo: line numbers wrong%ld change%sundo list corruptundo line missing:split #new :quit :close :only Cannot close last windowAlready only one windowNo file name under cursor://Can't find file `%s' ,Can't find file "%s" in pathbuiltin_gui*i*Edit.Paste]p]pEdit.Put After[p[pEdit.Put BeforeyEdit.CopyxEdit.CutEdit.RedouEdit.Undo:wqa :wqa File.Save-Quit :wqa:qa :qa File.Quit :qa:q :q File.Close :q:w :w File.Save :w:help uganda :help uganda Help.Copying:help credits :help credits Help.Credits:version :version Help.Version:help gui :help gui Help.GUI:help how_to :help how_to Help.How to\.\.\.:help :help Help.Overview mouseaGVIMINIT$HOME/.gvimrc.gvimrc,Trailing characters*Menu path must not lead to a sub-menuPart of menu-item path is not sub-menuMust not add menu items directly to menu barMenu only exists in another modeNo menu of that name --- Menus --- nvic \.vimFormmenuBarleftScrollBarBoxrightScrollBarBoxbottomScrollBarBoxtextAreacmdlineScrollBarsubMenusubMenuShellrowColumnMenuHelpscrollBargray60ScrollBackgroundscrollBackgroundScrollForegroundscrollForegroundgray77MenuBackgroundmenuBackgroundblackMenuForegroundmenuForegroundMenuHeightmenuHeightScrollbarWidthscrollbarWidthBoldItalicFontboldItalicFontItalicFontitalicFontBoldFontboldFontXtDefaultFontCursorColorcursorColorUnderlineColorunderlineColorItalicColoritalicColorBoldColorboldColorXtDefaultBackgroundXtDefaultForeground-xrm-menuheight.menuHeight-mh-scrollbarwidth.scrollbarWidth-sw-borderwidth.borderWidth-bw.name-name*iconic-iconic.display-display+rvFalse+reverse-rvTrue*reverseVideo-reverse-geometry.geometry-geom.italicFont-italicfont.boldFont-boldfont-font.font-fn.cursorColor-cursor-underline.underlineColor-ul.italicColor-italic.boldColor-bold-foreground.foreground-fg-background.background-bgvimVimcannot open displayVIMWhiteBlackVIM_SELECTIONWM_DELETE_WINDOW7x13Font "%s" is not fixed-widthVim: Window closed /dev/ptmxVIM 4.5VIM - Vi IMproved 4.5 (1996 Oct 12, compiled Feb 2 1997 16:32:08)Warning: Found newer version command in: "" line: Compiled with (+) or without (-): +autocmd +builtin_terms +cindent -compatible +digraphs -emacs_tags +fork() +GUI_Motif +insert_expand -langmap +lispindent -rightleft +smartindent +terminfo +viminfo +writebackup +X11 user vimrc file: "$HOME/.vimrc" user exrc file: "$HOME/.exrcuser gvimrc file: "$HOME/.gvimrcsystem vimrc file: ""system gvimrc file: "Compilation: SUNW_OST_OSLIB/usr/share/lib/terminfo is unaccessibleSUNW_OST_OSLIBI don't know anything about your "%s" terminalSUNW_OST_OSLIBcorrupted terminfo entrySUNW_OST_OSLIBterminfo entry too longSUNW_OST_OSLIBTERMINFO pathname for device exceeds 512 charactersSUNW_OST_OSLIBmalloc returned NULLSUNW_OST_OSLIBterminfo file for "%s" terminal is not readableSUNW_OST_OSLIBSorry, . ;;;;;;;; < <(;{L <) P4 00<0H0T0`0l0x00000000000000 0,080D0P0\0h0t0000000000000~0{0x(0u40r@0oL0lX0id0fp0c|0`0]0Z0W0T0Q0N0K0H0E0B0? 0<09$06003<00H0-T0*`0'l0$x0!0000000 0 00000 0,080D0P0\0h0t000000000000000(040@0L0X0d0p0|000000000000 0|0y$0v00s<0pH0mT0j`0gl0dx0a0^0[0X0U0R0O0L0I0F0C0@0=0: 07,04801D0.P0+\0(h0%t0"0000F@F8?F0F(F FFOFFEEEMMMMMMNI`NNNN~!c|$$oxY-||pa""cOa-<<-,--rO-=~o+-2233''jupp~.,,11o->>141234~?A`A'A^A~A"A@AEC,E`E'E^E"I`I'I^I"D-N~O`O'O^O~O"/\O/U`U'U^U"Y'Ipssa`a'a^a~a"a@aec,e`e'e^e"i`i'i^i"d-n~o`o'o^o~o":-o/u`u'u^u"y'ipy"^p^h^`^X^P^H^@^8^0^(^^^^^^^x^8^0^(v^^--No lines in buffer--No such abbreviationCommand abortedAmbiguous mappingArgument required\ should be followed by /, ? or &Command not allowed from exrc/vimrc in current dir or tag searchNo errorfile nameFile exists (use ! to override)Command failedInternal errorInterruptedInvalid addressInvalid argumentInvalid rangeInvalid commandMark has invalid line numberMark not setScripts nested too deepNo alternate fileNo ! allowedGUI cannot be used: Not enabled at compile time Hebrew cannot be used: Not enabled at compile time No inserted text yetNo previous command lineNo such mappingNo matchNo more files to editNo file nameNo previous substitute regular expressionNo previous commandNo previous regular expressionNo range allowedNot enough roomCan't create file %sCan't get temp file nameCan't open file %sCan't read file %sNo write since last change (use ! to override)Null argumentNumber expectedCan't open errorfile %sOut of memory!Pattern not foundArgument must be positiveNo ErrorsDamaged match stringCorrupted regexp program'readonly' option is set (use ! to override)Error while reading errorfileInvalid scroll sizeCommand too complexToo many (Too many )Too many [Command too longToo many file namesTrailing charactersUnknown markUnknownError while writingZero count^^^_P_8_ _sxYyDdCcxdXdyyyyxypyhy`yXy! 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^< ^/ Y \| ]@ ^/ X [< ^F ^/XH ^Fx ^/8( ^F| ^/  ^j ^ ^j ^ ^j$ ^x ^j( ^pxp`XH8H0 xpx`XPX@0( x !"#$        hgn ijk    fl+,copqdpez{|}~mq/.rrytuvwx0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abs&5 k  j%)*./ 024361ABDEFGHIJKCN9;?TPM<>QRU@V87=XLOSY:WZ[]^_`abcd\' fe!"g*)hwstxvuz{|~}ylmno+#-( !"#$%&'(,$- i  $(,048<@DHLPTX\`dhlptx|  $(,048<@DHLPTX\`dhlptx|       $ ( , 0 4 8 < @ D H L P T X \ ` d h l p t x |          $ ( , 0 4 8 < @ D H L P T X \ ` d h l p t x |                                          $ ( , 0 4 8 < @ D H L P T X \ ` d h l p t x |                                          $ ( , 0 4 8 < @ D H L P T X \ ` d h l p t x |                                          $ ( , 0 4 8 < @ D H L P T X \ ` d h l p t x |           5MS7)  @@  h m x _#$" !+,& bwamxbxsxneognhckmhsindadbmimsosesxthzulxonx5iHCNRNPNDccuthlYAYBYCYDYEYFYGcoitlilmsgpbvtwsNllhlwmaMWCopaNCYaYbYcYdYeYfYgYhYiYjYkYlYmYnBTYoYpbtblcrcsctclcecdchCCcmdohovileCMvendllupvsdcdldshdasmbmdtidmmhimmkmpmrsousecaemeteedeiseuevbfffsi1isi3ificalipkbkakCktkDkLkdkMkEkSk0k1k;k2k3k4k5k6k7k8k9khkIkAklkHkNkPkrkFkRkTkukeksl0l1lal2l3l4l5l6l7l8l9mommnwpcDCDLDOICSFALLERISRUPpkplpxpspfporpr1r2r3rfrccvscsfsrsastwitatsuchuiPK1K3K2K4K5pOrPacpnkBSXRXSARAXNXFeALOLF@1@2@3@4@5@6@7@8@9@0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&0*1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*0#1#2#3#4%a%b%c%d%e%f%g%h%i%j!1!2!3RFF1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9FAFBFCFDFEFFFGFHFIFJFKFLFMFNFOFPFQFRFSFTFUFVFWFXFYFZFaFbFcFdFeFfFgFhFiFjFkFlFmFnFoFpFqFrcbMCMLMRLfSCDKRCCWWGHUDIQDTOPUfhPAWAu0u1u2u3u4u5u6u7u8u9opocIcIpspSfSbZAZBZCZDZEZFZGZHZIZJZKZLZMZNZOZPZQZRZSZTZUZVZWZXZYZZZaZbZcZdZeZfZgZhZiZjZkZlZmZnZoZpZqZrZsZtZuZvZwZxZyKmMiRQGmAFABxldvcis0s1s2s3MLMTXyZzYvYwYxYyYzYZS1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8unknownTERMTERMINFO/usr/share/lib/terminfo/a//usr/share/lib/terminfo/.LINESCOLUMNSSVR4@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996as: SC4.0 dev 15 Feb 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996as: SC4.0 dev 15 Feb 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2ld: (SGU) SunOS/ELF (LK-2.0 (S/I) - versioning).interp.hash.dynsym.dynstr.rela.bss.rela.plt.text.init.fini.rodata.rodata1.got.dynamic.plt.data.ctors.dtors.data1.bss.symtab.strtab.stab.index.comment.stab.shstrtab.stab.indexstr.stabstr ( ))Q{L{L<PP ) 3|9<<?<(<(E<@<@uM  V [d i@@A9o||v} t 07070100016240000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081500002a60000000200000001b00000000000000000000000e00000004reloc/bin/xxdELF 4'@4 (44#p#p#p#p<#|#|/usr/lib/ld.so.15CB6$&?*!0;>,A<@-%.271 ="5894/()+3'#:X| 0D X #p #| $ %@%%% t$d$%h&%)*(@!/$8#p N& V$\$4c$@h%0p0v$|%$%%p!$#| $(@% $L&!$%@&%$%$ $$ #p X $|$%)& !0L5$p>D D$X_startrewindstrtolosver_environ_end_iob__flsbuf_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE___ctypefseekatexitexitsprintf_initfputs.remftellhexxafclose_DYNAMICstrncmp__iobfdopen_exitenvironperrorversionopenstrcmp_edata_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE_fopenstrcpy_etext_lib_versionfflushhexx_ctypemain__filbuf_finifprintflibc.so.1&&!(.$4#$@$$L0$XB$d$p@$|<$"$$+$9$'$-$$5$8$2%4% /%)%$(%0% @D# @FG"D@F@, @ "@h@F@F㿐@/F/Ft  `    㿐㿐! ؐGb`@FyGb@FtG@FpbؐG@FlbG@Fhc8G@FdcG@F`cG@F\cH@FX`H@FT`XH@FP`H`H8H@FH@H@FDaPHa@@F<h@F4 㿐 ?   @F2? &@F. `&  @` "Ѐ    ݢ?  `2  `,Ҩ Ц\'`@E$@E  6Ha@Eq ? &@ @E``&`*@&@`3`1@?  &@-` @EԒ ``&`-`*@ ?`" ? &@E `&  @` #2s 6r`6o6l`" ? &@E `&  @` 2T @E @E @E@E 㿐 ! !@E} a  '"a!a?"a! !@Eg! H!@E`! @EV"!㾀   ''?   '@ M L / L  / `Ha@E2  H`J @ a` @E%  "'Ha@E  !"aHa@E   Ⱥ Ha@E   Hb@D  'Hb@D  2  Hb@@Dɖh@D Hb@Dޔ  !L  H"  @DҔ   @Dϔ `  *`  @D°?|`Hb(@D  ? L  " H"0 @D  H"8@D   L  +`?J   -`? @DP` 2``J@ +" J@ -"`@ @D `8?Hb@@Dt  !L  H"H @Dh   @De  `  `  @DX?`H@DUa؀ "`L -L   `?  `"  ` ?  ` @  HbP@D @@C    `J@ -2 `J` 2` H@Db  Hb@C@D`:   `J@ -2 `J` 2` Ȓ!@C! H@Cb  Hb@C@C` @C`  Hb@C?#\` ؐ #\j ` <` `    ` @C `  Hb@CyҰ  @C?`@? $@@Cl?` $`??2@`` @:`J@" @ H"H"H#@CF`J " "?  $  _  @CA `$  _*` J 2H#@C5- ? $@@C``$` @?$!!p@HH## @C2 HH#0#8@B&@&@ H#@ @"` @B @/`J@" @ H#HH"H#@Bʐ`J " "?  $  _  @BŒ `$  _*` J 2HcX@B0рV? $@@B``$` @?L`Ȗ`Ȑ?  "`ȑ< a  @@B  < "! ` *`Ȗ`Ȑ?  "`!  @@Bv  "!  @* `Ȕ`Ȑ? "`Ȑ @B_  " *&@&@`Ȕ`Ȑ? "`Ȑ @BE 0 " *? $@@B/``$` @?Y,Hch@BO  @  *?,@2`@:`<  !@  *!? ^*-?2  : @+ .+ '쀤 ,?2  :   @ * @* _' &@&@-?2  :   @ * @* 􀠠?:@A@A 㿐@/A/Aᠮ ? ???㿐㿠㿠Usage: %s [options] [infile [outfile]] or %s -r [-s [-]offset] [-c cols] [-ps] [infile [outfile]] Options: -a toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off. -c cols format octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30). -h print this summary. -i output in C include file style. -l len stop after octets. -ps output in postscript continuous hexdump style. -r reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. -r -s off revert with added to file positions found in hexdump. -s %sseek start at bytes abs. %sinfile offset. [+][-](or +: rel.) -u use upper case hex letters. -v show version: "%s%s". %s: sorry, cannot seek backwards. * ---a-u-p-i-r-v%s%s -cols-skipeek-len%s: invalid number of columns (max. %d). r%s: w%s: sorry, cannot revert this type of hexdump %s: sorry cannot seek. unsigned char %s__[] = { %s0x%02x%s0X%02X, , }; unsigned int %s_len = %d; %07lx: #|%%L 0 D V $|X, 00<0H0T0`0l0x00000000000000 0,0xxd V1.5mj 29aug96 by Juergen Weigert0123456789abcdef0123456789ABCDEF%p@(#)SunOS 5.5.1 Generic May 1996as: SC4.0 dev 15 Feb 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.2 dev 30 Nov 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2as: SC4.0 dev 15 Feb 1995 GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2ld: (SGU) SunOS/ELF (LK-2.0 (S/I) - versioning).interp.hash.dynsym.dynstr.rela.bss.rela.plt.text.init.fini.rodata.got.dynamic.plt.data.ctors.dtors.bss.symtab.strtab.stab.index.comment.shstrtab.stab.indexstr  0VXX$ )||  3 900?DDEXXM#p#p R#|#|[$$< `%@%@\f%%m%%t%%H%&07070100006783000041ed00000064000000640000000332f509b600000000000000200000001b00000000000000000000000a00000004reloc/lib07070100000f01000041ed00000064000000640000000232f509b700000000000000200000001b00000000000000000000000e00000004reloc/lib/vim07070100000f02000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081000017544000000200000001b00000000000000000000001900000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_40.txt*vim_40.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 1 Welcome to Vim Version 4.0! This document lists the differences between Vim 3.0 and Vim 4.0. See |vim_diff.txt| for a short overview. Although 4.0 is mentioned here, this is also for version 4.1, 4.2, etc.. CONTENTS: VERSION WARNING MESSAGE |version_warning| INCOMPATIBLE CHANGES |Incompatible_changes| 'backup' option default changed |backup_changed| Extension for backup file changed |backup_extension| Structure of swap file changed |swapfile_changed| "-w scriptout" argument changed |scriptout_changed| Backspace and Delete keys |backspace_delete| Escape for | changed |escape_bar| Key codes changed |key_codes_changed| Terminal options changed |termcap_changed| 'errorformat' option changed |errorformat_changed| 'graphic' option gone |graphic_option_gone| 'yankendofline' option gone |ye_option_gone| 'icon' and 'title' default value changed |icon_changed| 'highlight' option changed |highlight_changed| 'tildeop' and 'weirdinvert' short names changed |short_name_changed| Use of "v", "V" and "CTRL-V" in Visual mode |use_visual_cmds| CTRL-B in Insert mode removed |toggle_revins| NEW AND IMPROVED FEATURES |new_features| New on-line help system |new_help| Tag support improved |new_tags| Command-line editing improvements |new_commandline| Improved indenting for C programs |new_cindent| Searching for words in include files |new_include| Word completion in Insert mode |new_complete| Automatic commands |new_autocmd| Options |new_options| Support for editing one-line paragraphs |new_para| Usage of key names |new_keys| Viminfo |new_viminfo| Compilation improvements |compilation| Improved (error) messages |new_msg| Swap file |new_swapfile| Mouse support |new_mouse| Graphical User Interface (GUI) |new_gui| Support for Windows NT and Windows 95 |new_win32| Support for OS/2 |new_os2| Support for MiNT |new_mint| Miscellaneous |new_misc| VI COMPATIBILITY IMPROVEMENTS |vi_compat| BUG FIXES |bug_fixes| VERSION WARNING MESSAGE *version* ======================= *version_warning* If you got the message No ":version 4.0" command found in any .vimrc when you started Vim, you should add this line to your vimrc: version 4.0 |:version| But read the information below first! INCOMPATIBLE CHANGES *Incompatible_changes* ==================== This section is important for everybody upgrading from 3.0 to 4.0. Read it carefully to avoid unexpected problems. 'backup' option default changed *backup_changed* ------------------------------- The default value for 'backup' used to be on. This resulted in a backup file being made when the original file was overwritten. Now the default for 'backup' is off. As soon as the writing of the file has succesfully finished, the backup file is deleted. If you want to keep the backup file, set 'backup' on in your vimrc. The reason for this change is that many people complained that leaving a backup file behind is not Vi-compatible. |'backup'| Extension for backup file changed *backup_extension* --------------------------------- The extension for the backup file used to be ".bak". Since other programs also use this extension and some users make copies with this extension, it was changed to the less obvious "~". Another advantage is that this takes less space, which is useful when working on a system with short file names. For example, on MS-DOS the backup files for "longfile.c" and "longfile.h" would both become "longfile.bak"; now they will be "longfile.c~" and "longfile.h~". If you prefer to use ".bak", you can set the 'backupext' option: :set bex=.bak |'backupext'| Structure of swap file changed *swapfile_changed* ------------------------------ The contents of the swap file were extended with several parameters. Vim stores the user name and other information about the edited file to make recovery more easy and to be able to know where the swap file comes from. The first part of the swap file can now be understood on a machine with a different byte order or sizeof(int). When you try to recover a file on such a machine, you will get an error message that this is not possible. Because of this change, swap files cannot be exchanged between 3.0 and 4.0. If you have a swap file from a crashed session with 3.0, use Vim 3.0 to recover the file---don't use 4.0. |swap_file| "-w scriptout" argument changed *scriptout_changed* ------------------------------- "vim -w scriptout" used to append to the scriptout file. Since this was illogical, it now creates a new file. An existing file is not overwritten (to avoid destroying an existing file for those who rely on the appending). |-w| Backspace and Delete keys *backspace_delete* ------------------------- In 3.0 both the delete key and the backspace key worked as a backspace in insert mode; they deleted the character to the left of the cursor. In 4.0 the delete key has a new function: it deletes the character under the cursor, just like it does on the command line. If the cursor is after the end of the line and 'bs' is set, two lines are joined. || |i_| In 3.0 the backspace key was always defined as CTRL-H and delete as CTRL-?. In 4.0 the code for the backspace and delete key is obtained from termcap or termlib, and adjusted for the "stty erase" value on Unix. This helps people who define the erase character according to the keyboard they are working on. || |i_| If you prefer backspace and delete in Insert mode to have the old behaviour, put this line in your vimrc: inoremap ^? ^H And you may also want to add these, to fix the values for and : set t_kb=^H set t_kD=^? (Enter ^H with CTRL-V CTRL-H and ^? with CTRL-V CTRL-? or .) If the value for t_kb is correct, but the t_kD value is not, use the ":fixdel" command. It will set t_kD according to the value of t_kb. This is useful if you are using several different terminals. |:fixdel| When ^H is not recognized as or , it is used like a backspace. Escape for | changed *escape_bar* -------------------- When the 'b' flag is present in 'cpoptions', the backslash cannot be used to escape '|' in mapping and abbreviate commands, only CTRL-V can. This is Vi-compatible. If you work in Vi-compatible mode and had used "\|" to include a bar in a mapping, this needs to be replaced by "^V|". See |:bar|. Key codes changed *key_codes_changed* ----------------- The internal representation of key codes has changed dramatically. In 3.0 a one-byte code was used to represent a key. This caused problems with different characters sets that also used these codes. In 4.0 a three-byte code is used that cannot be confused with a character. |key_notation| If you have used the single-byte key codes in your vimrc for mappings, you will have to replace them with the 4.0 codes. Instead of using the three-byte code directly, you should use the symbolic representation for this in <>. See the table below. The table also lists the old name, as it was used in the 3.0 documentation. The key names in <> can be used in mappings directly. This makes it possible to copy/paste examples or type them literally. The <> notation has been introduced for this |<>|. The 'B' and '<' flags must not be present in 'cpoptions' to enable this to work |'cpoptions'|. old name new name old code old MS-DOS code hex dec hex dec 0x80 128 0xb0 176 0x81 129 0xb1 177 0x82 130 0xb2 178 0x83 131 0xb3 179 0x84 132 0xb4 180 0x85 133 0xb5 181 0x86 134 0xb6 182 0x87 135 0xb7 183 0x88 136 0xb8 184 0x89 137 0xb9 185 0x8a 138 0xba 186 0x8b 139 0xbb 187 0x8c 140 0xbc 188 0x8d 141 0xbd 189 0x8e 142 0xbe 190 0x8f 143 0xbf 191 0x90 144 0xc0 192 0x91 145 0xc1 193 0x92 146 0xc2 194 0x93 147 0xc3 195 0x94 148 0xc4 196 0x95 149 0xc5 197 0x96 150 0xc6 198 0x97 151 0xc7 199 0x98 152 0xc8 200 0x99 153 0xc9 201 0x9a 154 0xca 202 0x9b 155 0xcb 203 0x9c 156 0xcc 204 0x9d 157 0xcd 205 (not used) 0x9e 158 0xce 206 (not used) 0x9f 159 0xcf 207 Terminal options changed *termcap_changed* ------------------------ The names of the terminal options have been changed to match the termcap names of these options. All terminal options now have the name t_xx, where xx is the termcap name. Normally these options are not used, unless you have a termcap entry that is wrong or incomplete, or you have set the highlight options to a different value. |terminal_options| Note that for some keys there is no termcap name. Use the <> type of name instead, which is a good idea anyway. Note that "t_ti" has become "t_mr" (invert/reverse output) and "t_ts" has become "t_ti" (init terminal mode). Be careful when you use "t_ti"! old name new name meaning t_cdl t_DL delete number of lines *t_cdl* t_ci t_vi cursor invisible *t_ci* t_cil t_AL insert number of lines *t_cil* t_cm t_cm move cursor t_cri t_RI cursor number of chars right *t_cri* t_cv t_ve cursor visible *t_cv* t_cvv t_vs cursor very visible *t_cvv* t_dl t_dl delete line t_cs t_cs scroll region t_ed t_cl clear display *t_ed* t_el t_ce clear line *t_el* t_il t_al insert line *t_il* t_da display may be retained above the screen t_db display may be retained below the screen t_ke t_ke put terminal out of keypad transmit mode t_ks t_ks put terminal in keypad transmit mode t_ms t_ms save to move cursor in highlight mode t_se t_se normal mode (undo t_so) t_so t_so shift out (standout) mode t_ti t_mr reverse highlight t_tb t_md bold mode *t_tb* t_tp t_me highlight end *t_tp* t_sr t_sr scroll reverse t_te t_te out of termcap mode t_ts t_ti into termcap mode *t_ts* t_vb t_vb visual bell t_csc t_CS cursor is relative to scroll region *t_csc* t_ku t_ku arrow up t_kd t_kd arrow down t_kr t_kr arrow right t_kl t_kl arrow left t_sku shifted arrow up *t_sku* t_skd shifted arrow down *t_skd* t_skr t_%i shifted arrow right *t_skr* t_skl t_#4 shifted arrow left *t_skl* t_f1 t_k1 function key 1 *t_f1* t_f2 t_k2 function key 2 *t_f2* t_f3 t_k3 function key 3 *t_f3* t_f4 t_k4 function key 4 *t_f4* t_f5 t_k5 function key 5 *t_f5* t_f6 t_k6 function key 6 *t_f6* t_f7 t_k7 function key 7 *t_f7* t_f8 t_k8 function key 8 *t_f8* t_f9 t_k9 function key 9 *t_f9* t_f10 t_k; function key 10 *t_f10* t_sf1 shifted function key 1 *t_sf1* t_sf2 shifted function key 2 *t_sf2* t_sf3 shifted function key 3 *t_sf3* t_sf4 shifted function key 4 *t_sf4* t_sf5 shifted function key 5 *t_sf5* t_sf6 shifted function key 6 *t_sf6* t_sf7 shifted function key 7 *t_sf7* t_sf8 shifted function key 8 *t_sf8* t_sf9 shifted function key 9 *t_sf9* t_sf10 shifted function key 10 *t_sf10* t_help t_%1 help key *t_help* t_undo t_&8 undo key *t_undo* 'errorformat' option changed *errorformat_changed* ---------------------------- 'errorformat' can now contain several formats, separated by commas. The first format that matches is used. The default values have been adjusted to catch the most common formats. |errorformat| If you have a format that contains a comma, it needs to be preceded with a backslash. Type two backslashes, because the ":set" command will eat one. 'graphic' option gone *graphic_option_gone* --------------------- The 'graphic' option was used to make the characters between <~> and 0xa0 display directly on the screen. Now the 'isprint' option takes care of this with many more possibilities. The default setting is the same; you only need to look into this if you previously set the 'graphic' option in your vimrc. |'isprint'| 'yankendofline' option gone *ye_option_gone* --------------------------- The 'yankendofline' option has been removed. Instead you can just use :map Y y$ 'icon' and 'title' default value changed *icon_changed* ---------------------------------------- The 'title' option is now only set by default if the original title can be restored. Avoids 'Thanks for flying Vim" titles. If you want them anyway, put ":set title" in your vimrc. |'title'| The default for 'icon' now depends on the possibility of restoring the original value, just like 'title'. If you don't like your icon titles to be changed, add this line to your vimrc: |'icon'| :set noicon 'highlight' option changed *highlight_changed* -------------------------- The 'i' flag now means italic highlighting, instead of invert. The 'r' flag is used for reverse highlighting, which is what 'i' used to be. Normally you won't see the difference, because italic mode is not supported on most terminals and reverse mode is used as a fallback. |'highlight'| When an occasion is not present in 'highlight', use the mode from the default value for 'highlight', instead of reverse mode. 'tildeop' and 'weirdinvert' short names changed *short_name_changed* ----------------------------------------------- Renamed 'to' (abbreviation for 'tildeop') to 'top'. |'tildeop'| Renamed 'wi' (abbreviation for 'weirdinvert') to 'wiv'. |'weirdinvert'| This was done because Vi uses 'wi' as the short name for 'window' and 'to' as the short name for 'timeout'. This means that if you try setting these options, you won't get an error message, but the effect will be different. Use of "v", "V" and "CTRL-V" in Visual mode *use_visual_cmds* ------------------------------------------- In Visual mode, "v", "V", and "CTRL-V" used to end Visual mode. Now this happens only if the Visual mode was in the corresponding type. Otherwise the type of Visual mode is changed. Now only ESC can be used in all circumstances to end Visual mode without doing anything. |v_V| CTRL-B in Insert mode removed *toggle_revins* ----------------------------- CTRL-B in Insert mode used to toggle the 'revins' option. If you don't know this and accidentally hit CTRL-B, it is very difficult to find out how to undo it. Since hardly anybody uses this feature, it is disabled by default. If you want to use it, define RIGHTLEFT in feature.h before compiling. |'revins'| NEW AND IMPROVED FEATURES *new_features* ========================= New on-line help system *new_help* ----------------------- Help is displayed in a window. The usual commands can be used to move around, search for a string, etc. |online_help| All the documentation is in the help system: index, reference, etc. Tags can be used to jump around, just like hypertext links. The ":help" command accepts an argument that can be the name of a command. A help window is opened and the cursor is positioned at the help for that command. The argument is looked up in the help tags file, using a fuzzy match algorithm. The best match is used. |:help|. Added 'helpheight' option: Minimal height of a new help window. Made the default help key for all systems. Display "[help]" in the status line of a help window. Help files are always started in readonly mode. Tag support improved *new_tags* -------------------- Added support for static tags, "file:tag ...". See |static_tag|. Use the tag with best match: First tag in current file, then global tag in other file, finally static tag in other file. Match with same case always goes before match with case ignored. A few attempts are made to find a tag. See |tag_priority|. Added ":stag", same as ":tag", but also split window. See |:stag|. When deleting/inserting lines, the marks in the tag stack are adjusted to reflect this change. Command-line completion for tags is improved. Tags are allowed to start with a number. For file names that start with "./" in the 'tags' option, the '.' is replaced with the path of the current file. This makes it possible to use a tags file in the same directory as the file being edited. When comparing the current file name with the file name for the tag, consider the path too, otherwise tag in wrong directory could be used. Added support for Emacs style tags file (if "EMACS_TAGS" has been defined at compile time). Now Vim is one of the few editors that supports both tag file formats! When executing the search command to find the pattern from a tags file, the first try is with matching case; if this fails, try again ignoring case. The 't' flag in 'cpoptions' can be set to remember the search pattern used for tag search. A following "n" will use it. This is Vi-compatible, but it is rarely useful. Added CTRL-] command to Visual mode: :ta to highlighted text (only when no more than one line is highlighted). Same for "K": Use keyword program for highlighted text. |v_CTRL-]| Command-line editing improvements *new_commandline* --------------------------------- There is no longer one command-line history. The search strings are now in a separate list, where they can be accessed only when entering a search string. |cmdline_history| The search string for a tag search is always put in the search history; this does not depend on the 't' flag in 'cpoptions'. Only command lines and search strings where at least one character was really typed by the user are put into the history. For command-line history, exchanged meaning of and keys, and keys. That is more like other uses of command-line history (shell) and some keyboards don't have shifted cursor and page keys, which makes it impossible for this feature to be used. |c_| Put all search strings, including those from "*" and "#" commands, in the search history. Added completion of old settings. For example: ":set hf=". Makes it possible to change an option without completely retyping it. Backslashes are inserted where necessary. Fixed command-line completion when entering the range of lines. When completing file names, insert a backslash before , '\', '#' and '%' to avoid their special meaning. When a command-line is already in the history, the old entry is removed. When searching through the command history, the entry from which it was started is remembered. Added paging for showing matches on the command line. This can also be interrupted. Added CTRL-R command on command-line: Insert contents of register. Output '"' after CTRL-R command, to indicate that a register name has to be entered. |c_CTRL-R| Improved indenting for C programs *new_cindent* --------------------------------- The 'cindent' option and friends have been added. It automates the indenting for C programs. It is not 100% correct in all cases, but good enough for normal editing. |'cindent'| The "=" operator can be used to indent some lines of text with the internal indenting algorithm; it is used when 'equalprg' is empty, which is the default now (most implementations of the "indent" program can't work as a filter anyway). |=| Added automatic formatting of comments and the 'comments' option. |format_comments| The 'formatoptions' option can be used to change when formatting is done and to select the formatting method. The 'smartindent' option is still there; it's useful for non-C code and C code that doesn't conform to what is supported by 'cindent'. Improvements for 'smartindent': |'smartindent'| - When entering '{', indent is not rounded to 'shiftwidth'. - When entering '}' and the matching '{' is preceded with a '(', set indent to the line containing the matching ')' - Ignore lines starting with '#'. - When typing '{' after "O", delete one indent, unless indent of previous line is less or equal. - Don't add an indent when inserting a NL before a '{'. - Do smart indenting after "cc" or "S". Fixed bug where } would only be smart-indented to line up with the line containing the { when there was some spacing before the }. The 'cinwords' option can be set to keywords that start an extra indent for 'smartindent' and 'cindent' mode. This used to be a table in the C code; now it is configurable. The defaults are the same, and it should make no difference unless you change the 'cinw' option. |'cinwords'| Searching for words in include files *new_include* ------------------------------------ Commands have been added that not only search in the current file, but also in included files. The 'include' option can be set to a pattern that includes a file (the default is for C programs). |include_search| The search can be done for identifiers with "[i" or defines with "[d". Use ":checkpath" to check if included files can be found. |:checkpath| A jump to the first found match can be done with "[ CTRL-I" or "[ CTRL-D". This is very useful to jump to the definition of a variable. |[_CTRL-I| Added ":isearch", ":ilist", ":ijump", ":isplit", ":dsearch, etc. Allows for an identifier to be found that is not in the text yet. |:isearch| Word completion in Insert mode *new_complete* ------------------------------ In Insert mode the word before the cursor can be completed with CTRL-N and CTRL-P. There used to be mappings for this, but the internal implementation has better support for errors, ignores duplicates, etc. |compl_current| CTRL-X mode has been added. It is a sub-mode in Insert mode, where commands can be used to scroll the text up or down, |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E|, and completion can be done is several ways. |ins_completion| Completion can be done from a dictionary, defined with 'dictionary'. This is very useful when typing long words. |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K| In C programs completion can be done from included files. This is very useful when typing long function or structure names, e.g., for X windows. |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I| There is also completion for whole lines |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L|, tags |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]|, file names |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F|, and defines |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D|. Added 'infercase' option. When doing keyword completion in Insert mode, and 'ignorecase' is also on, the case of the match is adjusted. |ins_completion| Automatic commands *new_autocmd* ------------------ On certain events a set of commands can be executed, depending on the file name. Supported events are starting to edit a file, moving to another buffer, moving to another window, etc. This can be used to set 'cindent' on for C-code files only, set 'dictionary' depending on the type of file, set mappings for certain file types, edit compressed files, etc. |autocommand|. Added ":normal[!] {command}", execute Normal mode command from cmdline. Useful for autocommands. Use with care! |:normal| Text objects *new_textobj* ------------ After an operator and in Visual mode, text object commands can be used to select a word, line, or paragraph. |object_select|. a word object A WORD object s sentence object p paragraph object S object between '(' and ')' P object between '{' and '}' A few examples: "da" delete the word under cursor "vPPP" select blocks "yP" yank the current block ">P" increase the indent for the current block The space after or before the object is included. Options *new_options* ------- Allow white space between option name and following character. ":set ai ?" works now. Added '&' after option: reset to default value. Added '!' after boolean option: invert value. |set_option| For setting numeric options, hex and octal can be used. When setting an option that is a list of flags, give an error messages for illegal characters. Also for 'highlight' option. Environment variables in options are now replaced at any position, not just at the start. |:set_env| For string options, a Tab ends the string; this is Vi-compatible. When setting a hidden string option, skip backslashed blanks. When expanding the value of a string option, insert a backslash before a Tab. Updated makeset() and putescstr() for putting a backslash before the Tab. |:set| Names in 'tags', 'path', 'dictionary', and 'suffixes' options can also be separated with commas. Commas in environment variables and file names are no longer allowed. A comma can be included in these options by preceding it with a backslash. Spaces after a comma are ignored. |'tags'| Added the 'shortmess' option. It is a list of flags that can be used to shorten the messages that are given when reading or writing a file, avoiding the "Hit return to continue" prompt. When 'terse' is set, 's' flag is added to 'shortmess'. When 'terse' is reset, 's' flag is removed from 'shortmess'. |'shortmess'| Added 'scrolloff' option: Make that many lines of context visible around the cursor. If "so=999", the cursor line is always in the middle of the window. |'scrolloff'| Added 'ttybuiltin' option: try builtin termcaps before external ones; default: on. When a terminal is known both in the builtin termcap and in the external one, use entries from both. Which entry is used first depends on 'ttybuiltin'. |'ttybuiltin'| Added 'ttimeoutlen' option: Like 'timeoutlen' but for key codes only. When set to negative number (which is the default), 'timeoutlen' is used. |'ttimeoutlen'| Implemented incremental search; use 'incsearch' option to switch it on. |'incsearch'| Added options for adjusting character set and characters in identifiers: 'isident' - Characters in identifiers |'isident'| 'isprint' - Characters that can be displayed directly |'isprint'| 'iskeyword' - Characters that are in (key)words |'iskeyword'| 'isfname' - Characters that can be in a file name |'isfname'| Increased default for 'undolevels' for Unix and Win32 from 100 to 1000. |'undolevels'| Changed 'directory' and 'backupdir' into a list of paths. '.' is the same directory as the file. 'backupdir' now also works for non-Unix systems. No need for weird ">" character to avoid current dir. If ">" has been given anyway, it is automatically removed (for backwards compatibility with 3.0). Made default for 'directory' ".,~/tmp,/tmp". |'directory'| Changed default for 'backupdir'. Used to be ".", now it's ".,~" for Unix; likewise for other systems. Helps when current directory is not writable (but the file is) and 'writebackup' is set. |'backupdir'| Changed default for 'keywordprg' to "man" (except on MS-DOS or Win32); much more useful for most of us. When 'keywordprg' is empty, ":help" is used, get help for word under the cursor. |'keywordprg'| Added the 'startofline' option. When off, a lot of commands that move the cursor up or down don't put the cursor on the first non-blank on the line. Example: This makes CTRL-F followed by CTRL-B keep the cursor in the same column. |'startofline'| Added options 'flash' and 'novice' for Vi compatibility; they are not used. |'flash'| |'novice'| Accept special key sequence, e.g., , when setting 'wildchar'. Give error message when setting 'wildchar' option to non-number. |'wildchar'| Added types to 'highlight' option: |'highlight'| m for -- more -- message t for titles n for the line number that is shown with the ":number" command. 8 for meta keys w for "search hit TOP .." messages M for mode message (e.g., "-- INSERT --"). When filtering, use the 'shellredir' option to redirect the output. When possible, 'shellredir' is initialized to include stderr. |'shellredir'| Moved initialization of 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir' to after other initializations, so that they work correctly when 'shell' option is set. |'shellpipe'| Added '2' to 'formatoptions': 'Q' will keep the indent of the second line of a paragraph. |'formatoptions'| Added 'maxmapdepth' option: maximum recursiveness of mapping. |'maxmapdepth'| Added 'smartcase' option: Don't ignore case if a typed search pattern contains uppercase characters. |'smartcase'| Added 'langmap' option, for those who put their keyboard in language mode, e.g., Greek. Only if HAVE_LANGMAP defined at compile time. |'langmap'| Changed default for 'errorfile' option from "errors" to "errors.vim", to reduce the risk of accidently overwriting an existing file. |'errorfile'| Changed 'whichwrap' into a string option. When setting it to a number, it is automatically converted, for backwards compatibility with 3.0. |'whichwrap'| Expand environment options for 'term'; allows ":set term=$TERM". |'term'| Replace 'nobuf' by 'writedelay' ('wd'), time to delay writes by. Makes it possible to reduce the writing speed to almost nothing. |'writedelay'| Added 's' and 'S' flags to 'cpoptions', influence the behaviour of options for a buffer: Copy when created, copy when first entered, or copy every time. Compatible with version 3.0 by default, compatible with Vi when 'S' included. |'cpoptions'| When 'bin' option is set, save the values of the options that are set to 0. Restore the values when 'bin is reset. |'bin'| Added 'ttyscroll' option: Maximum number of screen lines to do scroll with. When trying to scroll more lines, redraw the window. |'ttyscroll'| Added 'modified' option. It's now possible to force a file to be modifed or not modified. |'modified'| Support for editing one-line paragraphs *new_para* --------------------------------------- Sometimes it is useful to keep a paragraph as a single long line. A few facilities have been added to make it easier to edit this text. When the 'linebreak' option is set, long lines are broken at a convenient character. This can be defined with the 'breakat' option. By default, this is " ^I!@*-+_;:,./?". |'linebreak'| The 'showbreak' option can be set to the string to display on continuation lines. This makes it easy to see which lines have been broken. |'showbreak'| The commands "gk", "gj", "g0", "g^" and "g$" have been added: Move a screen line. They differ from "k", "j", etc. when lines wrap. |gk| |g0| Usage of key names *new_keys* ------------------ Special keys now all have a name like , , , etc. This name is used for mappings, in listings, and many other things. It can be disabled by adding the '<' flag in 'cpoptions'. |key_notation| For keys that don't have a <> name, but do have a termcap name, the form can be used. The "xx" entry from the termcap is used. |terminal_options| Show meta keys in mappings as M-key. Use highlight option '8' for higlighting the meta keys. |meta| Added a few special keys. and work like CTRL-B and CTRL-F. || || goes to column one, goes to end of line, in Insert and Normal mode. || || in normal mode starts Insert mode; in insert/replace mode, toggles between insert and replace mode; in command-line editing, toggles between insert and overstrike. || |i_| |c_| It is now possible to use both and (they used to be the same key). |function-key| Viminfo *new_viminfo* ------- A lot of the history that is kept in Vim (command-line history, marks, registers, etc) can be stored in a viminfo file. It is read on startup, restoring your last environment. |viminfo_file|. Compilation improvements *compilation* ------------------------ The Unix version has a completely different Makefile. Autoconf is used to adjust to different Unix flavors. Prototypes for functions are obtained from include files, missing prototypes are used from osdef.h. It should be much more straightforward to compile Vim on a Unix system. |vim_unix.txt| The INSTALL file now contains instructions for compiling. In 3.0 you needed an Amiga C compiler to generate prototypes. Now it can be done on Unix too, by using cproto. A lot of warning messages for GCC have been removed. A makefile target, 'make shadow', helps for building Vim for multiple machines in the same source tree. It is a poor man's VPATH---but much more portable and flexible than any trick that gmake could perform: It creates a subdirectory called shadow containing all the required symbolic links. For example, try 'make shadow; mv shadow sun4-gcc; cd sun4-gcc; ./configure' Improved (error) messages *new_msg* ------------------------- Give error messages that includes the command line for ":" commands that are not typed by the user. Changed "Invalid command" message into ": Not an editor command". When an error message is given while sourcing, starting up, executing autocommands, or modelines, the source of the error and line number are mentioned. Don't sleep after giving an error message. Error messages now never overwrite other messages and each other. Distinguish between an unimplemented Ex command and an unrecognized command in the error message. When jumping to file under cursor, give proper error message instead of beep. |gf| Changed the displaying of messages for many commands. Makes ":1p|2p" work. Avoids having to type some extra returns. Added error message for using '!' in the command-line where it is not allowed. Added wait_return() when filtering finds an error while executing the shell command. Makes it possible to read the error message. When printing errors for ":set", use transchar() to avoid problems with non-printable characters. |:set| Fixed having to type RETURN twice when starting to edit another file and the message is too long. When search pattern is not found or contains an error, print the pattern. |search_pattern| Improved error message for unrecognized command in vimrc. Now the whole line is displayed. |vimrc| When error detected while writing a file, give error message instead of normal message. Improved error messages for some options: Show character that caused the error. Completely changed 'showcommand'. Now also shows parts of mappings, CTRL-V, etc. |'showcmd'| Changed the messages given when 'showmode' is set. Show VISUAL when Visual mode is active. Changed "-- INSERT COMMAND --" to "-- (insert) --". Add "(paste)" in Insert mode when paste option is set. Add [RO] to status line for read-only files. Improved error messages for using '%' and '#' on command-line. An error in a regular expression would get two error messages. The last one, "invalid search string" is now omitted. Don't get the "hit RETURN to continue" message. Swap file *new_swapfile* --------- The "swap file exists" message used to be given when the name of an existing swap file matches the name of a new swap file. Now this only happens when the name of the original file is also the same. This is implemented by storing the name of the file in the swapfile and always writing the first block of the swap file to disk. Helpful when putting all swap files in one directory. Unix: Give swapfile same protection as original file: makes it possible for others to check the file name in the swap file. Unix: Store the inode of the original file in the swap file. Use it when checking if the swap file is for a certain file. Helps when editing the same file with a different path name (over a network). |swap_file| Give more information about the swap file with the "swap file exists" message and when recovering. Added 'swapsync' option: When empty swap files are not synced (for busy Unix systems). When set to "sync", sync() is used; when set to "fsync", fsync() is used. Makes it possible to fix complaints about pauses. The default is "fsync". |'swapsync'| Reduce the calls to fsync() or sync. Don't call it when syncing block 0 or when the file has not been changed. Don't sync block 0 for a help file. When file system is full, the error message for writing to the swap file was repeated over and over, making it difficult to continue editing. Now it is only given once for every key hit. Included catching of deadly signals for Unix and Win32. Swap files for unmodified buffers are deleted, other swap files are preserved before exiting. After catching some deadly signals, produce a core dump. Added ":recover [file]" command, for recover after getting the "swap file exists" message. |:recover| Improved recovery when there are multiple swap files. You get a choice which one to use (the swap file from the active editing session is ignored). "Vim -r" gives information about date and contents of the swap files. Allow ":recover" without a file name, to recover from ".swp". |-r| Use home_replace() for the file names displayed during recovery. When editing in readonly mode, don't set p_uc to zero and do use a swap file. Fixes problem of not being able to edit large files with "Vim -v". 'uc' is set to 10000 to reduce the number of writes to the swapfile. |'updatecount'| When looking for swap files, also consider the shortname version. Finds swapfiles on MS-DOS (FAT) file systems. |swap_file| When encountering a serious error while doing "vim -r file" (like swap file not found or empty swap file), quit Vim. |-r| MS-DOS and Win32: Always use full path name for swap file; otherwise it can't be deleted after using ":!cd dir". |swap_file| Mouse support *new_mouse* ------------- The mouse is supported in an xterm and for MS-DOS and Win32. This can be controlled with the 'mouse' option. |mouse_using| |'mouse'| The mouse can be used for: - positioning the cursor in the text || - positioning the cursor in the command-line |c_| - selecting the Visual area || - inserting (previously) selected text at the cursor positon || - moving a status line |drag_status_line| - selecting the active window || - jumping to a tag in the text || |g| - popping a position from the tag stack || |g| - confirming the "Hit return to continue" message |'mouse'|. - etc. By default, the mouse support is off for Unix, allowing the normal copy/paste with the mouse in an xterm. Switch it on with ":set mouse=a". For MS-DOS, Win32, and GUI, the mouse is on by default. When quickly repeating a mouse click, this is recognized as a double, triple or quadruple click. The 'mousetime' option sets the maximum time between two clicks for GUI, MS-DOS, Win32, and xterm. |'mousetime'| Graphical User Interface (GUI) *new_gui* ------------------------------ Included support for GUI: menus, mouse, scrollbars, etc. Currently only with Motif and Athena interface. You need at least Motif version 1.2 and/or X11R5. Motif 2.0 and X11R6 are OK. Motif 1.1 and X11R4 don't work properly (but you might make it work with a bit of work) |gui|. Added options for GUI: 'guioptions' (list of flags that set the GUI behaviour) |'guioptions'| 'guifont' (list of fonts to be used) |'guifont'| 'guipty' (whether to use pipes or pty for external commands) |'guipty'| Added text register '*' (for text selected in GUI with mouse). |registers| Support for Windows NT and Windows 95 *new_win32* ------------------------------------- There is now a new version for NT that can also be used for Windows 95. It supports long file names, uses all available memory, and many more enhancements. |vim_w32.txt| There is also an MS-DOS version that has been compiled with DJGPP. It uses all available memory. It supports long file names when available. |vim_dos.txt| Support for OS/2 *new_os2* ---------------- There is now a version of Vim for OS/2. It was compiled with EMX, which made this port quite easy. It mostly uses the Unix files and settings. |vim_os2.txt| Support for MiNT *new_mint* ---------------- There is now a version of Vim for MiNT. It was compiled with gcc under a Unix-like environment. |vim_mint.txt| Miscellaneous new features *new_misc* -------------------------- When using CTRL-A and CTRL-X, leading zeros are preserved for octal and hexadecimal numbers. |CTRL-A| |CTRL-X| "%" now works to match comments of the form "/* Comment /* */". |%| Added "gd", Go Declaration: search for identifier under cursor from the start of the current function. "gD" searches from start of the file. Included files are not used. |gd| |gD| Added commands ":ascii" and "ga", show value of character under the cursor in several ways. |ga| |:ascii| Added "gg" command to goto line 1. |gg| Added "gI" command: Start insert in column 1. |gI| Added "g~", "gu" and "gU" operators, change case of selected text. |g~| |gu| |gU| Added "ge" and "gE", go back to end of word or WORD. |ge| |gE| Added "g CTRL-G": Display info about the position of the cursor. |g_CTRL-G| Added virtual column number to CTRL-G. |CTRL-G| When using count > 1 with CTRL-G, show buffer number. Added "gv" command: reselect last Visual area. In Visual mode, exchange the current and the previous Visual area. |gv| Implemented "zh" and "zl": scroll screen left/right when 'wrap' is off. Implemented "zs" and "ze": scroll screen with cursor at start or end of screen when 'wrap' is off. |zh| |zl| |zs| |ze| Added "g*" and "g#" commands: like "*" and "#" but without using "\<" and "\>" for matching whole words. |gstar| |g#| Put character attributes in a separate byte in NextScreen; makes updating of highlighted parts more reliable. Added column number to ":marks" command. |:marks| Improved error messages for marks that are unknown, not set, or invalid. Added ''' mark to ":marks". Added argument to ":display" and ":marks", show info for the argument. |:marks| |:display| Added the ":retab" command. Can be used to change the size of a , replace spaces with a , or a with spaces. |:retab| If VIMINIT is set but is empty, ignore it. |VIMINIT| Added ":ls", synonym for ":files". |:ls| Included setting of window size for iris_ansi window. Included better checks for minimum window size and give error message when it is too small. When resizing the window and 'equalalways' is set, make all windows of equal height (all lines were taken/given from/to the last window). When using the 'c' flag for the ":substitute" command, accept CTRL-E and CTRL-Y to scroll the window up/down. For ":s///c", the complete match is highlighted (like with incsearch). When doing ":s/$/asdf/c", highlight one character beyond the end of the line to show where the substitute will take place. Added 'a' reply to substitute with confirmation: like 'y' for all remaining replacements. |:s_c| For ":s", don't accept digit as separator; ":s8foo8bar8" doesn't work. |:s| Changed "--more--" prompt to be more informative when a wrong key is typed. When 'q' is typed at "--more--" message, don't display an extra line, don't wait for return to be hit. Added 'd' to --more-- responses: down half a page. Added ':' to --more-- responses: start editing a command-line. |'more'| Put the cursor after the end of the line in Insert mode when using "CTRL-O $", "CTRL-O 80|", and when putting text after the line. |i_CTRL-O| When splitting a window, the new window inherits the alternate file name. With ":split [file]" and ":new [file]", the alternate file name in the current window is set to [file]. |:split| Added CTRL-W CTRL-^ command: split and edit alternate file. |CTRL-W_CTRL-^| Made it possible to put options for Vim after a single "-", e.g., "vim -gf". Allow "--" to make arguments after it be interpreted as file names only. Give error message when repeating "-s" or "-w" option. Implemented "Vim -r" to list any swap files that can be found. In version 3.0 this command used to crash Vim. |-r|. Removed reverse replace mode (can we call this a new feature?). It is too complicated to do right and nobody will probably use it anyway. Reverse insert is still possible. |'revins'| Added "gq" as an alias to "Q". The "Q" command will be changed in a following version of Vim, to make it Vi compatible (start Ex mode). |gq| The "Q" operator no longer affects empty lines. You can now format a lot of paragraphs without losing the separating blank lines. Use "Qp..." to format a few consecutive paragraphs. |Q| Formatting with "Q" fixes up the indent of the first line (replace with minimal number of tabs/spaces). |Q| After "Q", put cursor at first non-blank of the last formatted line. This makes it easier to repeat the formatting. Made "Q}" put the cursor on the line after the paragraph (where the "}" command would have taken the cursor). Makes it possible to use "." to format the next paragraph. |Q| When formatting with "Q" while 'tw' and 'wm' are both zero, use a textwidth of 79, or the screen width minus one if that is smaller. Joining all the lines doesn't make sense for the "Q" command. |Q| Added CTRL-W CTRL-T (go to top window) and CTRL-W CTRL-B (go to bottom window). |CTRL-W_CTRL-T|. When in Insert mode and wrapping from column one to the last character, don't stick at the end but in the column with a following "k" or "j" command. Added "[P" and "]P" as synonyms for "[p". These commands are now redoable. Fixed cursor positioning and character-wise text. |[p| Improved the handling of empty lines for "[p" and the like. |[p| Improved ":center", ":right", and ":left"; blank lines are no longer affected, tabs are taken into account, trailing blanks are ignored. |formatting| Made '.' in 'path' be replaced with directory of current file. Makes "gf" work on "#include "vim.h"" when editing "src/normal.c". Empty part in 'path' stands for current directory. |gf| |'path'| Added '-' register for deletes of less than one line. |registers|. When :bdel and :bunload are used to remove buffers that have active windows, those windows are closed instead of giving an error message. Don't give an error message when some, but not all, of the buffers do not exist. Added buffer name argument to ":bunload" and ":bdelete". Completion also works, and '%' and '#' can be used. |:bdelete| |:bunload| When file name changed, also change name of swap file. This makes it easier to find the swap file for recovery. |swap_file| The Amiga trick for recognizing an MS-DOS-compatible filesystem is now also done for UNIX. Fixes problems with wrong swap file and backup file name on an MS-DOS partition for FreeBSD and Linux. |auto_shortname| When writing the file fails and there is a backup file, try to put the backup in place of the new file. Avoids losing the original file when trying to write again and overwriting the backup file. |write_fail| If 'backup' is off and 'writebackup' is on, don't delete an existing backup file; instead use another file name. |backup_table| When going to another window in Visual mode: if it is the same buffer, update Visual area; if jumping to another buffer, reset Visual mode. |Visual_mode| When an empty buffer is edited and written out, that file is also empty. Added "No lines in buffer" message when last line in buffer is deleted. Added checks for creating too long lines on non-UNIX systems. |limits| When last file in argument list has been accessed, quit without asking. This works more intuitively when using ":prev". |arglist_quit| Set alternate file name when using buffer commands like ":bmod", ":buf", ":bdel", etc. |:buffer| Changes to quickfix: ":cl" lists only recognized errors, use ":cl!" to list all. ":cn" and ":cp" don't go to an unrecognized error but give an error message when at the first/last error. When a column number is not found, put the cursor at the first non-blank. When deciding to redisplay the message or not, take tabs into account. When ":cp" or ":cn" fail for some reason, don't change the error index. Changed the format of the ":cl" listing. Don't show the column number if it is zero. Take care of tabs when displaying an error message. Error number or count can also be before ":cc", ":cp", and ":cn". |quickfix| When asked a yes/no question, ESC is the same as 'n'. |:s_c| Removed a few large arrays from the stack; MS-DOS was running out of stack space. Added ":view file" and ":sview file": start editing a file with 'readonly' set. |:view| |:sview| Removed restriction on command-line length. When adding a jump to the jumplist, remove older jumps to the same line. |jumplist| Added separate mapping for normal mode and Visual mode. New commands ":nmap", ":nnoremap", ":nunmap", ":vmap", ":vunmap", and ":vnoremap". |:nmap| When 'visualbell' is set and 't_vb' is empty, don't beep or flash or anything (used to display some ^G in the command-line which was deleted before you could see it). |t_vb| |'visualbell'| Added "-u vimrc" Vim argument: Read initializations only from specified vimrc file and skip the other initializations. Use "-u NONE" to skip. |-u| Added "-i viminfo" Vim argument: Set name for viminfo file. Use "-i NONE" to skip reading viminfo. |-i| For commands that get a file name out of the text (e.g., "gf", "[f"), ignore the part of a hypertext link that gives the file type and machine name. |gf| When 'columns' or 'lines' is changed, try to set the window size. Termcap stuff is not used when not in full-screen mode. Process modelines after recovering a file. When checking modelines runs into an error, don't check other lines. |modeline| When 'wrap' option is off, make sure the whole character under the cursor is on the screen (for TAB and non-printable characters). |'wrap'| Added '\r', '\n', '\b', '\e' and '\t' to regular expressions. Added "\i" to regular expressions, match identifier character. "\I" does the same but without digits (for start of identifier). Also added "\k" and "\K" for keywords, "\f" and "\F" for file name, "\p" and "\P" for printable characters. |search_pattern| The trick in GetChars() in unix.c to keep on reading characters until none are available is not done if Read() returns more than one character. Should speed up getting characters from the keyboard on many systems. Added implementation of 'lisp' option. It is not 100% the same as Vi. Added "-l" Vim argument: Switch lisp mode on. |-l| MS-DOS: Only beep once in ten times between key hits. Needed because beeps take a lot of time to wait for. Made argument to GetChars a long; makes it possible to wait for more than 32 seconds on 16-bit machines (for the very patient). |'timeoutlen'| Made "#" and "*" find the text under the cursor. |star| |#| Unix: Expand path names starting with "~" to full path names. Makes "gf" work on "~user/path". |gf| Fixed behaviour of "x" and "X", when 'whichwrap' is set, to include 'l' and 'h' for wrapping. Now "x" on an empty line deletes that line and "X" in column 0 joins the line with the previous line. |x| |X| |'whichwrap'| When doing ":make" and 'autowrite' is set, write all buffers, not just current one. Just like ":!cmd". |:make| ":make" now shows the command that is executed by the shell, including 'shellpipe' and 'errorfile'. Helps to understand how 'shellpipe' is used. |:make| Allow for digraphs to be entered in reverse: Char1-char2 and char2-char1 both work. |digraphs| When 'splitbelow' is not set, the space from closing a window goes to the window below it instead of above it. Makes the sequence split-window, close-window not change the window layout. |'splitbelow'| Added '< and '> mark. '< is lowest position of Visual area and '> highest position. Use ":'<,'>" when ":" is used in Visual mode. Makes it possible to use the command-line history. |'<| Implemented ":*", which is short for ":'<,'>", Visual area. |:star| Stop Visual mode when starting to edit another file (e.g., with "'A"). When doing ":xit" or "ZZ" in a window for a buffer that has changed, write the buffer even if there are other windows on this buffer. |:xit| Give a warning message when 'patchmode' and 'backupext' are equal. When input/output is not from/to a terminal, just give a warning message, don't exit. In Insert mode, CTRL-K ESC does not exit Insert mode. The two characters typed after CTRL-K are not mapped. Typing a special key after CTRL-K inserts the <> name. CTRL-V inserts the terminal key code (except in the GUI). |i_CTRL-K| |i_CTRL-V| Improved screen output. The cursor positioning code is avoided whenever possible. When outputting a char on the next line, column zero, use CR-LF to go there instead of cursor positioning, which uses fewer characters. Added using scroll regions when inserting/deleting screen lines. Works faster for terminals that don't have erase/delete line functions but do have scrolling regions (vt100). |t_cs| No longer do home_replace() when it results in just "~"; it was confusing that 'backupext' and 'backupdir' are both shown as "~" by default. Unix: When making a backup file, set the group the same as the group of the original file. If this fails, set the protection bits for the group to be the same as for others. |'backup'| Fixed: When 'textauto' is set, only the first line was used to decide to set or reset 'textmode'. Would cause problems for, say, a file with mappings. Now when editing a file where the first line ends in ^M, but a later one doesn't, the file is reloaded in notextmode. |'textauto'| When sourcing a file on MS-DOS, Win32, or OS/2 and 'textauto' is set, try to recognize non-textmode files by the first line. |:source_crnl| For ":" commands that have one file name argument: Only Unix sees the space as a file name separator. For Amiga, MS-DOS, et al., a space is considered to be part of the file name (except a trailing space). For Unix, don't give an error message for an argument with spaces when a wildcard is used; give the error when expanding the wildcard results in more than one file. This allows the use of ":e `ls ve*.c`" on Unix. When replacing the name of the home directory with "~", try both $HOME and the "real" home directory: `cd $HOME; pwd`. Fixes problems when home dir is mounted or contains links. Fixed home_replace replacing "/home/pieter/file" with "~er/file" when home is "/home/piet", Command-line completion on file names and buffer names use "~/" for home directory when approriate. When completing with CTRL-L and there are multiple matches, beep! Ignore case when comparing file names for MS-DOS and Win32. For Amiga, don't ignore case for non-file names. |c_CTRL-L| Added ":registers" as a synonym for ":display". |:registers| Added check for "locale.h"; renamed USE_LOCALE to HAVE_LOCALE_H. Recognize a terminal name as xterm when it starts with "xterm" and iris-ansi when it starts with iris-ansi. This will also catch "xterms". Also: ignore case, catch "Xterm". This is used when deciding to use the window title. Unix: If terminal is xterm, hpterm, dtterm, sun-cmd, screen, or iris-ansi, set 'ttyfast' option. Added builtin termcap entry for iris-ansi. The entry in the termcap is often wrong. |'term'| Included SAVE_XTERM_SCREEN in feature.h, to include the t_ti and t_te entries for the builtin xterm. They enable saving the xterm contents when starting Vim and restoring it on exit. |xterm-screens| Special trick to make copy/paste of wrapped lines work with xterms: If the first column is to be written, write the last char of the preceding line twice. This will work with all terminal types (regardless of the xn,am settings). (Juergen Weigert) But only when 'ttyfast' is set. When 'title' and/or 'icon' is reset in vimrc, don't even check if they can be restored. This reduces startup time when using Vim in an xterm on a remote machine. |'title'| When coming back from a CTRL-Z, before setting title, store the current title again for restoring later, as it might have changed. |'title'| Expanding shell variables works now. Also made ":e $VAR^I", ":e this$VAR^I", and ":e `echo hi`^I" expand correctly by not adding a "*" in these cases. Command-line expansion: Command after '+' will be expanded; e.g., in ":e +s^D". Where file names may be expanded, support for back-quotes has been added. |+cmd| Set '[ and '] marks to start and end of undone/redone lines. Set '[ and '] to start/end of inserted text after inserting text. |'[| Marks in the jumplist are not deleted when deleting lines; avoids "mark not set" error messages when using CTRL-O command. If there are two marks for the same line, the oldest one is removed. |CTRL-O| Added setting of previous context mark when changing files (with ":e file" or ":n" or ":buf n"). Now you can go back with CTRL-O. |CTRL-O| Added list of options that are enabled/disabled at compile time to ":version" command (+GUI -digraphs -eindent, etc.). For Unix, add a line to the ":version" command to show how it was compiled. |:version| Added ":if" and ":endif" commands. Everything in between them is ignored. This is just for being able to add future commands to vimrc files in a backwards compatible way. |:if| Made CTRL-N and CTRL-P for command-line completion line cyclic. |c_CTRL-N| "" in the command line where a file name is expected is expanded to the current word under the cursor. "" is expanded to the WORD under the cursor, "" to the file name under the cursor. "" is expanded to the file name for the current autocommand. |:| Added character 163 (pound sign on English keyboards) as an alternative for the '#' command. |#| Added ":cNext" as a nickname for ":cprevious". |:cNext| Made ":bnext" and ":bNext" wrap around the end of the buffer list. |:bnext| When a regexp contains a '[' without a matching ']', assume the '[' is a normal character. This makes ":help [" work. |search_pattern| When "[{" or "]}" is used with a count > 1, and not enough levels are found, just use the last match found. Makes "99[{" go to the start of a function. |[{| Added commands to search for #if/#endif and start/end of comment: "[#", "]#", "[*", "[/", "]*" and "]/". |[#| |[*| |[/" Added break checking to do_do_join(); makes it possible to use CTRL-C when joining lots of lines. |J| Made it possible to include ":sall" in vimrc. main() won't open the buffer and won't split the windows when this already has been done by a command in the vimrc. Added count to ":sall", ":sunhide" and ":sball": maximum number of windows. |:sall| Added ":abclear" and ":mapclear": remove all abbreviations/mappings. |:mapclear| |:abclear| MS-DOS: For Visual mode, always invert the character under the cursor, also when cursor cannot be switched off (it's mostly not a block cursor). |t_vi| Made ":g/#/d" a lot faster by not calling cursupdate() for each deleted line. |:global| When opening windows for all buffers or arguments, make one window with at least 'winheight' or 5 lines. Avoids ending up with all one line windows. |:all| |:ball| MS-DOS and Win32: Always use a backslash in file names. Using a slash caused trouble with some external commands. Using a backslash before a normal filename character is now allowed for most commands. Added check for last modification time of original file before overwriting it. When it has changed since reading or writing it, ask the user if he wants to overwrite it or not. Also check when suspending, calling a shell (command), and un-hiding a buffer, and give a warning message if it has changed. |timestamp| Added filename argument for ":buffer" and ":sbuffer". Allow an incomplete specification, jump to the buffer where the name matches, unless there are several matches. |:buffer| When there is an argument list and we are not really editing the 3rd file in it, display "((3) of 5)" instead of "(3 of 5)". Added termcap options for "da" and "db". On terminals that have "da", scroll reverse moves lines from above down onto the screen; on terminals that have "db", deleting a line moves lines from below onto the screen. These lines need to be cleared. |t_da| |t_db| Added termcap options for "cd", clear until end of display. Works faster than repeating "ce", clear to end of line. |t_cd| When changing the terminal name, restore the title and other things before clearing the terminal codes, and set them back after setting the new codes. Don't clear the screen if stderr is redirected for filter command. Don't give message for writing or reading the temporary file for a filter command (unless there is an error). |:!| When reading a file, also set the no-end-of-line when not in binary mode. When 'binary' is set later and the file is written, the end-of-line is not written. Helps when having an autocommand to gunzip "*.gz" files. |'binary'| |'eol'| Unix: Allow reading from fifos (named pipes) and sockets. Give a message when doing it. Added modifiers for '%' and '#' on the command-line: ":p" for path, ":e" for extension, etc. |::p| When replacing '%', '#', etc. on the command-line, do wildcard expansion if there were any wildcards before replacing. Makes ":so `macros_file %` work. But for ":e %" no expansion is done, in case the current file name contains a wildcard. |:_%| MS-DOS and Win32: When $VIM is not defined, use $HOME. |'helpfile'| When replacing home directory with "~", and it's not followed by anything, make it "~/". Looks more like a path name and can't be confused with "~" for 'backupext'. |home_replace| Added 'aleph', 'hkmap', and 'rightleft' options. Can be used to edit text that is written from right to left (e.g., Hebrew). Improvement above reverse insert. Only when RIGHTLEFT is defined at compile time. |vim_rlh.txt| Added extra flag 'm' to 'cpoptions'. If included, typing does not interrupt a 'showmatch' delay, like Vi. By default it is not included; when a character is typed, the showmatch is aborted. |'showmatch'| Line number of ruler is zero when buffer is empty. Makes it possible to see the difference between an empty buffer and a buffer with a single line in it. Column number of ruler is zero when line is empty. Makes is possible to see the difference between an empty line and a line with a single space in it. |'ruler'| When trying to quit Vim while there is a modified, hidden buffer, make that buffer the current buffer. Helps the user to decide to use "q!" or ":wq". |hidden_quit| Added Shift-Tab for command line completion: Works like CTRL-P. It works for Amiga, MS-DOS, and Win32. |c_| When trying to open a ".vimrc" file and it fails, try opening "_vimrc". Also the other way around. This helps for OS/2, Win32, and combined Unix/DOS machines. When doing ":wn" or 'autowrite' is on, there are two file messages, but it's not clear which is for writing. Added "written" to message for writing. Also helps to avoid confusion when appending to a file. Can be made shorter with 'w' and 'W' flags in 'shortmess'. VI COMPATIBILITY IMPROVEMENTS *vi_compat* ============================= Added "\?", "\/", and "\&" to Ex address parsing; use previous search or substitute pattern. |:range| Set alternate file name for ":file fname" command. |:file_f| When using "D" in an empty line, give beep. |D| Accept CTRL-Q in Insert mode and command-line mode like CTRL-V. |i_CTRL-Q| |c_CTRL-Q| Added "-R" Vim argument: readonly mode. |-R| Added "-L" Vim argument, same as "-r", do recovery. |-L| Don't set 'readonly' for each file in readonlymode. |'readonly'| "Vim +/pat file" now finds pat in line 1. |-+/| Quit readonly mode when the 'readonly' option is reset in any buffer. |'readonly'| Made ":|" print current line (used to do nothing). |:bar| Fixed: ":@r" only executed the first line as an Ex command, following lines in normal mode. For ":@r", when register "r" is not linewise, add a return anyway (only when 'cpoptions contains 'e'). |:@| Implemented "-w{number}" Vim argument. It is ignored (Vi sets the 'window' option to {number}). |-w_nr| When using ":wq" after the message "No lines in buffer", an empty file is created (used to be a file with a single newline). Allow writing a readonly buffer with ":wq file". |:wq| Allow range for ":xit", ":exit", and ":wq". |:xit| |:wq| Added ":open" command (not supported), to make ":o" not be recognized as ":only". |:open| Also set previous context mark when moving within the line (but not when not moving the cursor at all). Makes the mapping "map 0 my^V|mzl$`z`y``" work. |''| Added 'cpoptions': flags that influence the Vi-compatible behaviour. This includes a flag that switches on the display of a dollar sign for a change within one line, without updating screen but putting a '$' a the end of the changed text. |'cpoptions'| Only when 'f' flag is present in 'cpoptions' is the file name for a ":read" command used to set the name of the current buffer, if it didn't have a name yet. Likewise for the 'F' flag and ":write". In replace mode, NL does not replace a character but is inserted. Fixed 'r'. It didn't delete a character. Now also made replace with a newline and a count Vi-compatible: only one newline is inserted. Fixed moving marks with the ":move" command. |:move| Allow ';' after search command, e.g., "/pat/;?foo". |//;| Made work like "1|" instead of "0": makes the cursor stick in column 1 when moving up/down. || "O" in an empty buffer now inserts a new line as it should. ":0r file" in an empty file appends an empty line after the file, just like Vi. |:read| "dd" deletes a single, empty line in the buffer, making the buffer empty. In an Ex address, the '+' character is not required before a number, ".2d" is the same as ".+2d", "1copy 2 3 4" is the same as "1copy 2+3+4". |:range| An ESC in normal mode does not flush the map buffer, only beeps. Makes ":map g axx^[^[ayy^[" work. After undo, put cursor on first non-white instead of in column 0. Put cursor on first non-white after a few Ex commands and after "2>>". |u| |>>| The commands ":print", ":number", and ":list" did not leave the cursor on the last line. Fixed "vim -c '/return' -t main" not working. Now the tag is jumped to before executing the "-c" command. |-c| |-t| In a search pattern, '*' is not magic when used as the first character. |search_pattern| Made searching a bit more Vi-compatible. Fixed search for "/.*p" advancing only one character at a time instead of jumping to after the 'p'. "abababababab" only gets three matches for "/abab", instead of five. When 'c' is not present in 'cpoptions', the Vim version 3.0 way is used. |'cpo'| When writing part of the buffer to the current file, '!' is required. Could accidentally destroy the file when giving a line range or when Visual was active while doing ":w". Error message when trying "1,10w"; now it is "Use ! to write partial buffer". It is also given when the current file does not exist yet. |:w!| "r" now sets the last inserted text. |r| Allow "map a ab", head recursive mapping (just like Vi). |recursive_mapping| Remove trailing spaces for Ex commands that accept a "+command" argument, when it is not followed by another command; e.g., when using ":e file ". |:+cmd| Fixed CTRL-V's not being removed from argument to ":map". |:map| Made "|" exclusive. |bar| Doing "%" on an empty line now beeps. |%| Changed "No lines in buffer" from error message into normal message. This is not Vi-compatible (let's call it a negative compatibility improvement), but it works more like one would expect. Fixed removing not enough backslashes and too many CTRL-V's from filenames. |:filename| When command line causes an error, don't execute the next command after '|'. |:bar| When starting to edit a new file, put cursor on first non-blank of line, instead of column 1. Changed CTRL-D and CTRL-U to scroll a certain amount of screen lines instead of physical lines (makes a difference with wrapping lines). Changed the cursor positioning for CTRL-U and CTRL-D when lines wrap. The cursor is now kept a fixed number of FILE lines from the start of the window, instead of SCREEN lines. This should make CTRL-U followed by CTRL-D make the cursor return to the same line in most cases (but not always). Made CTRL-U on first line and CTRL-D on last line in buffer produce a beep and not do anything. This is Vi-compatible. |CTRL-D| |CTRL-U| Added support for abbreviations that end in a non-keyword character. |abbreviations| When 'formatoptions' option is set to "vt", formatting is done Vi-compatibly. |fo_table| When COMPATIBLE is defined when compiling, 'modeline' is off by default. Made the use of modelines a bit more Vi-compatible: There must be white space before "ex:". When using "vi:set " there must be a terminating ':'. |modeline| Fixed Vi incompatibility: "ou" didn't put the cursor back where it was before. "Ou" is still incompatible, this is considered a bug in Vi, because it puts the cursor on another line. |u| Made "zz" at end of file also put cursor in middle of window, making some "~" lines visible. |zz| Fixed files being written when 'autowrite' is on and a filter command is used. |'autowrite'| Screen updating for "J" improved a bit. Was clearing the cursor line instead of the next line. Looks smoother now. For ":sleep" command: place the displayed cursor at actual cursor position. Removed restriction on number of screen columns (MAX_COLUMNS). It was not used for anything. When using a substitute command in a ":global" command, summarise the number of substitutions once, instead of giving a message for each line. Fixed: The ":global" command could set a mark in the jumplist for every matching line. Now only set the previous context mark once. Also makes ":g/pat/s//foo/" run quite a bit faster. ":global" didn't stop at an error message, e.g., from ":g/pat/s//asd/p". Now it stops at the first error message. When the 'x' flag is present in 'cpoptions', typing on the command-line executes it, instead of abandoning it. Added 'p' flag to ":substitute", print last line with substitution. Fixed: ":0;/that/" should not set previous context mark. Fixed: ":r file" should put cursor on first non-blank. Adjusted default for 'history' when COMPATIBLE defined. Adjusted setting of 'iskeyword' when 'compatible' is set or COMPATIBLE defined. Fixed: ":set paste all" should also recognize "all". Fixed: Vi allows for a ':' between the range and an Ex command. Fixed Vi incompatibility: A shell command ":!ls" can be followed by a newline and another Ex command; e.g., ":!ls^@p" (Where ^@ is entered as . Don't do this when there is a backslash before the newline. Filter command didn't put cursor on first non-blank after filtering. Don't skip spaces when using ":!! -x". "r!ls" didn't set the previous "!" command. Now ":r!!" also works. Fixed: Only one '!' argument to a ":!" command was expanded. Now this is Vi compatible. The '!' can be escaped with a backslash. Added '!' flag to 'cpoptions'. When present, a shell command ":!cmd" sets the function to use for redoing a filter command with ".". Fixed: "dfYfX.;" did put cursor on "Y" instead of "X". Don't set last searched character when redo-ing a command. Fixed: "/pat" ":s//foo" should use "pat" for search pattern. It's hard to find out how Vi works... Added 'tag' as a short name for the 'tags' option (Vi compatible). Added 'ed' abbreviation for 'edcompatible' option, 'scr' for 'scroll', 'tty' for 'ttytype', 'wi' for 'window', 'to' for 'timeout' (Vi has them too). Added: 'tagstack' ('tgst') option. It's hidden (Vi: enable tag stack). Fixed: 'ttytype' option works like an alias for 'term'. BUG FIXES *bug_fixes* ========= Changed method to save characters for BS in replace mode. Now works correctly also when 'et' set and entering a TAB, replacing with CR several times, with keyword completion and when deleting a NL where spaces have been deleted. Fixed an occasional core dump when using ^P or ^N in Insert mode under certain conditions. Fixed ":s/\(.*\)/\1/"; was replacing any with line break. Fixed line being printed when there is a '|' after a ":s" command, e.g., ":%s/a/b/g|%s/b/c/g" printed the last line where an 'a' is replaced by a 'b'. Don't map the key for the y/n question for the ":s///c" command. Fixed bug where inserting a new-line before a line starting with 'if', etc. would cause a smart-indent because of that 'if'. Doing CTRL-@ when there was no inserted text yet didn't quit Insert mode. Fixed bug where nowrap was set and doing 'j' or 'k' caused a sideways scroll with the cursor still in the middle of the screen. Happened when moving from a line with few tabs to a line with many tabs. When CTRL-T fails (e.g., when buffer was changed), don't change position in tag stack. If file system full and write to swap file failed, was getting error message for lnum > line_count (with ":preserve"). Fixed cursor not visible when doing CTRL-Z for some versions of Unix (White). Fixed problem with "CTRL-O ." in Insert mode when repeated command also involves Insert mode. Fixed "line count wrong" error with undo that deletes the first line. After undo, "''" puts the cursor back to where it was before the undo. Inserting a tab with 'et' set did not work correctly when there was a real tab in front of it (Brown). Fixed core dump when using CTRL-W ] twice (tag stack was invalid). Fixed overwriting "at top of tag stack" error message. Only show file message for a tag when it is in another file. Added '~' to the special characters for tag search patterns. A tag with a '~' in the search command is now correctly executed. Fixed '^' recognized as start of line in "/[ ^I]^". 'wrapmargin' is restored to its previous value when 'paste' is reset. When 'paste' is set, behave as if 'formatoptions' is empty. Fixed '^' appearing in first window when CTRL-V entered in second window on same buffer. Fixed using count to reselect Visual area when area was one line. Fixed setting curswant properly after Visual selection. Fixed problem that column number was ridiculous when using "V" with ":". After truncating an autoindent, leave curswant after the indent. Fixed ":n #"; put the cursor on the right line like ":e #". Recompute column for shown command when rearranging windows. Check screen size after Vim has been suspended. When creating a new buffer, set 'readonly' to false by default. Fixes getting an empty readonly buffer after ":new" in a readonly buffer. Fixed outputting meta characters (esp. meta-space) when switching highlighting on/off. Added file-number argument to getfile() and do_ecmd() to be able to edit a specific buffer. Fixes problem with CTRL-^ to buffer without a file name. With ":file name" command, update status lines for new file name. When recovering, "Original file may have been changed" message was overwritten. Also changed it into an error message and don't wait for return after "using swap file" message. Fixed core dump when using commands like ":swap" in vimrc file. Fixed "more" for :global command. Don't accept ":g", global command without any argument. Fixed bug: When setting 'history' to 0 (happens when setting 'compatible') there could be a crash or a hang (only when 'viminfo' didn't include lines in history). After using ":set invlist", cursor would not stick to the column. Fixed problem of trailing 'q' with executing recorded buffer when 'sc' set. Remove the character(s) that stopped recording from the register (normally 'q', but can be more when using a mapping for 'q'). MS-DOS: Replace call to delay() by loop around biostime(). Fixes problem with mouse crawling under Windows 95. Fixed CTRL-Z not working for Apollos. Fixed cursor not ending on right character when doing CTRL-T or CTRL-D in the indent in Insert mode. When 'columns' was set to zero, core dump or hang might happen. Fixed message from ":cn" being deleted by screen redraw. Fixed window resizing causing trouble while waiting for "-- more --" message. Don't wait for a return after abandoning the command-line. Fixed extra wait_return() after error message on starting up. Fixed matching braces inside quotes for "%". Fixed "illegal line number" error when doing ":e!" after adding some lines at the end of the file. Fixed ":map #1 :help" not working. Fixed abbreviations not working properly. Fixed calling free() in buf_write() when smallbuf[] is used: could cause big problems when almost out of memory. Removed double redraw when returning from ":stop" command. After recovering there was one extra empty line at the end. Fixed core dump when reporting number of buffers deleted. Fixed core dump when deleting the current buffer. Fixed cursor in wrong position after ":set invwrap" and cursor was below a long line. Fixed ":split file" causing a "hit return" message. Fixed core dump when screen is made bigger while in --more-- mode. Fixed "@:" executing last Ex command without prepending ":". Made Visual reselect work after "J" command. Fixed problem that 'showcmd' would cause mappings to happen in the wrong mode. e.g., ":map g 1G^M:sleep 3^M:g" would show ":1G". Fixed problem when mapping ends in a character that start a key code; would wait for other characters for each character. The number of lines reported when starting to edit a file was one too much. Fixed problem that in some situations the screen would be scrolled up at every message and when typing on the command-line. Removed the screenclear() calls for MS-DOS in fileio.c; some messages got lost by it. Just use CTRL-L to redraw the screen in the rare case that you get the "insert disk b: in drive a:" message. When doing ":/pat/p" on the last line without 'wrapscan' set, used to start in line 1 anyway. Now an error message is given and the command aborted. Don't display "search hit bot" message twice for ":/pat/p" and overwrite it with any error message. When an error was detected in an Ex address (e.g., pattern not found), the command was executed anyway; now it is aborted. Fixed problem that after using Visual block mode, any yank, delete, and tilde commands would still use the Visual coordinates. Added "block_mode" variable. Fixed not always redrawing correctly with ":unhide" command. For Unix: Give error message when more than one file name given to Ex commands that accept only one. Fixed: When "+command" argument given to Ex command, wildcards in file name after it were not correctly expanded. Changed most calls to outstr() into msg_outstr(); makes screen output correct for some cases; e.g., when using "!!cp file", the message for reading the temporary file was messed up. When out of memory because undo is impossible, and 'y' is typed in answer to the 'continue anyway' question, don't flush buffers (makes Maze macros work on MS-DOS). Sometimes mappings would not be recognized, because the wrong flags in noremapstr[] were checked. Fixed problem with handling concatenated commands after expanding wildcards, e.g., with ":e bu*c|ls". Fixed problem with argument like '#' to a command like ":wnext" causing the command not to do the right thing, depending on the file name. Display file names with msg_outtrans(); control characters will be shown. Also use transchar() for setting the window title and icon. Fixed not resetting the yankbuffer when operator fails or is cancelled with ESC (e.g., using "p" after ""ad" would still use register 'a'. When "[[" or "]]" is used without an operator, put cursor on begin of line. Adjust Insstart when using CTRL-T and CTRL-D in Insert mode; would not be able to backspace over some characters. ":unhide" could redisplay some buffers at the wrong position; added call to cursupdate() to enter_buffer(). Fixed freeing memory twice when opening of memfile fails. After "z.", screen was displayed one line down compared to other positioning. Fixed "%<" and "#<" in the command line not working. Fixed two bugs in "2cc". The auto-indent was taken from the last line instead of the first. When the cursor was on the last character in the line, it would be positioned on the first char of the next line. Fixed bug with doing "cc" on last few lines of the file; would delete wrong line. Fixed problem with formatting when char in column to break is a CTRL-M. Replaced isspace() by iswhite(). Call starttermcap() in wait_return() only when redraw is done. Moved calling starttermcap() to avoid switching screens before calling wait_return(). Fixed calling wait_return() on the wrong screen if T_KS switches between two screens. Would hide the result of commands like ":!ls". Fixed screen not being updated when a command typed in response to wait_return(). Don't update screen when '/' or '?' typed, just like with ':'. Fixed extra call to wait_return() when hitting "/". When splitting window, don't copy scroll option from other window; avoids "invalid scroll size" error message. Adjusting marks for undo/redo was one line off. Fixed extra space after cursor in Insert mode when 'wrap' is off and the cursor is at the end of the line. Fixed bug: In some cases with multiple windows, the 'tabstop' and 'list' option of the wrong window would be used. Fixed problem with char_avail() causing real_State to have the wrong value, causing u_sync() to be called while in Insert mode, causing undo not to function correctly. Fixed horizontal scrolling not working properly when 'number' option set. Fixed bug with automatic formatting: wouldn't wrap when there was only a single non-blank in the first column. Fixed problem of displaying the inverted area for Visual block mode. Happens when moving up-down stays in the same column in the line but the screen column changes (e.g., when moving over a TAB). Delete temp files from filter command when writing to the temp file fails. When not being able to read the input in unix.c, could get an unexpected exit. Added retry for 100 times and flush files before exit. Fixed redisplaying problem: When ":" hit in wait_return(), a window would be redrawn if it has the current buffer but is not the current window. This would result in the output of the ":" command being overwritten. Don't give error messages for setting terminal options in vimrc for "vim -r". When doing "2CTRL-^" if current buffer is 2, don't do anything (used to move the cursor to another line). Fixed horizontal scrolling problem with ":set nowrap ss=1 nu". Fixed undo not working when using CTRL-V in Insert mode and automatic wrapping occurs. When setting terminal to raw mode, always do it. Always set terminal to raw mode after executing an external program. Fixes problem when external program unexpectedly switches terminal to cooked mode. When terminal is in not-raw mode, don't set it again, it causes problems. ":[range]yank" moved the cursor; now it leaves it where it was. When undoing ":[range]d", ":[range]>", or ":[range]<", put cursor on first undone line. Fixed abbreviations behaving tail-recursively. Fixed abbreviations being applied while inserting a register in Insert mode with CTRL-R. Fixed "-- INSERT --" message being deleted when entering CTRL-R ESC in Insert mode. Fixed bug when 'showmode' on: When using CTRL-E in Visual mode the message was deleted one out of two times. Corrected use of CTRL-@ (NUL) in cmdline editing: Inserted a NL, now K_ZERO. Fixed messages for CTRL-O in Insert mode; error messages for "CTRL-O :" were overwritten. Fixed wait-for-return when executing a filter command when 'autowrite' is set. Don't redisplay the filter command, as it will be overwritten anyway. When there is no file name and executing a filter command, don't use the file name of the temporary file for the current file. Fixed ":!!" not working. Discovered that some versions of strchr() and strrchr() can't handle characters above 127. Made a Vim version of these functions. Fixes problems with special keys and mouse with DJGPP. For DJGPP use _dos_commit() instead of dup()/close(). Removed the define VIM_ISSPACE, added vim_isspace(), which is always used. It's not worth risking trying the compiler's isspace(). Removed NO_FREE_NULL defined, always use vim_free() instead of free(). There's no need to take a risk by assuming that free() can handle NULL pointers. Fixed not accepting '!' with ":file". Fixed 'shortmess' set to 1 if setting file name would fail. Fixed: When Visual block mode started on an empty line, the block was always at least two characters wide. Fixed: Doing "*" on a special character (e.g., CTRL-K) would not work. Renamed variable names that are keywords for some compilers: "new", "old", "delete", and "class". Fixed a few screen redisplay bugs: When opening a new line with "o" on the last-but-one line in the last-but-one window, the next window would be scrolled down one line. When appending a character to the last line on the screen, it would not get updated until after the second character typed. When deleting the last line in a window, the windows below it (or the status line) would get scrolled up. Fixed bug: Screen was scrolled two lines instead of one when cursor was moved to one line above the top line (with 'so' = 0 and 'sj' = 0). Fixed: ":mkexrc" didn't handle special keys in mappings correctly. Add "version 4.0" to the start of the file generated with ":mkvimrc". Add a backslash before a '"' for ":mkexrc" and ":mkvimrc". Don't write 'endofline', 'scroll', and 'ttyfast' with ":mkvimrc" or ":mkexrc". Fixed: ":mkvimrc" must put a backslash before a backslash for options values. A mapping that contains a didn't work properly, now the "" is used instead of a CTRL-V before the end of the line. An option that contains a needs a backslash. Fixed other windows on the current buffer not being updated if undo resulted in an unmodified buffer. Fixed: When inserting chars in the last line on the screen, making it too long to fit on the screen, it made the line disappear for a moment. Fixed display not being redrawn at cursor position with ":buf 1". Fixed putting a blank instead of a reversed blank between the file name and the ruler in the status line when the file name was truncated. Fixed: When doing "vlllu" with 'showcmd', the "-- VISUAL --" message would not be deleted. Give error message if lalloc() is called with a size <= 0. If a mapping contains a CTRL-V in "from" or "to" part, don't interpret the following bytes as terminal codes. Makes mapping ":map q :s/hi ^V^V^H" work. Unix: Fixed problem where an invalid setting for WINDOWID would cause Vim to exit immediately. Unix: Re-open stdout and stderr when executing a shell for command-line completion. Makes it work on Alphas and with bash. Fixed problem with scrolling for hpterm (scroll reverse doesn't work as expected). Fixed bug: ":d 2" on last line in buffer gave "ml_get: invalid lnum" errors and undo didn't work correctly. Unix: When termio.h and termios.h are both present, use termios.h. Message "[no write since last change]" for shell command was not put in column 1. Fixed bug: "Hit return to ..." message was overwriting the output of a shell command when 'cmdheight' was bigger than 2. Unix: Use utsname() if it is present for mch_get_host_name(). Fixed "?pat?e", "/pat/s-2", and "?pat?e+2" getting stuck on a match. Only for Unix is the short file name used for reading/writing the file when ":cd" has not been used. On MS-DOS and Win32, a "cd" in a sub-shell also changes the current directory for Vim, which causes the file to be written in the wrong directory. Fixed not removing the highlighted area when a buffer has several windows with "v...y". Made it possible to set number options to a negative number (for 'undolevels'). Fixed hang in Insert mode for using cursor keys that start with ESC with a slow terminal, caused by using read with zero length. Fixed a CTRL-W in Insert mode on the last line of the window causing a scroll-up. MS-DOS: Fixed a bug in msdos.c that wrote over the end of allocated memory when expanding file names; could cause all kinds of problems. Amiga: Sort each wildcard component separately, not all together. Fixed serious performance problem: When abandoning a file, the freed memfile blocks were not counted, causing all blocks to be flushed to disk after abandoning more than 2Mb worth of files. Fixed one-second delay between "Unknown options" and ": opt" for autocommand errors. After doing ":set term=name", output t_me and redraw the screen; makes any new color settings work (just hitting CTRL-L doesn't do this). When 'updatecount' was set to zero, every character typed would cause a sync(), instead of not syncing at all. Fixed display not updating correctly when joining lines, e.g., "v11jJ". With ":join", leave cursor on first non-blank in the line. Use #define SIZEOF_INT instead of sizeof(int) in fileio.c; avoids warning "statement not reached" for some compilers. Fixed obscure hang in mch_inchar() in unix.c. Added a set of digraphs for HPUX. When quickfix does not find a complete match, reset the line number to 0; avoid a jump to a line that could have been any number in the output of the 'makeprg'. Fixed operator with "}", when end is on last line in the file and it's empty. The last line was included instead of excluded. Fixed bug: When ":g/pat/d" resulted in an empty file, undo only put one line back! Could happen with many other operations that result in an empty file. Changed exit status when shell cannot be executed from 127 to 122, some shells (bash) are already using 127. Makes error message "cannot execute shell" disappear when in fact the command could not be executed, e.g., for ":!burp". When there is no file name and executing a filter command, don't use the file name of the temporary file for the current file. Fixed "w" on last char in the file (not being an empty line) not beeping. Fixed cursor not being positioned correctly, when resizing the window in Normal mode and the cursor is on a TAB. Give beep when trying to use "I" after an operator, without first moving the cursor to the start of the line. When listing options, check length of number options too, 'maxmapdepth' set to 9999999 would show 999999. Also account for replacing the home directory when checking the length of expandable string options. 'showmatch': Only show match when visible, not when 'wrap' off and match is left or right of the screen. Fixed: Message "freeing N lines" would cause a hit-return message when an (error) message has been given before it. Fixed bug: "(" would get stuck at a line ending in ".}". "]" after line end was not recognized. Fixed reported problem with MS-DOS and Amiga when using more than 32000 lines; replaced int with long in memline.c. Fixed problem when using a negative count to a quickfix command, e.g., ":cn -1". Give error message when extra argument given for ":cnext", ":cprevious", or ":cc". "@%" and "@." used register 0. Now "@%" gives an error message and "@." correctly executes the previously inserted text. Fixed: "|j" moved cursor to last char in the line. Fixed bug for MS-DOS: Expanding "~3" would make Vim hang. When 'insertmode' set, don't give the warning "changing a readonly file" when entering insert mode, but only when actually changing something. Made deleting with "D" more efficient. Was deleting one character at a time, which is very slow for long lines. When using the "-oN" command line option, make windows equal height after loading the buffers. "vim -o5 *.h" looked weird. When there is no file name, ":rew", ":next", and others gave misleading error message. Fixed: When deleting text, start pos in col 0 and end pos in col 0, with last character included, the yank became linewise. This should not be done when the movement is inclusive. Changed: Only give "output not to a terminal" message when going to do something full screen. Don't ask to hit return for GUI help when output doesn't come from or go to a terminal (for "vim -h | more"). Fixed: CTRL-Z/fg made windows equal height; should only be done when the window height has changed. Give error message for ":set tw=0,wrap"! When checking for an existing file, don't use fopen(fname, "r"), but stat(). It's a bit faster and more reliable (e.g., when the file exists but it does not have read permission). When reading a script file, undo undoes everything that the script did (after starting to edit the current file). Command line completion: just after non-alphabetic commands now expands like there was a space after the command (e.g., :!). Unix: Don't accept expanded file names that don't exist. Helps when using /bin/sh (would expand "foo" to "foo\*"). Fixed: ":recover" didn't work correctly when cursor was not on line 1. Also: Don't clear the current buffer when ":recover" runs into an error that prevents recovering (e.g., when .swp file is empty). Unix: When executing a filter command, switch terminal to cooked mode. This makes it possible that the filter can be killed with CTRL-C. You might lose typeahead on some systems. When using CTRL-G in visual mode, show the file message until a key is hit. Would be overwritten with the mode message immediately. Fixed: ":unabbreviate" was before ":undo", should be the other way around, because ":u" and ":un" mean ":undo". Fixed: When using CTRL-L on the command line and there are several matches, beep_flush() would be called, causing any mapped characters to be flushed. This breaks the mapping ":cmap ^X ^L^D", that simulates tcsh's autolist completion. Fixed: Could enter numbers larger than 255 with CTRL-V{digits}. Entering CTRL-V256 would cause a crash a little later. When writing a file with ":w!", always reset the 'readonly' option, not only for Unix and not only when the file is not writable. Changed error message when trying to write a buffer with 'readonly' set to "'readonly' option is set (use ! to override)". Fixed: "gf" did an autowrite, even though no valid file name was found. Fixed: ":so! $VAR/file" didn't work, although ":so $VAR/file" works. Fixed: Putting non-alpha garbage after an option name in a ":set" command wasn't recognized; e.g., with ":set ts-8". Fixed: Would use NULL pointer in out-of-memory situtations in mf_alloc_bhdr(). vim:ts=8:sw=8:js:tw=78: 07070100000f04000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081000000b90000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_ami.txt*vim_ami.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Apr 19 This file contains the particularities for the Amiga version of Vim. Installation on the Amiga: - Assign "vim:" to the directory where the vim_help.txt file is (for the help command). - With DOS 1.3 or earlier: Put "arp.library" in "libs:". Make sure that newcli and run are in "c:" (for executing external commands). - Put a shell that accepts a command with "-c" (e.g. "Csh" from Fish disk 624) in "c:" or in any other directory that is in your search path (for executing external commands). If you have sufficient memory you can avoid startup delays by making Vim and csh resident with the command "rez csh vim". You will have to put "rezlib.library" in your "libs:" directory. Under 2.0 you will need rez version 0.5. If you do not use digraphs, you can save some memory by recompiling without the DIGRAPHS option. If you want to use Vim with other terminals you can recompile with the TERMCAP option. Vim compiles with Manx 5.x and SAS 6.x. See the makefiles and feature.h. If you want to use different colors set the termcap codes: t_mr (for inverted text) t_md (for bold text) t_me (for normal text after t_mr and t_md) t_so (for standout mode) t_se (for normal text after t_so) t_us (for underlined text) t_ue (for normal text after t_us) t_ZH (for italic text) t_ZR (for normal text after t_ZH) Standard ANSI escape sequences are used. The codes are: 30 grey char 40 grey cell >0 grey background 0 all attributes off 31 black char 41 black cell >1 black background 1 boldface 32 white char 42 white cell >2 white background 2 faint 33 blue char 43 blue cell >3 blue background 3 italic 34 grey char 44 grey cell >4 grey background 4 underscore 35 black char 45 black cell >5 black background 7 reverse video 36 white char 46 white cell >6 white background 8 invisible 37 blue char 47 blue cell >7 blue background The codes with '>' must be the last. The cell and background color should be the same. The codes can be combined by separating them with a semicolon. For example to get white text on a blue background: :set t_me=^V[0;32;43;>3m :set t_se=^V[0;32;43;>3m :set t_ue=^V[0;32;43;>3m :set t_ZR=^V[0;32;43;>3m :set t_md=^V[1;32;43;>3m :set t_mr=^V[7;32;43;>3m :set t_so=^V[0;31;43;>3m :set t_us=^V[4;32;43;>3m :set t_ZH=^V[3;32;43;>3m When using multiple commands with a filter command, e.g. :r! echo this; echo that Only the output of the last command is used. To fix this you have to group the commands. This depends on the shell you use (that is why it is not done automatically in Vim). Examples: :r! (echo this; echo that) :r! {echo this; echo that} Commands that accept a single file name allow for embedded spaces in the file name. However, when using commands that accept several file names, embedded spaces need to be escaped with a backslash. 07070100000f06000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081000000792000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_arch.txt*vim_arch.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Mar 6 This file contains the particularities for the Archimedes version of Vim. ============================================================================ The Archimedes version has not been tested. It probably doesn't work at the moment, because only patches for Vim version 2.0 were available. ============================================================================ vim_hlp.txt needs to be saved as Lib:vimhlp (you should set Lib$Path to be a path to the directory you want to save this. Your system vimrc file should be named vimrc in this directory too.) Another path to set is Tmp$Path This should be the directory you want vim to use when it does pipes. UnixLib's translations means that local .vimrc files should really be named /vimrc. Of course vim does these translations, so vim .vimrc will create the file /vimrc. You need a termcap file - I haven't built this in. To install the termcap file, you need to assign a variable, UnixLib$/etc to your "/etc" directory and copy the file "arctermcap" as "/etc/termcap" You also need your TERM variable to be set to acorn0 before you use vim. Note also that I've set the "cl" command, clear screen to clear to green screen. You can change this if you want. Errorfile handling may not work properly. This is not vim's fault, but UnixLib's system() and exec() handling. It may be OK for Acorn's cc, but gcc uses exec() and loses redirections, so gcc -c fred.c 2> errorfile doesn't generate a valid errorfile. Problem is that this is a biggy within UnixLib to fix, I think. When you call a shell up with :sh and ^Z, you'll get a GOS shell by default. This means that running another application will exit GOS and throw you back into vim. I'm working on a bash-like shell for the Arc which will get round this. If I've missed anything, please drop me a line and I'll try to fix it. Alun Jones, auj@aber.ac.uk 07070100000f07000081a400000064000000640000000132f50810000079cb000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_diff.txt*vim_diff.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 July 18 This is a summary of the differences between VIM and vi. It is not complete. see also |vim_ref.txt|, look for comments in {}, like "{not in Vi}". Vim is mostly POSIX 1003.2-1 compliant. The commands known to be missing are "Q", ":append", ":change", ":insert", ":open" and ":z". There are probably a lot of small differences. THE MOST INTERESTING ADDITIONS ============================== Vi compatibility. |'compatible'| Although Vim is 99% Vi compatible, some things in vi can be considered to be a bug, or at least need improvement. Therefore Vim behaves a little bit different here and there by default. When the 'compatible' option is set, all options are given a vi-compatible value, Vim will behave like the "real" vi as much as possible. The 'cpoptions' option can be used to set vi compatibility on/off for a few specific items. |'cpoptions'| Support for different systems. Vim can be used on: - All Unix systems (it works on all systems it was tested on). - Amiga (500, 1000, 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000, ...). - MS-DOS in real-mode (no additional drivers required). - In protected mode on Windows 3.1 and MS-DOS (DPMI driver required). - Windows 95 and Windows NT, with support for long file names. - OS/2 (needs emx.dll) - Atari MiNT - Macintosh (although there is no binary available, needs some work) Multi level undo. |undo| 'u' goes backward in time, 'ctrl-R' goes forward again. Set option 'undolevels' to the number of changes to be remembered (default 1000). Set 'undolevels' to 0 for a vi-compatible one level undo. Set it to -1 for no undo at all. When all changes in a buffer have been undone, the buffer is not considered changed anymore. You can exit it with :q, without . Multiple windows and buffers. |vim_win.txt| Vim can split the screen into several windows, each editing a different buffer or the same buffer at a different location. Buffers can still be loaded (and changed) but not displayed in a window. This is called a hidden buffer. Many commands and options have been added for this facility. Repeat a series of commands. |q| 'q' starts recording typed characters into named register (append to the register if register name is upper case). A subsequent 'q' stops recording. The register can then be executed with the '@' command. This is very useful to repeat a complex action. Flexible insert mode. |ins_special_special| The arrow keys can be used in insert mode to move around in the file. This breaks the insert in two parts as far as undo and redo is concerned. CTRL-O can be used to execute a single command-mode command. This is almost the same as hitting , typing the command and hitting 'a'. Visual mode. |Visual_mode| Visual can be used to first highlight a piece of text and then give a command to do something with it. This is an (easy to use) alternative to first giving the operator and then moving to the end of the text to be operated upon. 'v' and 'V' are used to start Visual mode. 'v' works on characters and 'V' on lines. Move the cursor to extend the Visual part. It is shown highlighted on the screen. By typing 'o' the other end of the Visual text can be moved. The Visual text can be affected by an operator: d delete c change y yank > or < insert or delete indent ! filter through external program = filter through indent : start ":" command for the Visual lines. Q format text to 'textwidth' columns (obsolete) gq format text to 'textwidth' columns J join lines ~ swap case u make lowercase U make uppercase Block operators. |visual_block| With Visual a rectangular block of text can be selected. Start Visual with CTRL-V. The block can be deleted ('d'), yanked ('y') or its case can be changed ('~', 'u' and 'U'). A deleted or yanked block can be put into the text with the 'p' and 'P' commands. Online help system. |:help| Help is displayed in a window. The usual commands can be used to move around, search for a string, etc. Tags can be used to jump around in the help files, just like hypertext links. The ":help" command takes an argument to quickly jump to the info on a subject. is the quick access to the help system. The name of the help index file can be set with the 'helpfile' option. Command-line editing and history. |cmdline_editing| You can insert or delete at any place in the command-line using the cursor keys. The right/left cursor keys can be used to move forward/backward one character. The shifted right/left cursor keys can be used to move forward/backward one word. CTRL-B/CTRL-E can be used to go to the begin/end of the command-line. |cmdline_history| The command-lines are remembered. The up/down cursor keys can be used to recall previous command-lines. The 'history' option can be set to the number of lines that will be remembered. There is a separate history for commands and for search patterns. Command-line completion. |cmdline_completion| While entering a command-line (on the bottom line of the screen) can be typed to complete what example - command :e - tag :ta scr - option :set sc - option value :set hf= - filename :e ve - etc. If there are multiple matches, CTRL-N (next) and CTRL-P (previous) will walk through the matches. works like CTRL-N, but wraps around to the first match. The 'wildchar' option can be set to the character for command-line completion, is the default. CTRL-D can be typed after an (incomplete) wildcard; all matches will be listed. CTRL-A will insert all matches. CTRL-L will insert the longest common part of the matches. Horizontal scrolling. |'wrap'| If the 'wrap' option is off, long lines will not wrap and only part of them will be shown. When the cursor is moved to a part that is not shown, the screen will scroll horizontally. The minimum number of columns to scroll can be set with the 'sidescroll' option. The "zh" and "zl" commands can be used to scroll sideways. Text formatting. |formatting| The 'textwidth' option can be used to automatically limit the line length. This supplements the 'wrapmargin' option of Vi, which was not very useful. The "gq" operator can be used to format a piece of text (for example, "gqp" formats the current paragraph). Commands for text alignment: ":center", ":left" and ":right". Edit-compile-edit speedup. |quickfix| The ":make" command can be used to run the compilation and jump to the first error. Alternatively Vim can be started with the "-e" option from the compiler. A file with compiler error messages is interpreted. Vim starts editing at the first error. Each line in the error file is scanned for the name of a file, line number and error message. The 'errorformat' option can be set to a list of scanf-like strings to handle output from many compilers. The ":cn" command can be used to jump to the next error. ":cl" lists all the error messages. Other commands are available (almost the same as with Manx's Z editor on the Amiga). The 'errorfile' option has the name of the file with error messages. The 'makeprg' option contains the name of the program to be executed with the ":make" command. The 'shellpipe' option contains the string to be used to put the output of the compiler into the errorfile. Improved indenting for C programs |'cindent'| When the 'cindent' option is on the indent of each line is automatically adjusted. C syntax is mostly recognized. The indent for various styles can be set with 'cinoptions'. The keys to trigger indenting can be set with 'cinkeys'. Comments can be automatically formatted. The 'comment' option can be set to the characters that start and end a comment. This works best for C code, but also works for e-mail (">" at start of the line) and other types of text. The "=" operator can be used to re-indent lines. Searching for words in include files |include_search| The "[i" command can be used to search for a match of the word under the cursor in the current and included files. The 'include' option can be set the a pattern that describes a command to include a file (the default is for C programs). The "[I" command lists all matches, the "[ CTRL-I" command jumps to a match. The "[d", "[D" and "[ CTRL-D" commands do the same, but only for lines where the pattern given with the 'define' option matches. Word completion in Insert mode |ins_completion| In insert mode "CTRL-N" and "CTRL-P" can be used to find match with the word before the cursor. This is useful to complete long words. "CTRL-X CTRL-I" can be used to complete the word before the cursor from the current and included files. "CTRL-X CTRL-K" can be used to complete the word before the cursor from a dictionary file, given with the 'dictionary' option Automatic commands |autocommand| Commands can be automatically executed when reading a file, writing a file, jumping to another buffer, etc., depending on the file name. This is useful to set options and mappings for C programs, documentation, plain text, e-mail, etc. This also makes it possible to edit compressed files. Viminfo |viminfo_file| The command-line history, marks and registers can be stored in a file that is read on startup. This can be used to repeat a search command or command-line command after exiting and restarting Vim. It is also possible to jump right back to where the last edit stopped with "'0". The 'viminfo' option can be set to select which items to store in the .viminfo file. This is off by default. Mouse support |mouse_using| The mouse is supported in the GUI version, in an xterm for Unix, for MS-DOS, and Win32. It can be used to position the cursor, select the visual area, paste a register, etc. Graphical User Interface (GUI) |gui| Included support for GUI: menu's, mouse, scrollbars, etc. You can define your own menus. Better support for CTRL/SHIFT/ALT keys in combination with special keys and mouse. Currently only with Motif and Athena interface. IMPROVEMENTS FROM VERSION 3.0 TO VERSION 4.0 ============================================ Besides the big changes mentioned here there are an awful lot of small improvements. For a more complete list see |new_features|. New on-line help system |new_help| Help is now displayed in a window. Tags can be used to jump around in all the documentation (like hypertext links). Command-line editing improved |new_commandline| Separate history for search commands. Improved command-line completion. Improved indenting for C programs |new_cindent| Added 'cindent' option for configurable C indent mode. The "=" operator can be used to indent lines. Formatting of comments (also for other languages and e-mail). Searching for words in include files |new_include| Added commands to search for a word in the current file and in included files. List the first match, list all matches or jump to a match. Word completion in Insert mode |new_complete| Added commands to complete the word before the cursor in Insert mode. Matches can be found in the current file, included files and/or a dictionary. Automatic commands |new_autocmd| Execute commands for a specific file type. Can be used to set options to a different value for C code, plain text e-mail, etc. Text objects |new_textobj| After an operator and in visual mode text object commands can be used to quickly select a word, line or paragraph. Options |new_options| Added '&' after an option: reset to default value. Added '!' after a boolean option: invert value. A whole bunch of new options. Command-line completion can be used to get the old value. Support for editing one-line paragraphs |new_para| When a line is longer than the window width, it can be broken at a space or other convenient position. Commands have been added to move the cursor a screen line up/down. Usage of key names |new_keys| Special keys now all have a name like , , etc. This name is used for mappings, in listings, and many other things. Added a number of new special keys. Viminfo |new_viminfo| The command-line history, marks and registers can be stored in a file that is read on startup. Compilation improvements |compilation| Autoconf is used to adjust to different Unix flavors, editing the Makefile is rarely required. Tag support improved |new_tags| Static tags and Emacs tag files are now supported. Tag completion works better. Improved (error) messages |new_msg| A lot of error messages include the reason for the error. The text shown when 'showcmd' is set includes partially typed mappings. Swap file |new_swapfile| Included checking of the actual file name in a swap file, avoids giving bogus "swap file exists" messages. Give more information about the swap file with the "swap file exists" message and when recovering. Included catching of deadly signals for Unix. Swap files for unmodified buffers are deleted, other swap files are preserved before exiting. Improved recovery when there are multiple swap files. Mouse support |new_mouse| The mouse is supported in the GUI version, in an xterm for Unix, for MS-DOS, and Win32. It can be used to position the cursor, select the visual area, paste a register, etc. Graphical User Interface (GUI) |new_gui| Included support for GUI: menu's, mouse, scrollbars, etc. Currently only with Motif and Athena interface. Support for Windows 95/NT |new_win32| There is now a version of Vim for Windows NT and Windows 95. It supports long file names, uses all available memory and many more enhancements. There is also a protected mode version, compiled with DJGPP, that runs under Windows 3.1 and MS-DOS. It supports long file names where available. Miscellaneous new features |new_misc| Implemented incremental search. A whole bunch of commands that start with "g": Goto declaration, show ascii value of character under the cursor, go back to end of word, reselect last Visual area, etc.. Added the ":retab" command. Can be used to change the size of a , replace spaces with a or a with spaces. Implemented "Vim -r" to list any swap files that can be found. The "Q" operator no longer affects empty lines. Added '-' register for deletes of less than one line, see |registers|. Quickfix: Support for several error formats at the same time. Added separate mapping for normal mode and visual mode. Allow for digraphs to be entered in reverse. Added commands to search for #if/#endif and start/end of comment. Added ":abclear" and ":mapclear": remove all abbreviations/mappings. Added check for last modification time of original file before overwriting it. vi compatibility improvements |vi_compat| A few more things have been made vi-compatible. The 'cpoptions' option has a few flags to switch specific vi-compatibility items on/off. OLDER VIM FEATURES ================== These features were already present in Vim version 3.0. Vim arguments: When Vim is started with "-v" (View) then readonly mode is used (includes "-n"). When Vim is started with "-b" (Binary) then some options are set to be able to edit binary or executable files. When Vim is started with "-s scriptfile", the characters read from "scriptfile" are treated as if you typed them. If end of file is reached before the editor exits, further characters are read from the console. The "-w" option can be used to record all typed characters in a script file. This file can then be used to redo the editing, possibly on another file or after changing some commands in the script file. The "-n" option disables the writing of a ".swp" file (see below). The "-c command" option does the same as the "+command" option. The "-T terminal" option sets the terminal type. The "-e" option starts Vim in quickfix mode. The "-o" option opens a window for each argument. "-o4" opens four windows. In command mode: Missing command: "Q" (go to Ex mode) (but see |pseudo-Q|). Missing Ex commands: append, change, insert, open and z. The command characters are shown in the last line of the screen. They are removed when the command is finished. If you do not want this (on a slow terminal) reset the 'showcmd' option. If the 'ruler' option is set, the current cursor position is shown in the last line of the screen. 'u' and CTRL-R accept a count for the number of undos/redos. 'U' still works after having moved off the last changed line and after 'u'. Nulls in the file are replaced with internally. This allows editing of binary files (more or less). Characters with the 8th bit set are displayed. The characters between '~' and 0xa0 are displayed as "~?", "~@", "~A", etc., unless the "graphic' option is set. '=' is an operator to filter lines through an external command (vi: lisp stuff). The name of the command can be set with the 'equalprg' option. The default is "indent". '][' goes to the next ending of a C function ('}' in column 1). '[]' goes to the previous ending of a C function ('}' in column 1). ']f', '[f' and 'gf' start editing the file whose name is under the cursor. CTRL-W f splits the window and starts editing the file whose name is under the cursor. '*' searches forward for the identifier under the cursor, '#' backward. 'K' runs the program defined by the "keywordprg" option, with the identifier under the cursor as argument. '%' can be preceded with a count. The cursor jumps to the line that percentage down in the file. The normal '%' function to jump to the matching brace skips braces inside quotes. With the CTRL-] command, the cursor may be in the middle of the identifier. The used tags are remembered. Commands that can be used with the tag stack are CTRL-T, ':pop' and ':tag'. ':tags' lists the tag stack. The 'tags' option can be set to a list of tag file names. Thus multiple tag files can be used. For file names that start with '.', the '.' is replaced with the path of the current file. This makes it possible to use a tags file in the same directory as the file being edited. Previously used file names are remembered in the alternate file name list. CTRL-^ accepts a count, which is an index in this list. Search patterns have more features. The character is seen as part of the search pattern and the substitute string of ":s". Vi sees it as the end of the command. Searches can put the cursor on the end of a match and may include a character offset. Count added to '~', ':next', ':Next', 'n' and 'N'. The command ":next!" with 'autowrite' set does not write the file. In vi the file was written, but this is considered to be a bug, because one does not expect it and the file is not written with ':rewind!'. "5r" replaces five characters with five line breaks. Vi replaces five characters with a single line break. In Vi when entering a in replace mode deletes a character only when 'ai' is set (but does not show it until you hit ). Vim always deletes a character (and shows it immediately). Added :wnext command. Same as ":write" followed by ":next". The ":w!" command always writes, also when the file is write protected. If option "tildeop" has been set, '~' is an operator (must be followed by a movement command). With the 'J' (join) command you can reset the 'joinspaces' (js) option to have only one space after a period (Vi inserts two spaces). 'cw' can be used to change white space formed by several characters (Vi is confusing: 'cw' only changes one space, while 'dw' deletes all white space). 'o' and 'O' accept a count for repeating the insert (Vi clears a part of display). ':dis' command shows the contents of the yank registers. Previously used file names are remembered in the alternate file name list. ":files" command shows the list of alternate filenames. '#' is replaced with the th alternate filename in the list. "#<" is replaced with the current filename without extension. Flags after command not supported (no plans to include it). On non-UNIX systems ":cd" command shows current directory instead of going to the home directory. ":pwd" prints the current directory on all systems. ':source!' command reads Vi commands from a file. ':mkexrc' command writes current modified options and mappings to a ".exrc" file. ':mkvimrc' writes to a ".vimrc" file. No check for "tail recursion" with mappings. This allows things like ":map! foo ^]foo". When a mapping starts with number, vi loses the count typed before it (e.g. when using the mapping ":map g 4G" the command "7g" goes to line 4). This is considered a vi bug. Vim concatenates the counts (in the example it becomes "74G"), as most people would expect. The :put! command inserts the contents of a register above the current line. The 'p' and 'P' commands of vi cannot be repeated with '.' when the putted text is less than a line. In Vim they can always be repeated. The named register '.' can be used with commands p, P and :put. The contents of the register is the last inserted text. ":noremap" command can be used to enter a mapping that will not be remapped. This is useful to exchange the meaning of two keys. ":cmap", ":cunmap" and ":cnoremap" can be used for mapping in command-line editing only. ":imap", ":iunmap" and ":inoremap" can be used for mapping in insert mode only. Similar commands exist for abbreviations: ":noreabbrev", ":iabbrev" ":cabbrev", ":iunabbrev", ":cunabbrev", ":inoreabbrev", ":cnoreabbrev". In vi the command ":map foo bar" would remove a previous mapping ":map bug foo". This is considered a bug, so it is not included in Vim. ":unmap! foo" does remove ":map! bug foo", because unmapping would be very difficult otherwise (this is vi compatible). ":@r" command executes register r (is in some versions of vi). The ':' register contains the last command-line. The '%' register contians the current file name. CTRL-O/CTRL-I can be used to jump to older/newer positions. These are the same positions as used with the '' command, but may be in another file. The ':jumps' command lists the older positions. If the 'shiftround' option is set, an indent is rounded to a multiple of 'shiftwidth' with '>' and '<' commands. The 'scrolljump' option can be set to the minimum number of lines to scroll when the cursor gets off the screen. Use this when scrolling is slow. The 'scrolloff' option can be set to the minimum number of lines to keep above and below the cursor. This gives some context to where you are editing. When set to a large number the cursor line is always in the middle of the window. Uppercase marks can be used to jump between files. The ':marks' command lists all currently set marks. The commands "']" and "`]" jump to the end of the previous operator or end of the text inserted with the put command. "'[" and "`[" do jump to the start. The 'shelltype' option can be set to reflect the type of shell used. The 'highlight' option can be set for the higlight mode to be used for several commands. The CTRL-A (add) and CTRL-X (subtract) commands are new. The count to the command (default 1) is added to/subtracted from the number at or after the cursor. That number may be decimal, octal (starts with a '0') or hexadecimal (starts with '0x'). Very useful in macros. With the :set command the prefix "inv" can be used to invert toggle options. In both Vi and Vim you can create a line break with the ":substitute" command by using a CTRL-M. For Vi this means you cannot insert a real CTRL-M in the text. With Vim you can put a real CTRL-M in the text by preceding it with a CTRL-V. In insert mode: If the 'revins' option is set, insert happens backwards. This is for typing Hebrew. When inserting normal characters the cursor will not be shifted and the text moves rightwards. Backspace, CTRL-W and CTRL-U will also work in the opposite direction. CTRL-B toggles the 'revins' option. In replace mode 'revins' has no effect. The backspace key can be used just like CTRL-D to remove auto-indents. You can backspace, ctrl-U and CTRL-W over line breaks if the 'backspace' (bs) option is set to non-zero. You can backspace over the start of insert if the 'backspace' option is set to 2. When the 'paste' option is set, a few option are reset and mapping in insert mode and abbreviation are disabled. This allows for pasting text in windowing systems without unexpected results. When the 'paste' option is reset, the old option values are restored. CTRL-T/CTRL-D always insert/delete an indent in the current line, no matter what column the cursor is in. CTRL-@ (insert previously inserted text) works always (Vi: only when typed as first character). CTRL-A works like CTRL-@ but does not leave insert mode. CTRL-R <0-9a-z> can be used to insert the contents of a register. When the 'smartindent' (si) option is set, C programs will be better auto-indented. CTRL-Y and CTRL-E can be used to copy a character from above/below the current cursor position. After CTRL-V you can enter a three digit decimal number. This byte value is inserted in the text as a single character. Useful for international characters that are not on your keyboard. When the 'expandtab' (et) option is set, a is expanded to the appropriate number of spaces. The window always reflects the contents of the buffer (Vi does not do this when changing text and in some other cases). If Vim is compiled with DIGRAPHS defined, digraphs are supported. A set of normal Amiga digraphs is included. They are shown with the :digraph" command. More can be added with ":digraph {char1}{char2} {number}". A digraph is entered with "CTRL-K {char1} {char2}" or "{char1} BS {char2}" (only when 'digraph' option is set). When repeating an insert, e.g. "10atest " vi would only handle wrapmargin for the first insert. Vim does it for all. A count to the 'i' or 'a' command is used for all the text. Vi uses the count only for one line. "3iabcdef" would insert "abcabcaccdef" in Vi but "abcdefabcdefabcdef" in Vim. In Command-line mode: terminates the command-line without executing it. In vi the command line would be executed, which is not what most people expect (hitting should always get you back to command mode). To avoid problems with some obscure macros, an in a macro will execute the command. If you want a typed to execute the command like vi does you can fix this with ":cmap ^V ^V" general: Missing options: autoprint (ap), beautify (bf), hardtabs (ht), lisp, mesg, open, optimize (op), prompt, redraw, slowopen (slow), window, w300, w1200 and w9600. These options can be set but are otherwise ignored. When the 'compatible' option is set, all options are set for maximum vi-compatibility The 'ttimeout' option is like 'timeout', but only works for cursor and function keys, not for ordinary mapped characters. The 'timoutlen' option gives the number of milliseconds that is waited for. If the 'esckeys' option is not set, cursor and function keys that start with are not recognized in insert mode. There is an option for each terminal string. Can be used when termcap is not supported or to change individual strings. When the 'textmode' option is set (default for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Win32) is used as line separator. When reset (default for Unix and Amiga) is used. When the 'textauto' option is set, Vim tries to detect the type of line separator used by reading up to the first . The 'textmode' option is set accordingly. On systems that have no job control (older Unix systems and non-Unix systems) the CTRL-Z, ":stop" or ":suspend" command starts a new shell. If Vim is started on the Amiga without an interactive window for output, a window is opened (and :sh still works). You can give a device to use for editing with the '-d' argument, e.g. "-d con:20/20/600/150". On startup the VIMINIT or EXINIT environment variables, the file s:.vimrc or s:.exrc and .vimrc or .exrc are read for initialization commands. When reading .vimrc and .exrc some commands are not allowed because of security reasons (shell commands and writing to a file, :map commands are echoed). This can be overrided with the 'secure' option. Line length can be at least up to the maximum value of an int (for the Amiga 32767 characters, for most 32-bit systems much larger). Editing such lines is not always possible. File length up to 2147483646 lines. If a line is larger than the screen, the last line is filled with <@>s and only the part of the line before that is shown (unless 'wrap' option is reset). The 'columns' option is used to set or get the width of the display. The name of the current file name is shown in the title bar of the window. Wildcards in file names are expanded. Option settings are read from the first and last few lines of the file. Option 'modelines' determines how many lines are tried (default is 5). Note that this is different from the Vi versions that can execute any Ex command in a modeline (a major security problem). If the 'insertmode' option is set (e.g. in .exrc), Vim starts in insert mode. All text is kept in memory. Available memory limits the file size (and other things such as undo). This may be a problem with MS-DOS, is hardly a problem on the Amiga and almost never with Unix and Win32. If the 'backup' or 'writebackup' option is set: Before a file is overwritten, a backup file (.bak) is made. If the "backup" option is set it is left behind. If the 'binary' option is set and the file does not have an end-of-line for the last line, the end-of-line is not appended when writing. Vim creates a file ending in ".swp" to store parts of the file that have been changed or that do not fit in memory. This file can be used to recover from an aborted editing session with "vim -r file". Using the swap file can be switched off by setting the 'updatecount' option to 0 or starting Vim with the "-n" option. Use the 'directory' option for placing the .swp file somewhere else. The 'shortname' (sn) option, when set, tells Vim that ".bak" and ".swp" filenames are to be MS-DOS-like: 8 characters plus 3 for extension. This should be used on messydos or crossdos filesystems on the Amiga. If this option is off, Vim tries to guess if MS-DOS filename restrictions are effective. Error messages are shown at least one second (Vi overwrites error messages). If Vim asks to "Hit RETURN to continue", you can hit any key. Characters other than , and are interpreted as the (start of) a command. (Vi only accepts a command starting with ':'). The contents of the numbered and unnamed registers is remembered when changing files. The "No lines in buffer" message is a normal message instead of an error message, since that may cause a mapping to be aborted. The AUX: device of the Amiga is supported. vim:tw=77:js: 07070100000f08000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081000000ff7000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_digr.txt*vim_digr.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 June 8 These are the default digraph characters for Vim. Besides the digraphs listed below, meta characters can be entered with CTRL-K {char}. Only cannot be used for {char}. Use CTRL-V 155 to enter meta-ESC (CSI). The first two characters in each column are the characters you have to type to enter the digraph. In the middle of each column is the resulting character. This may be mangled if you look at this file on something other than the system that they were meant for or if you print it. The decimal number is the ASCII code for the character. *digraph_table* Default digraphs on non-MS-DOS, non-Win32 machines: ~! 161 c| 162 $$ 163 ox 164 Y- 165 || 166 pa 167 "" 168 cO 169 a- 170 << 171 -, 172 -- 173 rO 174 -= 175 ~o 176 +- 177 22 178 33 179 '' 180 ju 181 pp 182 ~. 183 ,, 184 11 185 o- 186 >> 187 14 188 12 189 34 190 ~? 191 A` 192 A' 193 A^ 194 A~ 195 A" 196 A@ 197 AE 198 C, 199 E` 200 E' 201 E^ 202 E" 203 I` 204 I' 205 I^ 206 I" 207 D- 208 N~ 209 O` 210 O' 211 O^ 212 O~ 213 O" 214 /\ 215 O/ 216 U` 217 U' 218 U^ 219 U" 220 Y' 221 Ip 222 ss 223 a` 224 a' 225 a^ 226 a~ 227 a" 228 a@ 229 ae 230 c, 231 e` 232 e' 233 e^ 234 e" 235 i` 236 i' 237 i^ 238 i" 239 d- 240 n~ 241 o` 242 o' 243 o^ 244 o~ 245 o" 246 :- 247 o/ 248 u` 249 u' 250 u^ 251 u" 252 y' 253 ip 254 y" 255 Default digraphs for some HPUX machines: A` 161 A^ 162 E` 163 E^ 164 E" 165 I^ 166 I" 167 '' 168 `` 169 ^^ 170 "" 171 ~~ 172 U` 173 U^ 174 L= 175 ~_ 176 Y' 177 y' 178 ~o 179 C, 180 c, 181 N~ 182 n~ 183 ~! 184 ~? 185 ox 186 L- 187 Y= 188 pp 189 fl 190 c| 191 a^ 192 e^ 193 o^ 194 u^ 195 a' 196 e' 197 o' 198 u' 199 a` 200 e` 201 o` 202 u` 203 a" 204 e" 205 o" 206 u" 207 Ao 208 i^ 209 O/ 210 AE 211 ao 212 i' 213 o/ 214 ae 215 A" 216 i` 217 O" 218 U" 219 E' 220 i" 221 ss 222 O^ 223 A' 224 A~ 225 a~ 226 D- 227 d- 228 I' 229 I` 230 O' 231 O` 232 O~ 233 o~ 234 S~ 235 s~ 236 U' 237 Y" 238 y" 239 p- 240 p~ 241 ~. 242 ju 243 Pp 244 34 245 -- 246 14 247 12 248 a_ 249 o_ 250 << 251 xx 252 >> 253 +- 254 nu 255 Default digraphs on MS-DOS and Win32: C, 128 u" 129 e' 130 a^ 131 a" 132 a` 133 a@ 134 c, 135 e^ 136 e" 137 e` 138 i" 139 i^ 140 i` 141 A" 142 A@ 143 E' 144 ae 145 AE 146 o^ 147 o" 148 o` 149 u^ 150 u` 151 y" 152 O" 153 U" 154 c| 155 $$ 156 Y- 157 Pt 158 ff 159 a' 160 i' 161 o' 162 u' 163 n~ 164 N~ 165 aa 166 oo 167 ~? 168 -a 169 a- 170 12 171 14 172 ~! 173 << 174 >> 175 ss 225 ju 230 o/ 237 +- 241 >= 242 <= 243 :- 246 ~~ 247 ~o 248 22 253 Default digraphs for MiNT: C, 128 u" 129 e' 130 a^ 131 a" 132 a` 133 a@ 134 c, 135 e^ 136 e" 137 e` 138 i" 139 i^ 140 i` 141 A" 142 A@ 143 E' 144 ae 145 AE 146 o^ 147 o" 148 o` 149 u^ 150 u` 151 y" 152 O" 153 U" 154 c| 155 $$ 156 Y- 157 ss 158 ff 159 a' 160 i' 161 o' 162 u' 163 n~ 164 N~ 165 aa 166 oo 167 ~? 168 -a 169 a- 170 12 171 14 172 ~! 173 << 174 >> 175 ju 230 o/ 237 +- 241 >= 242 <= 243 :- 246 ~~ 247 ~o 248 22 253 vim:ts=8:sw=8:js:tw=78: 07070100000f09000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081000003bab000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_dos.txt*vim_dos.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 29 This file contains the particularities for the MS-DOS version of Vim. THREE VERSIONS FOR MS-DOS There are Three versions of Vim that can be used with MS-DOS machines: 16-bit version Can be used on any MS-DOS system, only uses up to 640 Kbyte of memory. Also runs on OS/2, Windows 95, and NT. Recommended for use on pre-386 machines. 32-bit version Requires 386 processor and a DPMI driver, uses all available memory. Supports long file names where available. Recommended for MS-DOS, Windows 3.1 and Windows 95. Win32 version Requires Windows 95 or Windows NT, uses all available memory, supports long file names, etc. Has some problems on Windows 95. Recommended for Windows NT. See |vim_w32.txt| It is recommended to use the 32-bit or Win32 version. Although the 16-bit version is able to edit very big files, it quickly runs out of memory when making big changes. Disabling undo helps: ":set ul=-1". The screen updating of the 16-bit version is the fastest of the three on DOS or Windows 95; on Windows NT, the Win32 version is just as fast. For the 32-bit version, you may need a DPMI driver when running in MS-DOS. If you are running Windows or installed a clever memory manager, it will probably run already. If you get the message "No DPMI", you need to install a DPMI driver. Such a driver is included with the executable. The latest version of "CWSDPMI.ZIP" can be obtained from: "ftp.neosoft.com:pub/users/s/sandmann". If the 32-bit DOS version is run on Windows 95 or Windows NT, it can use long filenames, as can the Win32 version. KNOWN PROBLEMS - When using smartdrive (MS-DOS 6.x) with write-behind caching, it is possible that Vim will try to create a swap file on a read-only file system (e.g. write protected floppy). You will then be given the message "A serious disk error has occurred .., Retry (r)? " There is nothing you can do but unprotect the floppy or switch off the computer. Even CTRL-ALT-DEL will not get you out of this. This is really a problem of smartdrive, not Vim. Smartdrive works fine otherwise. If this bothers you, don't use the write-behind caching. - The 16 bits MS-DOS version can only have about 10 files open (in a window or hidden) at one time. With more files you will get error messages when trying to read or write a file, and for filter commands. - The 32 bit version can work with long filenames. When doing filename completion, matches for the short filename will also be found. But this will result in the corresponding long filename. For example, if you have the long file name "this_is_a_test" with the short filename "this_i~1", the command ":e *1" will start editing "this_is_a_test". - When using the 32 bit version and you run into problems with DPMI support, check if there is a program in your config.sys that eats resources. One program known to cause this problem is "netx", which says "NetWare v. 3.26 Workstation shell". Replace it with version 3.32 to fix the problem. LOCATION OF DOCUMENTATION and VIMRC FILE You should set the environment variable "VIM" to the directory where the Vim documentation files are. If "VIM" is used but not defined, "HOME" is tried too. If the HOME environment variable is not set, the value "C:/" is used as a default. The default help filename is "$VIM\vim_help.txt". If the environment variable $VIM is not defined or the file is not found, the DOS search path is used to search for the file "vim_help.txt". If you do not want to put "vim_help.txt" in your search path, use the command ":set helpfile=pathname" to tell Vim where the help file is. |'helpfile'| Vim will look for initializations in eight places. The first that is found is used and the others are ignored. The order is: - The environment variable VIMINIT - The file "$VIM/_vimrc" - The file "$HOME/_vimrc" - The file "$VIM/.vimrc" - The file "$HOME/.vimrc" - The environment variable EXINIT - The file "$VIM/_exrc" - The file "$HOME/_exrc" USING BACKSLASHES Using backslashes in file names can be a problem. Vi halves the number of backslashes for some commands. Vim is a bit more tolerant and backslashes are not removed from a file name, so ":e c:\foo\bar" works as expected. But when a backslash is used before a special character (space, comma, backslash, etc.), it is removed. Use slashes to avoid problems: ":e c:/foo/bar" works fine. Vim will replace the slashes with backslashes internally, to avoid problems with some MS-DOS programs. SCREEN OUTPUT AND COLORS The default output method for the screen is to use bios calls. This will work right away on most systems. You do not need ansi.sys. You can use ":mode" to set the current screen mode. See vim_ref.txt, section 20.3 |:mode|. You can set the color used in five modes with nine termcap options. Which of the five modes is used for which action depends on the |'highlight'| option. ":set t_mr=^V^[\|xxm" start of invert mode ":set t_md=^V^[\|xxm" start of bold mode ":set t_me=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ":set t_so=^V^[\|xxm" start of standout mode ":set t_se=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ":set t_us=^V^[\|xxm" start of underline mode ":set t_ue=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ":set t_ZH=^V^[\|xxm" start of italics mode ":set t_ZR=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ^V is CTRL-V ^[ is xx must be replaced with a decimal code, which is the foreground color number and background color number added together: COLOR FOREGROUND BACKGROUND black 0 0 blue 1 16 green 2 32 cyan 3 48 red 4 64 magenta 5 80 brown 6 96 lighgray 7 112 darkgray 8 128 * lightblue 9 144 * lightgreen 10 160 * lighcyan 11 176 * lightred 12 192 * lightmagenta 13 208 * yellow 14 224 * white 15 240 * * Depending on the display mode, the color codes above 128 may not be available, and code 128 will make the text blink. When you use 0, the color is reset to the one used when you started Vim. This is the default for t_me. The defaults for the various highlight modes are: t_mr 112 reverse mode: black text (0) on lightgray (112) t_md 63 bold mode: white text (15) on cyan (48) t_me 0 normal mode (revert to default) t_so 31 standout mode: white (15) text on blue (16) t_se 0 standout mode end (revert to default) t_czh 225 italic mode: blue text (1) on yellow (224) t_czr 0 italic mode end (revert to default) t_us 67 underline mode: cyan text (3) on red (64) t_ue 0 underline mode end (revert to default) These colors were chosen because they also look good when using an inverted display, but you can change them to your liking. Example: :set t_mr=^V^[\|97m " start of invert mode: blue (1) on brown (96) :set t_md=^V^[\|67m " start of bold mode: cyan (3) on red (64) :set t_me=^V^[\|112m " back to normal mode: black (0) on light gray (112) :set t_so=^V^[\|37m " start of standout mode: magenta (5) on green (32) :set t_se=^V^[\|112m " back to normal mode: black (0) on light gray (112) SPECIAL TERMCAP CODES and NOT USING VIM ON THE PC CONSOLE The termcap codes that are translated into bios calls are: t_cl |J clear screen t_ce |K clear to end of line t_al |L insert line t_dl |M delete line t_cm |{row};{col}H position cursor t_cs |{row};{row}r set scrolling region t_.. |attrm set character attribute If you set these with the ":set" command, don't forget to put a backslash before the '|', otherwise it will be recognized as the end of the command. If you want to use another output method (e.g., when using a terminal on a COM port), set the terminal name to "pcansi". You can change the termcap options when needed (see chapter 20 of vim_ref.txt |terminal_options|). Note that the normal IBM ansi.sys does not support all the codes of the builtin pcansi terminal. If you use ansi.sys, you will need to delete the termcap entries t_al and t_dl with ":set t_al= t_dl=". Otherwise, the screen will not be updated correctly. It is better to use nansi.sys, nnansi.sys, or the like instead of ansi.sys. If you want to use Vim on a terminal connected to a COM: port, reset the 'bioskey' option. Otherwise the commands will be read from the PC keyboard. CTRL-C and CTRL-P may not work correctly with 'bioskey' reset. TEXTMODE or NON-MS-DOS FILES If the "tx" (textmode) option is set (which is the default), Vim will accept a single or a pair for end-of-line. When writing a file, Vim will use . Thus, if you edit a file and write it, is replaced with . If the "tx" option is not set, a single will be used for end-of-line. A will be shown as ^M. You can use Vim to replace with by reading in any mode and writing in text mode (":se tx"). You can use Vim to replace with by reading in text mode and writing in non-text mode (":se notx"). 'textmode' is set automatically when 'textauto' is on (which is the default), so you don't really have to worry about what you are doing. |'textmode'| |'textauto'| If you want to edit a script file or a binary file, you should reset the 'textmode' and 'textauto' options before loading the file. Script files and binary files may contain single characters which would be replaced with . You can reset 'textmode' and 'textauto' automatically by starting Vim with the "-b" (binary) option. :CD COMMAND The ":cd" command recognizes the drive specifier and changes the current drive. Use ":cd c:" to make drive C the active drive. Use ":cd d:\dos" to go to the directory "dos" in the root of drive D. |:cd| INTERRUPTING Use CTRL-break instead of CTRL-C to interrupt searches. The CTRL-C is not detected until a key is read. SHIFTED ARROW KEYS Use CTRL-arrow-left and CTRL-arrow-right instead of SHIFT-arrow-left and SHIFT-arrow-right. The arrow-up and arrow-down cannot be used with SHIFT or CTRL. TEMP FILES Temporary files (for filtering) are put in the first directory in the next list that exists and where a file can be created: $TMP $TEMP C:\TMP C:\TEMP current directory SHELL OPTION DEFAULT The default for the sh (shell) option is "command". If COMSPEC is defined it is used instead. External commands are started with "command /c ". Typing CTRL-Z starts a new command shell. Return to Vim with "exit". FILENAME EXTENSIONS MS-DOS allows for only one filename extension. Therefore, when appending an extension, the '.' in the original filename is replaced with a '_', the name is truncated to 8 characters, and the new extension (e.g., ".swp") is appended. Two examples: "test.c" becomes "test_c.bak", "thisisat.est" becomes "thisisat.bak". To reduce these problems, the default for 'backupext' is "~" instead of ".bak". The backup file for "thisisat.est" then becomes "thisisat.es~". The 'shortname' option is not available, because it would always be set. COMPILING The MS-DOS binary was compiled with Borland-C++ version 4.0, using makefile.bcc. Other compilers should also work. Use makefile.dos for Turbo-C 2.0. Use makefile.bcc for other Borland compilers, also Turbo-C++ 3.0 (with small changes). If you get all kinds of strange error messages when compiling, try adding characters at the end of each line. This can be done with the addcr program: "make addcr". This will compile addcr.c to addcr.exe and then execute the addcr.bat file. Sometimes this fails. In that case, execute the addcr.bat file from the DOS prompt. The "spawno" library by Ralf Brown was used in order to free memory when Vim starts a shell or other external command. Only about 200 bytes are taken from conventional memory. When recompiling get the spawno library from Simtel, directory "msdos/c". It is called something like "spwno413.zip". Or remove the library from the makefile. MEMORY USAGE and LIMITATIONS A swap file is used to store most of the text. You should be able to edit very large files. However, memory is used for undo and other things. If you delete a lot of text, you can still run out of memory in the 16-bit version. If Vim gives an "Out of memory" warning, you should stop editing. The result of further editing actions is unpredictable. Setting 'undolevels' to 0 saves some memory. Running the maze macros on a big maze is guaranteed to run out of memory, because each change is remembered for undo. In this case set 'undolevels' to a negative number. This will switch off undo completely. In the 32-bit version, extended memory is used to avoid these problems. In the 16-bit version the line length is limited to about 32000 characters. When reading a file the lines are automatically split. But editing a line in such a way that it becomes too long may give unexpected results. USING VIM TO EDIT A SYMBOLICALLY LINKED FILE ON A UNIX NFS FILE SERVER When writing the file, Vim does not "write through" the symlink. Instead, it deletes the symbolic link and creates a new file in its place. On Unix, Vim is prepared for links (symbolic or hard). A backup copy of the original file is made and then the original file is overwritten. This assures that all properties of the file remain the same. On non-Unix systems, the original file is renamed and a new file is written. Only the protection bits are set like the original file. However, this doesn't work properly when working on an NFS-mounted file system where links and other things exist. The only way to fix this in the current version is not making a backup file, by ":set nobackup nowritebackup" |'writebackup'| HOW TO COPY/PASTE TEXT FROM/TO VIM IN A DOS BOX (posted to comp.editors by John Velman ) 1) to get VIM to run in a window, instead of full screen, press alt+enter. This toggles back and forth between full screen and a dos window. NOTE: In Windows 95 you must have the property "Fast Pasting" unchecked! In the properties dialog box for the MS-DOS window, go to "MS-DOS Prompt/Misc/Fast pasting" and make sure that it is NOT checked. 2) To paste something *into* vim, put vim in insert mode. 3) put the text you want to paste on the windows clipboard. 4) Click the control box in the upper left of the vim window. (This looks like a big minus sign). If you don't want to use the mouse, you can get this with alt+spacebar. 5) on the resulting dropdown menu choose 'Edit' 6) on the child dropdown menu choose 'Paste' To copy something from the vim window to the clipboard, 1) select the control box to get the control drop down menu. 2) select 'Edit.' 3) select 'Mark' 4) using either the the keys or the mouse, select the part of the vim window that you want to copy. To use the keys, use the arrow keys, and hold down shift to extend the selection. 5) when you've completed your selection, press 'enter.' The selection is now in the windows clipboard. By the way, this can be any rectangular selection, for example columns 4-25 in rows 7-10. It can include anything in the VIM window: the output of a :!dir, for example. 07070100000f0a000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081000005655000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_gui.txt*vim_gui.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Oct 12 Vim's Graphical User Interface 1. Introduction *gui_intro* *gui* *gvim* 1.1 How to Start the GUI Version of Vim *gui_start* *GUI* First you must make sure you actually compile Vim with the GUI code included. You can check this with the ":version" command, it should include "+GUI_Motif" or "+GUI_Athena". Then you may run the GUI version of Vim in either of these ways: gvim [options] [files...] vim -g [options] [files...] So if you call the executable "gvim", or make "gvim" a link to the executable, then the GUI version will automatically be used. You may also start up the GUI from within the terminal version by using one of these commands: :gui [+cmd] [-f] [files...] *:gu* *:gui* :gvim [+cmd] [-f] [files...] *:gv* *:gvim* *gui_fork* When the GUI is started, it does a fork() and exits the current process. When gvim was started from a shell this makes the shell accept further commands. If you don't want this (e.g. when using gvim for a mail program that waits for gvim to exit), start gvim with "gvim -f", "vim -gf" or use ":gui -f". Don't use "vim -fg", because "-fg" specifies the foreground color. If you want the GUI to run in the foreground always, include the 'f' flag in 'guioptions'. |-f|. *gui_init* When the GUI starts up initializations are carried out, in this order: - If the system gvimrc exists, it is sourced. The name if this file is something like "/usr/local/share/vim/gvimrc". You can check this with ":version". - If the GVIMINIT environment variable exists and is not empty, it is executed as an Ex command. Otherwise, if the user gvimrc file exists, it is sourced. The name of this file is something like "$HOME/.gvimrc". You can check this with ":version". - If the 'exrc' option is set (which is NOT the default) the file ./.gvimrc is sourced, if it exist and isn't the same file as the system or user gvimrc file. If this file is not owned by you, some security restrictions apply. You can use the gvimrc files to set up your own customised menus (see |:menu|) and initialise other things that you may want to set up differently from the terminal version. There are a number of options which only have meaning in the GUI version of Vim. These are 'guifont', 'guipty' and 'guioptions'. They are documented in |vim_ref.txt| with all the other options. 1.2 GUI Resources *gui_resources* If using the Motif or Athena version of the GUI (which are the only versions available at the moment), a number of X resources are available. You should use Vim's class "Vim" when setting these. They are as follows: Resource name Meaning background Color of background. foreground Color of normal text. boldColor Color of bold text. italicColor Color of italic text. underlineColor Color of underlined text. cursorColor Color of the cursor. font Name of font used for normal text. boldFont Name of font used for bold text. italicFont Name of font used for italic text. boldItalicFont Name of font used for bold, italic text. geometry Initial geometry to use for gvim's window (default is same size as terminal that started it). scrollbarWidth Thickness of scrollbars. menuHeight Height of the menu bar. borderWidth Thickness of border around text area. reverseVideo Boolean: should reverse video be used? menuBackground Color of menu backgrounds. menuForeground Color of menu foregrounds. scrollBackground Color of trough portion of scrollbars. scrollForeground Color of slider and arrow portions of scrollbars. A special font for italic, bold, and italic-bold text will only be used if the user has specified one via a resource. No attempt is made to guess what fonts should be used for these based on the normal text font at the moment. Note: All fonts must be of the same size!!! If you don't do this, text will disappear. Vim does not check the font sizes. If any of these things are also set with Vim commands, eg with ":set guifont=Screen15", then this will override the X resources (currently 'guifont' is the only option that is supported). Here is an example of what you might put in your ~/.Xdefaults file: Vim*useSchemes: all Vim*sgiMode: true Vim*useEnhancedFSB: true Vim.foreground: Black Vim.background: Wheat Vim.boldColor: Blue Vim.italicColor: Magenta Vim.underlineColor: Brown Vim.cursorColor: DarkGreen Vim*menuBar*font: 7x13 The first three of these are standard resources on Silicon Graphics machines which make Motif applications look even better, highly recommended! Don't use "Vim*geometry" in the defaults. This will break the menus. Use "Vim.geometry" instead. If you get an error message "Cannot allocate colormap entry for "gray60", try adding this to your Vim resources (change the colors to your liking): Vim*scrollBackground: Black Vim*scrollForeground: Blue The resources can also be set with arguments to vim: argument meaning *-gui* -display Run vim on *-display* -iconic Start vim iconified *-iconic* -background Use for the background *-background* -bg idem *-bg* -foreground Use for normal text *-foreground* -fg idem *-fg* -bold Use for bold text *-bold* -italic Use for italic text *-italic* -underline Use for underlined text *-underline* -ul idem *-ul* -cursor Use for cursor *-cursor* -font Use for normal text *-font* -fn idem *-fn* -boldfont Use for bold text *-boldfont* -italicfont Use for italic text *-italicfont* -geometry Use for initial geometry *-geometry* -geom idem *-geom* -borderwidth Use a border width of *-borderwidth* -bw idem *-bw* *-scrollbarwidth* -scrollbarwidth Use a scrollbar width of -sw idem *-sw* -menuheight Use a menu bar height of *-menuheight* -mh idem *-mh* -reverse Use reverse video *-reverse* -rv idem *-rv* +reverse Don't use reverse video *-+reverse* +rv idem *-+rv* -xrm Set the specified resource *-xrm* 2. Scrollbars *gui_scrollbars* There are vertical scrollbars and a horizontal scrollbars. You may configure which ones appear with the 'guioptions' option. The interface looks like this (with ":set guioptions=mlrb"): +------------------------------+ | File Edit Help | <- Menu bar (m) +-+--------------------------+-+ |^| |^| |#| Text area. |#| | | | | |v|__________________________|v| Normal status line -> |-+ File.c 5,2 +-| between Vim windows |^|""""""""""""""""""""""""""|^| | | | | | | Another file buffer. | | | | | | |#| |#| Left scrollbar (l) -> |#| |#| <- Right |#| |#| scrollbar (r) | | | | |v| |v| +-+--------------------------+-+ | |< #### >| | <- Bottom +-+--------------------------+-+ scrollbar (b) Any of the scrollbar or menu components may be turned off by not putting the appropriate letter in the 'guioptions' string. The bottom scrollbar is only useful when 'nowrap' is set. 2.1 Vertical Scrollbars *gui_vert_scroll* Each Vim window has a scrollbar next to it which may be scrolled up and down to move through the text in that buffer. The size of the scrollbar-thumb indicates the fraction of the buffer which can be seen in the window. When the scrollbar is dragged all the way down, the last line of the file will appear in the top of the window. 2.2 Horizontal Scrollbars *gui_horiz_scroll* The horizontal scrollbar (at the bottom of the Vim GUI) may be used to scroll text sideways when the 'wrap' option is turned off. The scrollbar-thumb size is such that the text of the current cursor line may be scrolled as far as possible left and right. 3. Mouse Control *gui_mouse* The mouse only works if the appropriate flag in the 'mouse' option is set. When the GUI is switched on the 'mouse' option is set to "a", enabling it for all modes except for the "hit return to continue" message. This can be changed from the "gvimrc" file. 3.1 Moving Cursor with Mouse *gui_mouse_move* Click the left mouse button where you want the cursor to go, and it does! This works in Normal mode (if 'mouse' contains 'n' or 'a'), Visual mode (if 'mouse' contains 'v' or 'a') and Insert mode (if 'mouse' contains 'i' or 'a'), if you click the mouse somewhere in a text buffer. You may use this with an operator such as 'd' to delete text from the current cursor position to the position you point to with the mouse. That is, you hit 'd' and then click the mouse somewhere. If you are on the ':' line (or '/' or '?'), then clicking the left or right mouse button will position the cursor on the ':' line (if 'mouse' contains 'c' or 'a'). In any situation the middle mouse button may be clicked to paste the current selection. 3.2 Visual Selection with Mouse *gui_mouse_select* The right mouse button may be clicked somewhere to extend the visual selection to the position pointed to with the mouse. If already in Visual mode then the closest end will be extended, otherwise Visual mode is started and extends from the old cursor position to the new one. Double clicking may be done to make the selection word-wise, triple clicking makes it line-wise, and quadruple clicking makes it rectangular block-wise. Visual selection, however it is invoked, makes Vim the owner of the windowing system's primary selection, so that the highlighted text may be pasted into other windows. Similarly, selected text from other windows may be pasted into Vim in Normal mode, Insert mode, or on the ':' line by clicking the middle mouse button. 3.3 Other Text Selection with Mouse *gui_mouse_xterm_like* When in Command-line mode, at the hit-return prompt or whenever the current mode is not in the 'mouse' option, a different kind of selection is used. It is more like what happens in an xterm. Let's call this xterm-like selection. Any text in the Vim window can be selected. Select the text by pressing the left mouse button at the start, drag to the end and release. Right mouse button extends the selection. Middle mouse button pasts the text. 3.4 Using Mouse on Status Lines *gui_mouse_status* Clicking the left or right mouse button on the status line below a Vim window makes that window the current window. The mouse may then be dragged up and down to move the status line, thus resizing the windows above and below it. 3.5 Various Mouse Clicks *gui_mouse_various* Search forward for the word under the mouse click. Search backward for the word under the mouse click. Jump to the tag name under the mouse click. Jump back to position before the previous tag jump (same as "CTRL-T") 3.6 Mouse Mappings *gui_mouse_mapping* The mouse events, complete with modifiers, may be mapped. Eg: :map :map :map :map <2-S-LeftMouse> <2-RightMouse> :map <2-S-LeftDrag> <2-RightDrag> :map <2-S-LeftRelease> <2-RightRelease> :map <3-S-LeftMouse> <3-RightMouse> :map <3-S-LeftDrag> <3-RightDrag> :map <3-S-LeftRelease> <3-RightRelease> :map <4-S-LeftMouse> <4-RightMouse> :map <4-S-LeftDrag> <4-RightDrag> :map <4-S-LeftRelease> <4-RightRelease> These mappings make selection work the way it probably should in a Motif application, with shift-left mouse allowing for extending the visual area rather than the right mouse button. Mouse mapping with modifiers does not work for xterm-like selection. 4. Making GUI Selections *gui_selections* You may make selections with the mouse (see |gui_mouse_select|), or by using Vim's visual mode (see |v|). If 'a' is present in 'guioptions', then whenever visual mode is invoked, or when the cursor moves while in visual mode, Vim becomes the owner of the windowing system's primary selection. There is a special register for storing this selection, it is the <"*> register. Nothing is put in here unless the information about what text is selected is about to change (eg with a left mouse click somewhere), or when another application wants to paste the selected text. Then the text is put in the <"*> register. Similarly, when we want to paste a selection from another application, eg by clicking the middle mouse button, the selection is put in the <"*> register first, and then 'put' like any other register. Note that when pasting text from one Vim into another separate Vim, the type of selection (character, line, or block) will also be copied. 5. Menus *gui_menus* 5.1 Using Menus *gui_using_menus* The default menus are quite simple at the moment. Power Vim users won't use them much. But the power is in adding your own menus and menu items. They are most useful for things that you can't remember what the key sequence was. Eventually I would like to expand the set of default menus to use pop up and other windows for confirmation, file selection etc. Maybe have a dialogue box for browsing and choosing buffers, etc. Motif supports Tear-off menus. These are sort of sticky menus or pop-up menus that are present all the time. If the resizing does not work correctly, this may be caused by using something like "Vim*geometry" in de defaults. Use "Vim.geometry" instead. To help you set up your own menus, you can start off with the default set. See |vim_menu.txt| for a set of menu commands that recreates the default menus. You can insert this in your .gvimrc file and change it to your liking. 5.2 Creating New Menus *gui_creating_menus* *:me* *:menu* *:noremenu* *:nmenu* *:nnoremenu* *:vmenu* *:vnoremenu* *:imenu* *:inoremenu* *:cmenu* *:cnoremenu* To create a new menu item, use the ":menu" commands. They are exactly like the ":map" set of commands but the first argument is a menu item name, given as a path of menus and submenus with a '.' between them. eg: :menu File.Save :w^M :inoremenu File.Save ^O:w^M :menu Edit.Big\ Changes.Delete\ All\ Spaces :%s/[ ^I]//g^M This last one will create a new item in the menu bar called "Edit", holding the mouse button down on this will pop up a menu containing the item "Big Changes", which is a sub-menu containing the item "Delete All Spaces", which when selected, performs the operation. Note that the '<' and 'k' flags in 'cpoptions' also apply here (when included they make the <> form and raw key codes not being recognized). 5.3 Showing What Menus Are Mapped To *gui_showing_menus* To see what an existing menu is mapped to, use just one argument after the menu commands (just like you would with the ":map" commands). If the menu specified is a submenu, then all menus under that hierarchy will be shown. If no argument is given after :menu at all, then ALL menu items are shown for the appropriate mode (eg, Command-line mode for :cmenu). Note that hitting while entering a menu name after a menu command may be used to complete the name of the menu item. 5.4 Deleting Menus *gui_delete_menus* *:unmenu* *:nunmenu* *:vunmenu* *:iunmenu* *:cunmenu* *:unme* *:nunme* *:vunme* *:iunme* *:cunme* To delete a menu item or a whole submenu, use the unmenu commands, which are analogous to the unmap commands. Eg: :unmenu! Edit.Paste This will remove the Paste item from the Edit menu for Insert and Command-line modes. Note that hitting while entering a menu name after an umenu command may be used to complete the name of the menu item for the appropriate mode. To remove all menus use: :unmenu * " remove all menus in Normal and visual mode :unmenu! * " remove all menus in Insert and Command-line mode 5.5 Examples for Menus Here is an example on how to add menu items with menu's! You can add a menu item for the keyword under the cursor. The register "z" is used. :nmenu Words.Add\ Var wb"zye:menu! Words.z z :nmenu Words.Remove\ Var wb"zye:unmenu! Words.z :vmenu Words.Add\ Var "zy:menu! Words.z z :vmenu Words.Remove\ Var "zy:unmenu! Words.z :imenu Words.Add\ Var wb"zye:menu! Words.z za :imenu Words.Remove\ Var wb"zye:unmenu! Words.za (the rhs is in <> notation, you can copy/paste this text to try out the mappings, or put these lines in your gvimrc; "" is CTRL-R, "" is the key. |<>|) 6. Extras *gui_extras* This section describes other features which are related to the GUI. - With the GUI, there is no wait for one second after hitting escape, because the key codes don't start with . - Typing ^V followed by a special key in the GUI will insert "", since the internal string used is meaningless. Modifiers may also be held down to get "". - In the GUI, the modifiers SHIFT, CTRL, and ALT (or META) may be used within mappings of special keys and mouse events. eg: :map - In the GUI, several normal keys may have modifiers in mappings etc, these are , , , , . 7. Shell Commands *gui_pty* WARNING: Executing an external command from the GUI will not always work. "normal" commands like "ls", "grep" and "make" work fine. Commands that require an intelligent terminal like "less" and "ispell" won't work. Some may even hang and need to be killed from another terminal. So be careful! There are two ways to do the I/O with a shell command: Pipes and a pseudo-tty. The default is to use pipes. This should work on any Unix system. The disadvantage is that some shell commands will notice that a pipe is being used and behave differently. The ":sh" command won't show a prompt, although it will sort of work. ":!ls" will list the files in one column. Alternatively a pseudo-tty can be used. Unfortunately, the implementation of this is different on every Unix system. And many systems require root permission. Still this might work better than pipes on some systems. To see if this works better for you set the 'guipty' option on. Be prepared to "kill" the started command or Vim, commands like ":r !cat" may hang! 8. Compiling *gui_compiling* You need at least Motif version 1.2 and/or X11R5. Motif 2.0 and X11R6 are OK. Motif 1.1 and X11R4 don't work properly (but you might make it work with a bit of work). By default the Makefile tries to compile Vim with the GUI. When the Motif files cannot be found the Athena files will be searched for. When both of them cannot be found, the GUI will be disabled. When you have the Motif or Athena files in a directory where configure doesn't look, edit the Makefile to enter the names of the directories. Search for "GUI_INC_LOC" for an example to set the Motif directories, "CONF_OPT_X" for Athena. Don't try to mix files from different Motif, Athena and X11 versions. This will cause problems. For example, using header files for X11R5 with a library for X11R6 probably doesn't work (although the linking won't give an error message, Vim will crash later). The Athena version uses the Xaw widget set by default. If you have the 3D version, you might want to link with Xaw3d instead. This will make the menus look a bit better. Edit the Makefile and look for "XAW_LIB". The scrollbars will remain the same, because Vim has its own, which are already 3D (in fact, they look more like Motif). 9. To Do List *gui_todo* - Flashes really badly in certain cases when running remotely from a Sun. - When taking the geometry of the window where gvim was started, check that the GUI window will fit on the screen. - Window should be redrawn when resizing at the hit-return prompt. - Use different cursor and mouse shapes/colors for different modes. - Scrollbars with Motif 1.1 are ordered upside down! Do we care? - Motif steals from us, to pop up menus with the keyboard. How do we get it back if we want it? - Paste in Insert mode should not do autowrap etc. - Option/resource to use pointer focus from the mouse to select the current Vim window. - Add a new command :highlight for specifying how various things should be highlighted, allowing colors to be given. Currently it's all hard coded, the text color, bg color etc. - We need a nice little picture to go on the icon :-) But how do we do that? - ":menu" should take count for where the menu is inserted (for first menu item that doesn't exist yet) - Would be nice if menu items can be specified for several modes at once. - Make better default menus! - Add "Buffers" menu, list of (hidden) buffers. - Add menu item to "Keep Insert mode". More generally: Include a nice way to change options. - When using a pseudo-tty Vim should behave like some terminal. Terminal codes to/from shell should be translated. - Make it easy to specify a shorcut (key) for a menu item. - :mkgvimrc command, that includes menus. - Would it be useful to be able to quit the GUI and go back to the terminal where it was started from? - Finish off the todo list! vim:tw=76:ts=8:sw=4 07070100000f0b000081a400000064000000640000000132f508110000d469000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_help.txt*vim_help.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 30 VIM help file VIM stands for Vi IMproved. Most of VIM was made by Bram Moolenaar. k Move around: Use the cursor keys, or "h" to go left, h l "j" to go down, "k" to go up, "l" to go right. j Close this window: Use ":q". Jump to a subject: Position the cursor on the tag between |bars| and hit CTRL-]. Use CTRL-T to go back. With the mouse: ":set mouse=a" to enable the mouse (in xterm). Hit "g" and click left mouse button on tag between |bars|. Hit "g" and click right mouse button to go back. Getting help on a specific subject: It is possible to go directly to whatever you want help on, by giving an argument to the ":help" command, |:help|. It is possible to further specify the context: what prepend example Normal mode commands (nothing) :help x Visual mode commands v_ :help v_u Insert mode commands i_ :help i_ command-line commands : :help :quit command-line editing c_ :help c_ Vim command options - :help -r options ' :help 'textwidth' tag subject tag subject *index* |X_lr| motion: Left-right |X_re| Repeating commands |X_ud| motion: Up-down |X_km| Key mapping |X_tm| motion: Text object |X_ab| Abbreviations |X_pa| motion: Pattern searches |X_op| Options |X_ma| motion: Marks |X_ur| Undo/Redo commands |X_vm| motion: Various |X_et| External commands |X_ta| motion: Using tags |X_qf| Quickfix commands |X_sc| Scrolling |X_vc| Various commands |X_in| insert: Inserting text |X_ce| Ex: Command-line editing |X_ai| insert: Keys |X_ra| Ex: Ranges |X_ss| insert: Special keys |X_ex| Ex: Special characters |X_di| insert: Digraphs |X_ed| Editing a file |X_si| insert: Special inserts |X_fl| Using the argument list |X_de| change: Deleting text |X_wq| Writing and quitting |X_cm| change: Copying and moving |X_st| Starting VIM |X_ch| change: Changing text |X_ac| Automatic commands |X_co| change: Complex |X_wi| Multi-window functions |X_vi| Visual mode |X_bu| Buffer list functions |X_to| Text objects |howto| how to do common things |copying| About copying Vim and Uganda |credits| People who contributed |www| Vim on the World Wide Web |bugs| Where to send bug reports list of documentation files: remarks about specific systems: |vim_help.txt| quick reference (this file) |vim_ami.txt| Amiga |vim_idx.txt| alphabetical index |vim_arch.txt| Archimedes |vim_ref.txt| reference manual |vim_dos.txt| MS-DOS |vim_win.txt| reference for window commands |vim_mac.txt| Macintosh |vim_diff.txt| differences between Vim and Vi |vim_mint.txt| MiNT |vim_digr.txt| list of available digraphs |vim_os2.txt| OS/2 |vim_tips.txt| tips on using Vim |vim_unix.txt| Unix |vim_gui.txt| about the Graphical User Interface |vim_w32.txt| Win-NT/95 |vim_rlh.txt| about right-to-left editing |vim_40.txt| about this version |vim_tags| all the tags you can jump to (index of tags) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How to ... *howdoi* *how_do_i* *howto* *how_to* exit? I'm trapped, help me! |:quit| initialize Vim |initialization| suspend Vim |suspend| recover after a crash |crash_recovery| keep a backup of my file |backup| edit files |edit_files| insert text |inserting| delete text |deleting| change text |changing| edit binary files |edit_binary| copy and move text |copy_move| repeat commands |repeating| undo and redo |undo_redo| format text |formatting| format comments |format_comments| indent C programs |C_indenting| automatically set indent |'autoindent'| move around |cursor_motions| word motions |word_motions| left-right motions |left_right_motions| up-down motions |up_down_motions| text-object motions |object_motions| various motions |various_motions| text-object selection |object_select| move freely beyond beginning/end of line |'whichwrap'| specify pattern for searches |pattern_searches| do tags and special searches |tags_and_searches| search in include'd files used to find variables, functions, or macros |include_search| look up manual for the keyword under cursor |K| scroll |scrolling| scroll horizontally/sideways |'sidescroll'| set scroll boundary |'scrolloff'| change modes |mode_switching| use visual mode |Visual_mode| start Vim in Insert mode |'insertmode'| map keys |key_mapping| create abbreviations |abbreviations| expand a tab to spaces in Insert mode |ins_expandtab| insert contents of a register in Insert mode |i_CTRL-R| complete words in Insert mode |ins_completion| break a line before it gets too long |ins_textwidth| do command-line editing |cmdline_editing| do command-line completion |cmdline_completion| increase the height of command-line |'cmdheight'| specify command-line ranges |cmdline_ranges| specify commands to be executed automatically before/after reading/writing entering/leaving a buffer/window |autocommand| write automatically |'autowrite'| speedup edit-compile-edit cycle or compile and fix errors within Vim |quickfix| set options |options| set options automatically |auto_setting| save settings |save_settings| comment my exrc/vimrc/gvimrc files |:quote| change the default help height |'helpheight'| set various highlighting modes |'highlight'| set the window title |'title'| set window icon title |'icon'| avoid seeing the change messages on every line |'report'| avoid "Hit RETURN ..." messages |'shortmess'| use mouse with Vim |mouse_using| manage multiple windows and buffers |vim_win.txt| use the gui |vim_gui.txt| catch 40 (or more!) winks, or take a catnap! |:sleep| do dishes using Vim You can't! (yet) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N is used to indicate an optional count that can be given before the command. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_lr* Left-right motions |h| N h left (also: CTRL-H, , or key) |l| N l right (also: or key) |0| 0 to first character in the line (also: key) |^| ^ to first non-blank character in the line |$| N $ to the last character in the line (N-1 lines lower) (also: key) |g0| N g0 to first character in screen line (differs from "0" when lines wrap) |g^| N g^ to first non-blank character in screen line (differs from "^" when lines wrap) |g$| N g$ to last character in screen line (differs from "$" when lines wrap) |bar| N | to column N (default: 1) |f| N f to the Nth occurrence of to the right |F| N F to the Nth occurrence of to the left |t| N t till before the Nth occurrence of to the right |T| N T till before the Nth occurrence of to the left |;| N ; repeat the last "f", "F", "t", or "T" N times |,| N , repeat the last "f", "F", "t", or "T" N times in opposite direction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ud* Up-down motions |k| N k up N lines (also: CTRL-P and ) |j| N j down N lines (also: CTRL-J, CTRL-N, , and ) |-| N - up N lines, on the first non-blank character |+| N + down N lines, on the first non-blank character (also: CTRL-M and ) |_| N _ down N-1 lines, on the first non-blank character |G| N G goto line N (default: last line), on the first non-blank character |gg| N gg goto line N (default: first line), on the first non-blank character |N%| N % goto line N percentage down in the file. N must be given, otherwise it is the |%| command. |gk| N gk up N screen lines (differs from "k" when line wraps) |gj| N gj down N screen lines (differs from "j" when line wraps) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_tm* Text object motions |w| N w N words forward |W| N W N blank-separated WORDS forward |e| N e forward to the end of the Nth word |E| N E forward to the end of the Nth blank-separated WORD |b| N b N words backward |B| N B N blank-separated WORDS backward |ge| N ge backward to the end of the Nth word |gE| N gE backward to the end of the Nth blank-separated WORD |)| N ) N sentences forward |(| N ( N sentences backward |}| N } N paragraphs forward |{| N { N paragraphs backward |]]| N ]] N sections forward, at start of section |[[| N [[ N sections backward, at start of section |][| N ][ N sections forward, at end of section |[]| N [] N sections backward, at end of section |[(| N [( N times back to unclosed '(' |[(| N [{ N times back to unclosed '{' |])| N ]) N times forward to unclosed ')' |])| N ]} N times forward to unclosed '}' |[#| N [# N times back to unclosed "#if" or "#else" |]#| N ]# N times forward to unclosed "#else" or "#endif" |[star| N [* N times back to start of comment "/*" |]star| N ]* N times forward to end of comment "*/" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_pa* Pattern searches |/| N /{pattern}[/[offset]] search forward for the Nth occurrence of {pattern} |?| N ?{pattern}[?[offset]] search backward for the Nth occurrence of {pattern} |/| N / repeat last search, in the forward direction |?| N ? repeat last search, in the backward direction |n| N n repeat last search |N| N N repeat last search, in opposite direction |star| N * search forward for the identifier under the cursor |#| N # search backward for the identifier under the cursor |gstar| N g* like "*", but also find partial matches |g#| N g# like "#", but also find partial matches |gd| gd goto local declaration of identifier under the cursor |gD| gD goto global declaration of identifier under the cursor |search_pattern| Special characters in search patterns meaning magic nomagic matches any single character . \. matches start of line ^ ^ matches end of line $ $ matches start of word \< \< matches end of word \> \> matches a single char from the range [a-z] \[a-z] matches a single char not in the range [^a-z] \[^a-z] matches an identifier char \i \i idem but excluding digits \I \I matches a keyword character \k \k idem but excluding digits \K \K matches a filename character \f \f idem but excluding digits \F \F matches a printable character \p \p idem but excluding digits \P \P matches \e \e matches \t \t matches \r \r matches \b \b matches 0 or more of the preceding atom * \* matches 1 or more of the preceding atom \+ \+ matches 0 or 1 of the preceding atom \= \= separates two branches \| \| group a pattern into an atom \(\) \(\) |search_offset| Offsets allowed after search command [num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1 +[num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1 -[num] [num] lines upwards, in column 1 e[+num] [num] characters to the right of the end of the match e[-num] [num] characters to the left of the end of the match s[+num] [num] characters to the right of the start of the match s[-num] [num] characters to the left of the start of the match b[+num] [num] characters to the right of the start (begin) of the match b[-num] [num] characters to the left of the start (begin) of the match ;{search command} execute {search command} next ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ma* Marks and motions |m| m mark current position with mark |`a| ` go to mark within current file |`A| ` go to mark in any file |`0| `<0-9> go to the position where Vim was last exited |``| `` go to the position before the last jump |`"| `" go to the position when last editing this file |`[| `[ go to the start of the previously operated or put text |`]| `] go to the end of the previously operated or put text |`<| `< go to the start of the (previous) Visual area |`>| `> go to the end of the (previous) Visual area |'| '> same as `, but on the first non-blank in the line |:marks| :marks print the active marks |CTRL-O| N CTRL-O go to Nth older position in jump list |CTRL-I| N CTRL-I go to Nth newer position in jump list |:ju| :ju[mps] print the jump list ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_vm* Various motions |%| % find the next brace, bracket, comment, or "#if"/ "#else"/"#endif" in this line and go to its match |H| N H go to the Nth line in the window, on the first non-blank |M| M go to the middle line in the window, on the first non-blank |L| N L go to the Nth line from the bottom, on the first non-blank ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ta* Using tags |:ta| :ta[g][!] {tag} Jump to tag {tag} |:ta| :[count]ta[g][!] Jump to [count]'th newer tag in tag list |CTRL-]| CTRL-] Jump to the tag under cursor, unless changes have been made |CTRL-T| N CTRL-T Jump back from Nth older tag in tag list |:po| :[count]po[p][!] Jump back from [count]'th older tag in tag list |:tags| :tags Print tag list ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_sc* Scrolling |CTRL-E| N CTRL-E window N lines downwards (default: 1) |CTRL-D| N CTRL-D window N lines Downwards (default: 1/2 window) |CTRL-F| N CTRL-F window N pages Forwards (downwards) |CTRL-Y| N CTRL-Y window N lines upwards (default: 1) |CTRL-U| N CTRL-U window N lines Upwards (default: 1/2 window) |CTRL-B| N CTRL-B window N pages Backwards (upwards) |z| z or zt redraw, current line at top of window |z.| z. or zz redraw, current line at center of window |z-| z- or zb redraw, current line at bottom of window |zh| N zh scroll screen N characters to the right |zl| N zl scroll screen N characters to the left ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_in* Inserting text |a| N a append text after the cursor (N times) |A| N A append text at the end of the line (N times) |i| N i insert text before the cursor (N times) (also: ) |I| N I insert text before the first non-blank in the line (N times) |gI| N gI insert text in column 1 (N times) |o| N o open a new line below the current line, append text (N times) |O| N O open a new line above the current line, append text (N times) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ai* Keys in Insert mode char action in Insert mode |i_| end Insert mode, back to Normal mode |i_CTRL-C| CTRL-C like , but do not do an abbreviation |i_CTRL-A| CTRL-A insert previously inserted text |i_CTRL-@| CTRL-@ insert previously inserted text and stop insert |i_CTRL-R| CTRL-R <0-9a-z%:.-"> insert contents of register <0-9a-z%:.-"> |i_| or or CTRL-M or CTRL-J begin new line |i_CTRL-E| CTRL-E insert the character from below the cursor |i_CTRL-Y| CTRL-Y insert the character from above the cursor |i_CTRL-V| CTRL-V .. insert character literally, or enter decimal byte value |i_CTRL-N| CTRL-N insert next match of identifier before the cursor |i_CTRL-P| CTRL-P insert previous match of identifier before the cursor |i_CTRL-X| CTRL-X ... complete the word before the cursor in various ways |i_| or CTRL-H delete the character before the cursor |i_| delete the character under the cursor |i_CTRL-W| CTRL-W delete word before the cursor |i_CTRL-U| CTRL-U delete all entered characters in the current line |i_CTRL-T| CTRL-T insert one shiftwidth of indent in front of the current line |i_CTRL-D| CTRL-D delete one shiftwidth of indent in front of the current line |i_0_CTRL-D| 0 CTRL-D delete all indent in the current line |i_^_CTRL-D| ^ CTRL-D delete all indent in the current line, restore indent in next line |i_CTRL-K| CTRL-K {char1} {char2} enter digraph (See |X_di|) |i_digraph| {char1} {char2} enter digraph if 'digraph' option set |i_CTRL-B| CTRL-B toggle 'revins' (reverse insert) option ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ss* Special keys in Insert mode |i_| cursor keys move cursor left/right/up/down |i_| shift-left/right one word left/right |i_| shift-up/down one screenful backward/forward |i_CTRL-O| CTRL-O {command} execute {command} |i_| cursor after last character in the line |i_| cursor to first character in the line ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_di* Digraphs |:dig| :dig[raphs] show current list of digraphs |:dig| :dig[raphs] {char1}{char2} {number} ... add digraph(s) to the list ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_si* Special inserts |:r| :r [file] insert the contents of [file] below the cursor |:r!| :r! {command} insert the standard output of {command} below the cursor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_de* Deleting text |x| N x delete N characters under and after the cursor || N delete N characters under and after the cursor |X| N X delete N characters before the cursor |d| N d{motion} delete the text that is moved over with {motion} |v_d| {visual}d delete the highlighted text |dd| N dd delete N lines |D| N D delete to end-of-line (and N-1 more lines) |J| N J join N-1 lines (delete newlines) |v_J| {visual}J join the highlighted lines |:d| :[range]d [x] delete [range] lines [into register x] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_cm* Copying and moving text |quote| " use register for the next delete, yank, or put |:reg| :reg show the contents of all registers |:reg| :reg {arg} show the contents of registers mentioned in {arg} |y| N y{motion} yank the text moved over with {motion} into a register |v_y| {visual}y yank the highlighted text into a register |yy| N yy yank N lines into a register |Y| N Y yank N lines into a register |p| N p put a register after the cursor position (N times) |P| N P put a register before the cursor position (N times) |]p| N ]p like p, but adjust indent to current line |[p| N [p like P, but adjust indent to current line ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ch* Changing text |R| N R enter Replace mode (repeat the entered text N times) |c| N c{motion} change the text that is moved over with {motion} |v_c| {visual}c change the highlighted text |cc| N cc change N lines |S| N S change N lines |C| N C change to end-of-line (and N-1 more lines) |s| N s change N characters |r| N r replace N characters with |~| N ~ switch case for N characters and advance cursor |v_~| {visual}~ switch case for highlighted text |v_u| {visual}u make highlighted text lowercase |v_U| {visual}U make highlighted text uppercase |g~| g~{motion} switch case for the text that is moved over with {motion} |gu| gu{motion} make the text that is moved over with {motion} lowercase |gU| gU{motion} make the text that is moved over with {motion} uppercase |CTRL-A| N CTRL-A add N to the number at or after the cursor |CTRL-X| N CTRL-X subtract N from the number at or after the cursor |<| N <{motion} move the lines that are moved over with {motion} one shiftwidth left |<<| N << move N lines one shiftwidth left |>| N >{motion} move the lines that are moved over with {motion} one shiftwidth right |>>| N >> move N lines one shiftwidth right |gq| N gq{motion} format the lines that are moved over with {motion} to 'textwidth' length |:ce| :[range]ce[nter] [width] center the lines in [range] |:le| :[range]le[ft] [indent] left-align the lines in [range] [with indent] |:ri| :[range]ri[ght] [width] right-align the lines in [range] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_co* Complex changes |!| N !{motion}{command} filter the lines that are moved over through {command} |!!| N !!{command} filter N lines through {command} |v_!| {visual}!{command} filter the highlighted lines through {command} |:range!| :[range]! {command} filter [range] lines through {command} |=| N ={motion} filter the lines that are moved over through "indent" |==| N == filter N lines through "indent" |v_=| {visual}= filter the highlighted lines through "indent" |:s| :[range]s[ubstitute]/{pattern}/{string}/[g][c] substitute {pattern} by {string} in [range] lines; with [g], replace all occurrences of {pattern}; with [c], confirm each replacement |:s| :[range]s[ubstitute] [g][c] repeat previous ":s" with new range and options |&| & Repeat previous ":s" on current line without options |:ret| :[range]ret[ab][!] [tabstop] set 'tabstop' to new value and adjust white space accordingly ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_vi* Visual mode |v| v start highlighting characters } move cursor and use |V| V start highlighting linewise } operator to affect |CTRL-V| CTRL-V start highlighting blockwise } highlighted text |v_o| o exchange cursor position with start of highlighting |gv| gv start highlighting on previous visual area |v_v| v highlight characters or stop highlighting |v_V| V highlight linewise or stop highlighting |v_CTRL-V| CTRL-V highlight blockwise or stop highlighting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_to* Text objects (only in Visual mode or after an operator) |v_a| N a Select current word |v_A| N A Select current WORD |v_s| N s Select current sentence |v_p| N p Select current paragraph |v_S| N S Select current block (from "[(" to "])") |v_P| N P Select current block (from "[{" to "]}") ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_re* Repeating commands |.| N . repeat last change (with count replaced with N) |q| q record typed characters into register |q| q record typed characters, appended to register |q| q stop recording |@| N @ execute the contents of register (N times) |@@| N @@ repeat previous @ (N times) |:@| :@ execute the contents of register as an Ex command |:@@| :@@ repeat previous :@ |:g| :[range]g[lobal]/{pattern}/[cmd] Execute Ex command [cmd] (default: ":p") on the lines within [range] where {pattern} matches. |:g| :[range]g[lobal]!/{pattern}/[cmd] Execute Ex command [cmd] (default: ":p") on the lines within [range] where {pattern} does NOT match. |:so| :so[urce] {file} Read Ex commands from {file}. |:so| :so[urce]! {file} Read Vim commands from {file}. |:sl| :sl[eep] [N] don't do anything for N seconds |gs| N gs Goto Sleep for N seconds ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_km* Key mapping |:map| :ma[p] {lhs} {rhs} Map {lhs} to {rhs} in Normal and Visual mode. |:map!| :ma[p]! {lhs} {rhs} Map {lhs} to {rhs} in Insert and Command-line mode. |:noremap| :no[remap][!] {lhs} {rhs} Same as ":map", no remapping for this {rhs} |:unmap| :unm[ap] {lhs} Remove the mapping of {lhs} for Normal and Visual mode. |:unmap!| :unm[ap]! {lhs} Remove the mapping of {lhs} for Insert and Command-line mode. |:map_l| :ma[p] [lhs] List mappings (starting with [lhs]) for Normal and Visual mode. |:map_l! :ma[p]! [lhs] List mappings (starting with [lhs]) for Insert and Command-line mode. |:cmap| :cmap/:cunmap/:cnoremap like ":map!"/":unmap!"/":noremap!" but for Command-line mode only |:imap| :imap/:iunmap/:inoremap like ":map!"/":unmap!"/":noremap!" but for Insert mode only |:nmap| :nmap/:nunmap/:nnoremap like ":map"/":unmap"/":noremap" but for Normal mode only |:vmap| :vmap/:vunmap/:vnoremap like ":map"/":unmap"/":noremap" but for Visual mode only |:mkexrc| :mk[exrc][!] [file] write current mappings, abbreviations, and settings to [file] (default: ".exrc"; use ! to overwrite) |:mkvimrc| :mkv[imrc][!] [file] same as ":mkexrc", but with default ".vimrc" |:mapc| :mapc[lear] remove mappings for Normal and Visual mode |:mapc| :mapc[lear]! remove mappings for Insert and Cmdline mode |:imapc| :imapc[lear] remove mappings for Insert mode |:vmapc| :vmapc[lear] remove mappings for Visual mode |:nmapc| :nmapc[lear] remove mappings for Normal mode |:cmapc| :cmapc[lear] remove mappings for Cmdline mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ab* Abbreviations |:abbreviate| :ab[breviate] {lhs} {rhs} add abbreviation for {lhs} to {rhs} |:abbreviate| :ab[breviate] {lhs} show abbr's that start with {lhs} |:abbreviate| :ab[breviate] show all abbreviations |:unabbreviate| :una[bbreviate] {lhs} remove abbreviation for {lhs} |:noreabbrev| :norea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] like ":ab", but don't remap [rhs] |:iabbrev| :iab/:iunab/:inoreab like ":ab", but only for Insert mode |:cabbrev| :cab/:cunab/:cnoreab like ":ab", but only for Command-line mode |:abclear| :abc[lear] remove all abbreviations |:cabclear| :cabc[lear] remove all abbr's for Cmdline mode |:iabclear| :iabc[lear] remove all abbr's for Insert mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_op* Options |:set| :se[t] Show all modified options. |:set| :se[t] all Show all options. |:set| :se[t] {option} Set toggle option on, show string or number option. |:set| :se[t] no{option} Set toggle option off. |:set| :se[t] inv{option} invert toggle option. |:set| :se[t] {option}={value} Set string or number option to {value}. |:set| :se[t] {option}? Show value of {option}. |:set| :se[t] {option}& Reset {option} to its default value. |:fix| :fix[del] Set value of 't_kD' according to value of 't_kb'. Short explanation of each option: *option_list* |'aleph'| |'al'| ASCII code of the letter Aleph (RIGHTLEFT) |'autoindent'| |'ai'| take indent for new line from previous line |'autowrite'| |'aw'| automatically write file if changed |'backspace'| |'bs'| how backspace works at start of line |'backup'| |'bk'| keep backup file after overwriting a file |'backupdir'| |'bdir'| list of directories for the backup file |'backupext'| |'bex'| extension used for the backup file |'binary'| |'bin'| edit binary file mode |'bioskey'| |'biosk'| MS-DOS: use bios calls for input characters |'breakat'| |'brk'| characters that may cause a line break |'cindent'| |'cin'| do C program indenting |'cinkeys'| |'cink'| keys that trigger indent when 'cindent' is set |'cinoptions'| |'cino'| how to do indenting when 'cindent' is set |'cinwords'| |'cinw'| words where 'si' and 'cin' add an indent |'cmdheight'| |'ch'| number of lines to use for the command-line |'columns'| |'co'| number of columns in the display |'comments'| |'com'| patterns that can start a comment line |'compatible'| |'cp'| behave Vi-compatibly as much as possible |'cpoptions'| |'cpo'| flags for Vi-compatible behaviour |'define'| |'def'| pattern to be used to find a macro definition |'dictionary'| |'dict'| list of filenames used for keyword completion |'digraph'| |'dg'| enable the entering of digraphs in Insert mode |'directory'| |'dir'| list of directory names for the swapfile |'edcompatible'| |'ed'| toggle flags of ":substitute" command |'endofline'| |'eol'| write end-of-line for last line in file |'equalalways'| |'ea'| windows are automatically made the same size |'equalprg'| |'ep'| external program to use for "=" command |'errorbells'| |'eb'| ring the bell for error messages |'errorfile'| |'ef'| name of the error file for the QuickFix mode |'errorformat'| |'efm'| description of the lines in the error file |'esckeys'| |'ek'| recognize function keys in Insert mode |'expandtab'| |'et'| use spaces when is inserted |'exrc'| read .vimrc and .exrc in the current directory |'formatoptions'| |'fo'| how automatic formatting is to be done |'formatprg'| |'fp'| name of external program used with "gq" command |'gdefault'| |'gd'| the ":substitute" flag 'g' is default on |'guifont'| |'gfn'| GUI: Name(s) of font(s) to be used |'guioptions'| |'go'| GUI: Which components and options are used |'guipty'| GUI: try to use a pseudo-tty for ":!" commands |'helpfile'| |'hf'| name of this help file |'helpheight'| |'hh'| minimum height of a new help window |'hidden'| |'hid'| don't unload buffer when it is abandoned |'highlight'| |'hl'| sets highlighting mode for various occasions |'history'| |'hi'| number of command-lines that are remembered |'hkmap'| |'hk'| Hebrew keyboard mapping (RIGHTLEFT) |'icon'| set icon of the window to the name of the file |'ignorecase'| |'ic'| ignore case in search patterns |'include'| |'inc'| pattern to be used to find an include file |'incsearch'| |'is'| highlight match while typing search pattern |'infercase'| |'inf'| adjust case of match for keyword completion |'insertmode'| |'im'| start the edit of a file in Insert mode |'isfname'| |'isf'| characters included in filenames and pathnames |'isident'| |'isi'| characters included in identifiers |'isprint'| |'isp'| printable characters |'iskeyword'| |'isk'| characters included in keywords |'joinspaces'| |'js'| two spaces after a period with a join command |'keywordprg'| |'kp'| program to use for the "K" command |'langmap'| |'lmap'| alphabetic characters for other language mode |'laststatus'| |'ls'| tells when last window has status lines |'linebreak'| |'lbr'| wrap long lines at a blank |'lines'| number of lines in the display |'lisp'| automatic indenting for Lisp |'list'| show and end-of-line |'magic'| changes special characters in search patterns |'makeprg'| |'mp'| program to use for the ":make" command |'maxmapdepth'| |'mmd'| maximum recursive depth for mapping |'maxmem'| |'mm'| maximum memory (in Kbyte) used for one buffer |'maxmemtot'| |'mmt'| maximum memory (in Kbyte) used for all buffers |'modeline'| |'ml'| recognize modelines at start or end of file |'modelines'| |'mls'| number of lines checked for modelines |'modified'| |'mod'| buffer has been modified |'more'| pause listings when the whole screen is filled |'mouse'| enable the use of mouse clicks |'mousetime'| |'mouset'| max time between mouse double-click |'number'| |'nu'| print the line number in front of each line |'paragraphs'| |'para'| nroff macros that separate paragraphs |'paste'| allow pasting text |'patchmode'| |'pm'| keep the oldest version of a file |'path'| |'pa'| list of directories searched with "gf" et.al. |'readonly'| |'ro'| disallow writing the buffer |'remap'| allow mappings to work recursively |'report'| threshold for reporting nr. of lines changed |'restorescreen'| |'rs'| Win32: restore screen when exiting |'revins'| |'ri'| inserting characters will work backwards |'rightleft'| |'rl'| window is right-to-left oriented (RIGHTLEFT) |'ruler'| |'ru'| show cursor line and column in the status line |'scroll'| |'scr'| lines to scroll with CTRL-U and CTRL-D |'scrolljump'| |'sj'| minimum number of lines to scroll |'scrolloff'| |'so'| minimum nr. of lines above and below cursor |'sections'| |'sect'| nroff macros that separate sections |'secure'| secure mode for reading .vimrc in current dir |'shell'| |'sh'| name of shell to use for external commands |'shellcmdflag'| |'shcf'| flag to shell to execute one command |'shellpipe'| |'sp'| string to put output of ":make" in error file |'shellquote'| |'shq'| quote character(s) for around shell command |'shellredir'| |'srr'| string to put output of filter in a temp file |'shelltype'| |'st'| Amiga: influences how to use a shell |'shiftround'| |'sr'| round indent to multiple of shiftwidth |'shiftwidth'| |'sw'| number of spaces to use for (auto)indent step |'shortmess'| |'shm'| list of flags, reduce length of messages |'shortname'| |'sn'| non-MS-DOS: File names assumed to be 8.3 chars |'showbreak'| |'sbr'| string to use at the start of wrapped lines |'showcmd'| |'sc'| show (partial) command in status line |'showmatch'| |'sm'| briefly jump to matching bracket if insert one |'showmode'| |'smd'| message on status line to show current mode |'sidescroll'| |'ss'| minimum number of columns to scroll horizontal |'smartcase'| |'scs'| no ignore case when pattern has uppercase |'smartindent'| |'si'| smart autoindenting for C programs |'smarttab'| |'sta'| use 'shiftwidth' when inserting |'splitbelow'| |'sb'| new window from split is below the current one |'startofline'| |'sol'| commands move cursor to first blank in line |'suffixes'| |'su'| suffixes that are ignored with multiple match |'swapsync'| |'sws'| how to sync swapfile |'tabstop'| |'ts'| number of spaces that in file uses |'taglength'| |'tl'| number of significant characters for a tag |'tagrelative'| |'tr'| filenames in tag file are relative |'tags'| |'tag'| list of filenames used by the tag command |'term'| name of the terminal |'terse'| shorten some messages |'textauto'| |'ta'| set 'textmode' automatically when reading file |'textmode'| |'tx'| lines are separated by |'textwidth'| |'tw'| maximum width of text that is being inserted |'tildeop'| |'top'| tilde command "~" behaves like an operator |'timeout'| |'to'| time out on mappings and key codes |'ttimeout'| time out on mappings |'timeoutlen'| |'tm'| time out time in milliseconds |'ttimeoutlen'| |'ttm'| time out time for key codes in milliseconds |'title'| set title of window to the name of the file |'ttybuiltin'| |'tbi'| use built-in termcap before external termcap |'ttyfast'| |'tf'| indicates a fast terminal connection |'ttyscroll'| |'tsl'| maximum number of lines for a scroll |'ttytype'| |'tty'| alias for 'term' |'undolevels'| |'ul'| maximum number of changes that can be undone |'updatecount'| |'uc'| after this many characters flush swapfile |'updatetime'| |'ut'| after this many milliseconds flush swapfile |'viminfo'| |'vi'| use .viminfo file upon startup and exiting |'visualbell'| |'vb'| use visual bell instead of beeping |'warn'| warn for shell command when buffer was changed |'weirdinvert'| |'wi'| for terminals that have weird inversion method |'whichwrap'| |'ww'| allow specified keys to cross line boundaries |'wildchar'| |'wc'| command-line character for wildcard expansion |'winheight'| |'wh'| minimum number of lines for the current window |'wrap'| long lines wrap and continue on the next line |'wrapmargin'| |'wm'| chars from the right where wrapping starts |'wrapscan'| |'ws'| searches wrap around the end of the file |'writeany'| |'wa'| write to file with no need for "!" override |'writebackup'| |'wb'| make a backup before overwriting a file |'writedelay'| |'wd'| delay this many msec for each char (for debug) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ur* Undo/Redo commands |u| N u undo last N changes |CTRL-R| N CTRL-R redo last N undone changes |U| U restore last changed line ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_et* External commands |:shell| :sh[ell] start a shell |:!| :!{command} execute {command} with a shell |K| K lookup keyword under the cursor with 'keywordprg' program (default: "man") ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_qf* Quickfix commands |:cc| :cc [nr] display error [nr] (default is the same again) |:cnext| :cn display the next error |:cprevious| :cp display the previous error |:clist| :cl list all errors |:cfile| :cf read errors from the file 'errorfile' |:cquit| :cq quit without writing and return error code (to the compiler) |:make| :make [args] start make, read errors, and jump to first error ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_vc* Various commands |CTRL-L| CTRL-L Clear and redraw the screen. |CTRL-G| CTRL-G show current file name (with path) and cursor position |ga| ga show ascii value of character under cursor in decimal, hex, and octal |g_CTRL-G| g CTRL-G show cursor column, line, and character position |CTRL-C| CTRL-C during searches: interrupt the search |CTRL-BREAK| CTRL-BREAK MS-DOS: during searches: interrupt the search || while entering a count: delete last character |:version| :ve[rsion] show exact version number of this Vim |:mode| :mode N MS-DOS: set screen mode to N (number, C80, C4350, etc.) |:normal| :norm[al][!] {commands} Execute Normal mode commands. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ce* Command-line editing |c_| abandon command-line (if 'wildchar' is , type it twice) |c_CTRL-V| CTRL-V {char} insert {char} literally |c_CTRL-V| CTRL-V {number} enter decimal value of character (up to three digits) |c_CTRL-K| CTRL-K {char1} {char2} enter digraph (See |X_di|) |c_CTRL-R| CTRL-R <0-9a-z"%:-> insert contents of register <0-9a-z"%:-> |c_| / cursor left/right |c_| / cursor one word left/right |c_CTRL-B| CTRL-B/CTRL-E cursor to beginning/end of command-line |c_| delete the character in front of the cursor |c_| delete the character under the cursor |c_CTRL-W| CTRL-W delete the word in front of the cursor |c_CTRL-U| CTRL-U remove all characters |c_| / recall older/newer command-line that starts with current command |c_| / recall older/newer command-line from history Context-sensitive completion on the command-line: |c_wildchar| 'wildchar' (default: ) do completion on the pattern in front of the cursor. If there are multiple matches, beep and show the first one; further 'wildchar' will show the next ones. |c_CTRL-D| CTRL-D list all names that match the pattern in front of the cursor |c_CTRL-A| CTRL-A insert all names that match pattern in front of cursor |c_CTRL-L| CTRL-L insert longest common part of names that match pattern |c_CTRL-N| CTRL-N after 'wildchar' with multiple matches: go to next match |c_CTRL-P| CTRL-P after 'wildchar' with multiple matches: go to previous match ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ra* Ex ranges |:range| , separates two line numbers |:range| ; idem, set cursor to the first line number before interpreting the second one |:range| {number} an absolute line number |:range| . the current line |:range| $ the last line in the file |:range| % equal to 1,$ (the entire file) |:range| * equal to '<,'> (visual area) |:range| 't position of mark t |:range| /{pattern}[/] the next line where {pattern} matches |:range| ?{pattern}[?] the previous line where {pattern} matches |:range| +[num] add [num] to the preceding line number (default: 1) |:range| -[num] subtract [num] from the preceding line number (default: 1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ex* Special Ex characters |:bar| | separates two commands (not for ":global" and ":!") |:quote| " begins comment |:_%| % current filename (only where filename is expected) |:_#| #[number] alternate filename [number] (only where filename is expected) Note: The next four are typed literally; these are not special keys! |:| word under the cursor (only where filename is expected) |:| WORD under the cursor (only where filename is expected) (see |WORD|) |:| file name under the cursor (only where filename is expected) |:| file name for autocommand (only where filename is expected) After "%", "#", "", or "" |::p| :p full path |::h| :h head |::t| :t tail |::r| :r root |::e| :e extension ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ed* Editing a file |:edit| :e[dit] Edit the current file, unless changes have been made. |:edit!| :e[dit]! Edit the current file always. Discard any changes. |:edit_f| :e[dit] {file} Edit {file}, unless changes have been made. |:edit!_f| :e[dit]! {file} Edit {file} always. Discard any changes. |CTRL-^| N CTRL-^ Edit alternate file N (equivalent to ":e #N"). |gf| gf or ]f Edit the file whose name is under the cursor |:pwd| :pwd Print the current directory name. |:cd| :cd [path] Change the current directory to [path]. |:file| :f[ile] Print the current filename and the cursor position. |:file| :f[ile] {name} Set the current filename to {name}. |:files| :files Show alternate filenames. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_fl* Using the argument list |argument_list| |:args| :ar[gs] Print the argument list, with the current file in "[]". |:all| :all or :sall Open a window for every file in the arg list. |:wn| :wn[ext][!] Write file and edit next file. |:wn| :wn[ext][!] {file} Write to {file} and edit next file, unless {file} exists. With !, overwrite existing file. |:wN| :wN[ext][!] [file] Write file and edit previous file. in current window in new window |:argument| :argu[ment] N :sar[gument] N Edit file N |:next| :n[ext] :sn[ext] Edit next file |:next_f| :n[ext] {arglist} :sn[ext] {arglist} define new arg list and edit first file |:Next| :N[ext] :sN[ext] Edit previous file |:rewind| :rew[ind][!] :srew[ind] Edit first file |:last| :last :slast Edit last file ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_wq* Writing and quitting |:w| :[range]w[rite][!] Write to the current file. |:w_f| :[range]w[rite] {file} Write to {file}, unless it already exists. |:w_f| :[range]w[rite]! {file} Write to {file}. Overwrite an existing file. |:w_a| :[range]w[rite][!] >> Append to the current file. |:w_a| :[range]w[rite][!] >> {file} Append to {file}. |:w_c| :[range]w[rite] !{cmd} Execute {cmd} with [range] lines as standard input. |:wall| :wall[!] write all changed buffers |:q| :q[uit] Quit current buffer, unless changes have been made. Exit Vim when there are no other non-help buffers |:q| :q[uit]! Quit current buffer always, discard any changes. Exit Vim when there are no other non-help buffers |:qa| :qall Exit Vim, unless changes have been made. |:qa| :qall! Exit Vim always, discard any changes. |:cq| :cq Quit without writing and return error code. |:wq| :wq[!] Write the current file and exit. |:wq| :wq[!] {file} Write to {file} and exit. |:xit| :x[it][!] [file] Like ":wq" but write only when changes have been made |ZZ| ZZ Same as ":x". |ZQ| ZQ Same as ":q!". |:xall| :xall[!] or :wqall[!] Write all changed buffers and exit |:stop| :st[op][!] Suspend VIM or start new shell. If 'aw' option is set and [!] not given write the buffer. |CTRL-Z| CTRL-Z Same as ":stop!" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_st* Starting VIM |-vim| vim [options] start editing with an empty buffer |-file| vim [options] {file ..} start editing one or more files |-tag| vim [options] -t {tag} edit the file associated with {tag} |-qf| vim [options] -e [fname] start editing in QuickFix mode, display the first error Vim arguments: |-gui| -g start GUI (also allows other options) |-+| +[num] put the cursor at line [num] (default: last line) |-+c| +{command} execute {command} after loading the file |-+/| +/{pat} {file ..} put the cursor at the first occurrence of {pat} |-v| -v read-only mode (View), implies -n |-R| -R read-only mode, same as -v |-b| -b binary mode |-l| -l lisp mode |-H| -H Hebrew mode ('hkmap' and 'rightleft' are set) |-r| -r give list of swap files |-r| -r {file ..} recover aborted edit session |-n| -n do not create swapfile |-o| -o [N] open N windows (default: one for each file) |-x| -x Amiga: do not restart VIM to open a window (for e.g., mail) |-s| -s {scriptin} first read commands from the file {scriptin} |-w| -w {scriptout} write typed chars to file {scriptout} (append) |-W| -W {scriptout} write typed chars to file {scriptout} (overwrite) |-T| -T {terminal} set terminal name |-d| -d {device} Amiga: open {device} to be used as a console |-u| -u {vimrc} read inits from {vimrc} instead of other inits |-i| -i {viminfo} read info from {viminfo} instead of other files |--| -- end of options, other arguments are file names ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_ac* Automatic Commands |viminfo_file| Read registers, marks, history at startup, save when exiting. |:rviminfo| :rv[iminfo] [file] Read info from viminfo file [file] |:rviminfo| :rv[iminfo]! [file] idem, overwrite exisiting info |:wviminfo| :wv[iminfo] [file] Add info to viminfo file [file] |:wviminfo| :wv[iminfo]! [file] Write info to viminfo file [file] |modeline| Automatic option setting when editing a file |modeline| vim:{set-arg}: .. In the first and last lines of the file (see 'ml' option), {set-arg} is given as an argument to ":set" |autocommand| Automatic execution of commands on certain events. |:autocmd| :au List all autocommands |:autocmd| :au {event} List all autocommands for {event} |:autocmd| :au {event} {pat} List all autocommands for {event} with {pat} |:autocmd| :au {event} {pat} {cmd} Enter new autocommands for {event} with {pat} |:autocmd| :au! Remove all autocommands |:autocmd| :au! {event} Remove all autocommands for {event} |:autocmd| :au! * {pat} Remove all autocommands for {pat} |:autocmd| :au! {event} {pat} Remove all autocommands for {event} with {pat} |:autocmd| :au! {event} {pat} {cmd} Remove all autocommands for {event} with {pat} and enter new one ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_wi* Multi-window functions |CTRL-W_s| CTRL-W s or :split Split window into two parts |:split_f| :split {file} Split window and edit {file} in one of them |CTRL-W_]| CTRL-W ] Split window and jump to tag under cursor |CTRL-W_f| CTRL-W f Split window and edit file name under the cursor |CTRL-W_CTRL-^| CTRL-W CTRL-^ Split window and edit alternate file |CTRL-W_n| CTRL-W n or :new Create new empty window |CTRL-W_q| CTRL-W q or :q[uit] Quit editing and close window |CTRL-W_c| CTRL-W c or :cl[ose] Make buffer hidden and close window |CTRL-W_o| CTRL-W o or :on[ly] Make current window only one on the screen |CTRL-W_j| CTRL-W j Move cursor to window below |CTRL-W_k| CTRL-W k Move cursor to window above |CTRL-W_CTRL-W| CTRL-W CTRL-W Move cursor to window below (wrap) |CTRL-W_W| CTRL-W W Move cursor to window above (wrap) |CTRL-W_t| CTRL-W t Move cursor to top window |CTRL-W_b| CTRL-W b Move cursor to bottom window |CTRL-W_p| CTRL-W p Move cursor to previous active window |CTRL-W_r| CTRL-W r Rotate windows downwards |CTRL-W_R| CTRL-W R Rotate windows upwards |CTRL-W_x| CTRL-W x Exchange current window with next one |CTRL-W_=| CTRL-W = Make all windows equal height |CTRL-W_-| CTRL-W - Decrease current window height |CTRL-W_+| CTRL-W + Increase current window height |CTRL-W__| CTRL-W _ Set current window height (default: very high) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *X_bu* Buffer list functions |:buffers| :buffers or :files list all known buffer and file names |:ball| :ball or :sball edit all args/buffers |:unhide| :unhide or :sunhide edit all loaded buffers |:bunload| :bunload[!] [N] unload buffer [N] from memory |:bdelete| :bdelete[!] [N] unload buffer [N] and delete it from the buffer list in current window in new window |:buffer| :[N]buffer [N] :[N]sbuffer [N] to arg/buf N |:bnext| :[N]bnext [N] :[N]sbnext [N] to Nth next arg/buf |:bNext| :[N]bNext [N] :[N]sbNext [N] to Nth previous arg/buf |:bprevious| :[N]bprevious [N] :[N]sbprevious [N] to Nth previous arg/buf |:brewind| :brewind :sbrewind to first arg/buf |:blast| :blast :sblast to last arg/buf |:bmodified| :[N]bmod [N] :[N]sbmod [N] to Nth modified buf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *bars* Bars example Now that you've jumped here with CTRL-], g, or , you can use CTRL-T, g, or to go back to where you were. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ *www* *faq* *FAQ* *ftp* *distribution* *download* The Vim pages contain the most recent information about Vim. They also contains links to the most recent version of Vim. The FAQ is a list of Frequently Asked Questions, read this if you have problems. VIM home page: VIM FAQ: Bug reports: *bugs* Bram Moolenaar Please be brief; all the time that is spend on answering mail is subtracted from the time that is spent on improving Vim! Always give a reproducible example and try to find out which settings or other things influence the appearance of the bug. Try different machines, if possible. Send me patches if you can! In case of doubt, include the output of these commands: :version :!uname -a " Unix only :map :map! :au :set all :set termcap Usenet News group where Vim is discussed: *news* *usenet* comp.editors *vimdev* *mail_list* There are three mailing lists for Vim: For discussions about using existing versions of Vim: Useful mappings, questions, answers, where to get a specific version, etc. For discussions about changing Vim: New features, porting, etc. Announcements about new versions of Vim; also beta-test versions and ports to different systems. NOTE: - You can only send messages to these lists if you have subscribed! - You need to send the messages from the same location as where you subscribed from (yes, Majordomo is inflexible). - Maximum message size is 40000 characters. If you want to join, send a message to and put "info" in the body. Then Majordomo will give you a little help. An archive is kept at: *credits* *author* Most of Vim was written by Bram Moolenaar . Parts of the documentation come from several Vi manuals, written by: W.N. Joy Alan P.W. Hewett Mark Horton The Vim editor is based on Stevie and includes (ideas from) other software, worked on by the people mentioned here. Other people helped by giving me suggestions and discussing what is good and bad in Vim. Tony Andrews Stevie Gert van Antwerpen changes for DJGPP on MS-DOS Berkeley DB(3) ideas for swapfile Keith Bostic Nvi Ralf Brown SPAWNO library for MS-DOS Robert Colon many useful remarks Kayhan Demirel sent me news in Uganda Chris & John Downey xvi (ideas for multi-windows version) Eric Fischer Mac port, 'cindent', and other improvements Bill Foster Athena GUI port Loic Grenie xvim (ideas for multi windows version) Steve Kirkendall Elvis Sergey Laskavy Vim's help from Moscow Avner Lottem Edit in right-to-left windows (RIGHTLEFT) George V. Reilly Win32 port Stephen Riehm bug collector Olaf Seibert DICE version and regexp improvements Peter da Silva termlib Paul Slootman OS/2 port Henry Spencer regular expressions Tim Thompson Stevie G. R. (Fred) Walter Stevie Robert Webb Command-line completion, GUI version, and lots of patches Juergen Weigert Lattice version, AUX improvements, UNIX and MS-DOS ports, autoconf I wish to thank all the people that sent me bug reports and suggestions. The list is too long to mention them all here. Vim would not be the same without the ideas from all these people: they keep Vim alive! vim:ts=8:sw=8:js:tw=78:fo=tcq2:isk=!-~,^*,^\|,^\": 07070100000f0c000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081100009b37000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_idx.txt*vim_idx.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 16 This file contains a list of all commands for each mode, with a tag and a short description. The list is sorted on ASCII value. When looking for certain functionality use the search command. For example, to look for deleting something, use: "/delete". Sections: |insert_index| 1. Insert mode |normal_index| 2. Normal mode |objects| 2.1. text objects |CTRL-W| 2.2. window commands |[| 2.3. Square bracket commands |g| 2.4. Commands starting with 'g' |visual_index| 3. Visual mode |ex_edit_index| 4. Command-line editing |ex_cmd_index| 5. EX commands For an overview of options see vim_help.txt |option_list|. For a complete description of each option see vim_ref.txt |options|. 1. Insert mode *insert_index* ============== tag char action ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |i_CTRL-@| CTRL-@ insert previously inserted text and stop insert |i_CTRL-A| CTRL-A insert previously inserted text |i_CTRL-B| CTRL-B Only if compiled with TOGGLE_REVINS (which is not the default): toggle 'revins' (backwards insert) option. |i_CTRL-C| CTRL-C quit insert mode, without checking for abbreviation. |i_CTRL-D| CTRL-D delete one shiftwidth of indent in the current line |i_CTRL-E| CTRL-E insert the character which is below the cursor CTRL-F not used CTRL-G reserved for future expansion |i_| delete character before the cursor |i_digraph| {char1}{char2} enter digraph (only when 'digraph' option set) |i_CTRL-H| CTRL-H same as |i_| insert a character |i_CTRL-I| CTRL-I same as |i_| same as |i_CTRL-J| CTRL-J same as |i_CTRL-K| CTRL-K {char1} {char2} enter digraph CTRL-L not used |i_| begin new line |i_CTRL-M| CTRL-M same as |i_CTRL-N| CTRL-N find next match for keyword in front of the cursor |i_CTRL-O| CTRL-O execute a single command and return to insert mode |i_CTRL-P| CTRL-P find previous match for keyword in front of the cursor |i_CTRL-Q| CTRL-Q same as CTRL-V (used for terminal control flow) |i_CTRL-R| CTRL-R <0-9a-z"%:> insert contents of register <0-9a-z"%:> CTRL-S (used for terminal control flow) |i_CTRL-T| CTRL-T insert one shiftwidth of indent in current line |i_CTRL-U| CTRL-U delete all entered characters in the current line |i_CTRL-V| CTRL-V {char} insert next non-digit literally |i_CTRL-V_digit| CTRL-V {number} insert three digit decimal number as a single byte. |i_CTRL-W| CTRL-W delete word before the cursor |i_CTRL-X| CTRL-X {mode} enter CTRL-X sub mode, see below |i_CTRL-Y| CTRL-Y insert the character which is above the cursor CTRL-Z not used |i_| end insert mode |i_CTRL-[| CTRL-[ same as CTRL-\ not used CTRL-] not used CTRL-^ not used |i_CTRL-_| CTRL-_ change languate (RIGHTLEFT) to '~' not used, except '0' and '^' followed by CTRL-D |i_0_CTRL-D| 0 CTRL-D delete all indent in the current line |i_^_CTRL-D| ^ CTRL-D delete all indent in the current line, restore it in the next line |i_| delete character under the cursor Meta characters (0x80 to 0xff, 128 to 255) not used |i_| cursor one line down |i_| cursor past end of line |i_| cursor past end of file |i_| same as |i_| stop insert mode and display help window |i_| cursor to start of line |i_| cursor to start of file |i_| toggle Insert/Replace mode |i_| cursor one character left |i_| cursor at mouse click |i_| one screenfull forward |i_| one screenfull backward |i_| cursor one character right |i_| same as |i_| cursor one word left |i_| cursor one word right |i_| same as |i_| cursor one line up commands in CTRL-X submode |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D| CTRL-X CTRL-D complete defined identifiers |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E| CTRL-X CTRL-E scroll up |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F| CTRL-X CTRL-F complete file names |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I| CTRL-X CTRL-I complete identifiers |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K| CTRL-X CTRL-K complete identifers from dictionary |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L| CTRL-X CTRL-L complete whole lines |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-Y| CTRL-X CTRL-Y scroll down |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]| CTRL-X CTRL-] complete tags 2. Normal mode *normal_index* ============== CHAR any non-blank chararacter WORD any sequences of non-blank characters N a number entered before the command {motion} a cursor movement command Nmove the text that is moved over with a {motion} SECTION a section that possibly starts with '}' instead of '{' note: 1 = cursor movement command; 2 = can be undone/redone tag char note action in Normal mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CTRL-@ not used |CTRL-A| CTRL-A 2 add N to number at/after cursor |CTRL-B| CTRL-B 1 scroll N screens Backwards |CTRL-C| CTRL-C interrupt current (search) command |CTRL-D| CTRL-D scroll Down N lines (default: half a screen) |CTRL-E| CTRL-E scroll N lines upwards (N lines Extra) |CTRL-F| CTRL-F 1 scroll N screens Forward |CTRL-G| CTRL-G display current file name and position || 1 same as "h" |CTRL-H| CTRL-H 1 same as "h" || 1 go to N newer entry in jump list |CTRL-I| CTRL-I 1 same as || 1 same as "j" |CTRL-J| CTRL-J 1 same as "j" CTRL-K not used |CTRL-L| CTRL-L redraw screen || 1 cursor to the first CHAR N lines lower |CTRL-M| CTRL-M> 1 same as |CTRL-N| CTRL-N 1 same as "j" |CTRL-O| CTRL-O 1 go to N older entry in jump list |CTRL-P| CTRL-P 1 cursor N lines upward CTRL-Q (used for terminal control flow) |CTRL-R| CTRL-R 2 redo changes which were undone with 'u' CTRL-S (used for terminal control flow) |CTRL-T| CTRL-T jump to N older Tag in tag list |CTRL-U| CTRL-U scroll N lines Upwards (default: half a screen) |CTRL-V| CTRL-V start blockwise Visual |CTRL-W| CTRL-W {char} window commands, see |CTRL-W| |CTRL-X| CTRL-X 2 subtract N from number at/after cursor |CTRL-Y| CTRL-Y scroll N lines downwards |CTRL-Z| CTRL-Z suspend program (or start new shell) CTRL-[ not used CTRL-\ not used |CTRL-]| CTRL-] :ta to ident under cursor |CTRL-^| CTRL-^ edit Nth alternate file (equivalent to ":e #N") CTRL-_ not used || 1 same as "l" |!| !{motion}{filter} 2 filter Nmove text through the {filter} command |!!| !!{filter} 2 filter N lines through the {filter} command |quote| " use buffer for next delete, yank or put (upper case to append) (<.%:> only work with put) |#| # 1 search backward for the Nth occurrence of the ident under the cursor |$| $ 1 cursor to the end of Nth next line |%| % 1 find the next (curly/square) bracket on this line and go to its match, or go to matching comment bracket, or go to matching preprocessor directive. |N%| {count}% 1 go to N percentage in the file |&| & 2 repeat last :s |'| ' 1 cursor to the first CHAR on the line with mark |''| '' 1 cursor to the first CHAR of the line where the cursor was before the latest jump. |'<| '< 1 cursor to the first CHAR of the line where highlighted area starts/started |'>| '> 1 cursor to the first CHAR of the line where highlighted area ends/ended |'[| '[ 1 cursor to the first CHAR on the line of the start of last operated text or start of putted text |']| '] 1 cursor to the first CHAR on the line of the end of last operated text or end of putted text |(| ( 1 cursor N sentences backward |)| ) 1 cursor N sentences forward |star| * 1 search forward for the Nth occurrence of the ident under the cursor |+| + 1 cursor to the first CHAR N lines lower |,| , 1 repeat latest f, t, F or T in opposite direction N times |-| - 1 cursor to the first CHAR N lines higher |.| . 2 repeat last change with count replaced with N |/| /{pattern} 1 search forward for the Nth occurrence of {pattern} |/| / 1 search forward for {pattern} of last search |count| 0 1 cursor to the first char of the line |count| 1 prepend to command to give a count |count| 2 " |count| 3 " |count| 4 " |count| 5 " |count| 6 " |count| 7 " |count| 8 " |count| 9 " |:| : start entering an Ex command |N:| {count}: start entering an Ex command with range from current line to N lines down |;| ; 1 repeat latest f, t, F or T N times |<| <{motion} 2 shift Nmove lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards |<<| << 2 shift N lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards |=| ={motion} 2 filter Nmove lines through "indent" |==| == 2 filter N lines through "indent" |>| >{motion} 2 shift Nmove lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards |>>| >> 2 shift N lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards |?| ? 1 search backward for the Nth previous occurrence of |?| ? 1 search backward for {pattern} of last search |@| @ 2 execute the contents of named buffer N times |@:| @: repeat the previous ":" command N times |@@| @@ 2 repeat the previous @ N times |A| A 2 append text at the end of the line N times |B| B 1 cursor N WORDS backward |C| ["x]C 2 change from the cursor position to the end of the line, and N-1 more lines [into buffer x]; synonym for "c$" |D| ["x]D 2 delete the characters under the cursor until the end of the line and N-1 more lines [into buffer x]; synonym for "d$" |E| E 1 cursor forward to the end of WORD N |F| F{char} 1 cursor to the Nth occurrence of {char} to the left |G| G 1 cursor to line N, default last line |H| H 1 cursor to line N from top of screen |I| I 2 insert text before the first CHAR on the line N times |J| J 2 Join N lines; default is 2 |K| K lookup Keyword under the cursor with 'keywordprg' |L| L 1 cursor to line N from bottom of screen |M| M 1 cursor to middle line of screen |N| N 1 repeat the latest '/' or '?' N times in opposite direction |O| O 2 begin a new line above the cursor and insert text, repeat N times |P| ["x]P 2 put the text [from buffer x] before the cursor N times |Q| Q{motion} 2 format Nmove lines (obsolete) |R| R 2 enter replace mode: overtype existing characters, repeat the entered text N-1 times |S| ["x]S 2 delete N lines [into buffer x] and start insert; synonym for "^cc" or "0cc", depending on autoindent |T| T{char} 1 cursor till after Nth occurrence of {char} to the left |U| U 2 undo all latest changes on one line |V| V start linewise Visual mode |W| W 1 cursor N WORDS forward |X| ["x]X 2 delete N characters before the cursor [into buffer x] |Y| ["x]Y yank N lines [into buffer x]; synonym for "yy" |ZZ| ZZ store current file if modified, and exit |ZQ| ZQ exit current file always |[| [{char} square bracket command (see below) \ not used |]| ]{char} square bracket command (see below) |^| ^ 1 cursor to the first CHAR of the line |_| _ 1 cursor to the first CHAR N - 1 lines lower |`| ` 1 cursor to the mark |`<| `< 1 cursor to the start of the highlighted area |`>| `> 1 cursor to the end of the highlighted area |`[| `[ 1 cursor to the start of last operated text or start of putted text |`]| `] 1 cursor to the end of last operated text or end of putted text |``| `` 1 cursor to the position before latest jump |a| a 2 append text after the cursor N times |b| b 1 cursor N words backward |c| ["x]c{motion} 2 delete Nmove text [into buffer x] and start insert |cc| ["x]cc 2 delete N lines [into buffer x] and start insert |d| ["x]d{motion} 2 delete Nmove text [into buffer x] |dd| ["x]dd 2 delete N lines [into buffer x] |e| e 1 cursor forward to the end of word N |f| f{char} 1 cursor to Nth occurrence of {char} to the right |g| g{char} extended commands, see below |h| h 1 cursor N chars to the left |i| i 2 insert text before the cursor N times |j| j 1 cursor N lines downward |k| k 1 cursor N lines upward |l| l 1 cursor N chars to the right |m| m set mark at cursor position |n| n 1 repeat the latest '/' or '?' N times |o| o 2 begin a new line below the cursor and insert text, repeat N times |p| ["x]p 2 put the text [from register x] after the cursor N times |q| q<0-9a-zA-Z"> record typed characters into named register <0-9a-zA-Z"> (upper case to append) |q| q (while recording) stops recording |r| r{char} 2 replace N chars with {char} |s| ["x]s 2 (substitute) delete N characters [into buffer x] and start insert |t| t{char} 1 cursor till before Nth occurrence of {char} to the right |u| u 2 undo changes |v| v start characterwise Visual mode |w| w 1 cursor N words forward |x| ["x]x 2 delete N characters under and after the cursor [into buffer x] |y| ["x]y{motion} yank Nmove text [into buffer x] |yy| ["x]yy yank N lines [into buffer x] |z| z redraw, cursor line to top of window, cursor on first non-blank |zN| z{height} redraw, make window {height} lines high |z.| z. redraw, cursor line to center of window, cursor on first non-blank |z-| z- redraw, cursor line at bottom of window, cursor on first non-blank |zb| zb redraw, cursor line at bottom of window |ze| ze when 'wrap' off scroll horizontally to position the cursor at the end (right side) of the screen |zh| zh when 'wrap' off scroll screen N characters to the right |zl| zl when 'wrap' off scroll screen N characters to the left |zs| zs when 'wrap' off scroll horizontally to position the cursor at the start (left side) of the screen |zt| zt redraw, cursor line at top of window |zz| zz redraw, cursor line at center of window |z| z same as "zh" |z| z same as "zl" |{| { 1 cursor N paragraphs backward |bar| | 1 cursor to column N |}| } 1 cursor N paragraphs forward |~| ~ 2 'tildeop' off: switch case of N characters under cursor and move the cursor N characters to the right |~| ~{motion} 'tildeop' on: switch case of Nmove text || ":ta" to the keyword at the mouse click || same as "CTRL-T" || ["x] 2 same as "x" |N| {count} remove the last digit from {count} || 1 same as "j" || 1 same as "$" || 1 same as "G" || same as || open a help window || 1 same as "0" || 1 same as "gg" || 2 same as "i" || 1 same as "h" || 1 move cursor to the mouse click position || 2 same as "P" at the mouse click position || same as CTRL-F || same as CTRL-B || 1 same as "l" || start Visual mode, move cursor to the mouse click position || 1 same as CTRL-F || 1 same as "b" || same as "*" at the mouse click position || 1 same as "w" || same as "#" at the mouse click position || 1 same as CTRL-B || 2 same as "u" || 1 same as "k" 2.1 text objects *objects* These can be used after an operator or in Visual mode to select an object |v_a| a a word (with white space) |v_A| A a WORD (with white space) |v_p| p a paragraph |v_s| s a sentence |v_P| P a block from "[{" to "]}" |v_S| S a block from "[(" and "])" 2.2 window commands *CTRL-W* tag command action in Normal mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |CTRL-W_CTRL-B| CTRL-W CTRL-B same as "CTRL-W b" |CTRL-W_CTRL-C| CTRL-W CTRL-C same as "CTRL-W c" |CTRL-W_CTRL-D| CTRL-W CTRL-D same as "CTRL-W d" |CTRL-W_CTRL-F| CTRL-W CTRL-F same as "CTRL-W f" |CTRL-W_CTRL-I| CTRL-W CTRL-I same as "CTRL-W i" |CTRL-W_CTRL-J| CTRL-W CTRL-J same as "CTRL-W j" |CTRL-W_CTRL-K| CTRL-W CTRL-K same as "CTRL-W k" |CTRL-W_CTRL-N| CTRL-W CTRL-N same as "CTRL-W n" |CTRL-W_CTRL-O| CTRL-W CTRL-O same as "CTRL-W o" |CTRL-W_CTRL-P| CTRL-W CTRL-P same as "CTRL-W p" |CTRL-W_CTRL-Q| CTRL-W CTRL-Q same as "CTRL-W q" |CTRL-W_CTRL-R| CTRL-W CTRL-R same as "CTRL-W r" |CTRL-W_CTRL-S| CTRL-W CTRL-S same as "CTRL-W s" |CTRL-W_CTRL-T| CTRL-W CTRL-T same as "CTRL-W t" |CTRL-W_CTRL-W| CTRL-W CTRL-W same as "CTRL-W w" |CTRL-W_CTRL-X| CTRL-W CTRL-X same as "CTRL-W x" |CTRL-W_CTRL-]| CTRL-W CTRL-] same as "CTRL-W ]" |CTRL-W_CTRL-^| CTRL-W CTRL-^ same as "CTRL-W ^" |CTRL-W_CTRL-_| CTRL-W CTRL-_ same as "CTRL-W _" |CTRL-W_+| CTRL-W + increase current window height N lines |CTRL-W_-| CTRL-W - decrease current window height N lines |CTRL-W_=| CTRL-W = make all windows the same height |CTRL-W_R| CTRL-W R rotate windows upwards N times |CTRL-W_S| CTRL-W S same as "CTRL-W s" |CTRL-W_W| CTRL-W W go to N previous window (wrap around) |CTRL-W_]| CTRL-W ] split window and jump to tag under cursor |CTRL-W_^| CTRL-W ^ split current window and edit alternate file N |CTRL-W__| CTRL-W _ set current window height to N (default: very high) |CTRL-W_b| CTRL-W b go to bottom window |CTRL-W_c| CTRL-W c close current window (like ":close") |CTRL-W_d| CTRL-W d split window and jump to definition under the cursor |CTRL-W_f| CTRL-W f split window and edit filename under the cursor |CTRL-W_i| CTRL-W i split window and jump to declaration of identifier under the cursor |CTRL-W_j| CTRL-W j go to N next window (stop at last window) |CTRL-W_k| CTRL-W k go to N previous window (stop at first window) |CTRL-W_n| CTRL-W n open new window, N lines high |CTRL-W_o| CTRL-W o close all but current window (like ":only") |CTRL-W_p| CTRL-W p go to previous (last accessed) window |CTRL-W_q| CTRL-W q quit current window (like ":quit") |CTRL-W_r| CTRL-W r rotate windows downwards N times |CTRL-W_s| CTRL-W s split current window in two parts, new window N lines high |CTRL-W_t| CTRL-W t go to top window |CTRL-W_w| CTRL-W w go to N next window (wrap around) |CTRL-W_x| CTRL-W x exchange current window with window N (default: next window) |CTRL-W_| CTRL-W same as "CTRL-W j" |CTRL-W_| CTRL-W same as "CTRL-W k" 2.3 Square bracket commands *[* *]* tag char note action in Normal mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |[_CTRL-D| [_CTRL-D jump to first #define found in current and included files matching the word under the cursor, start searching at beginning of current file |[_CTRL-I| [_CTRL-I jump to first line in current and included files that contains the word under the cursor, start searching at beginning of current file |[#| [# 1 cursor to N previous unmatched #if, #else or #ifdef |[(| [( 1 cursor N times back to unmatched '(' |[star| [* 1 same as "[/" |[/| [/ 1 cursor to N previous start of a C comment |[D| [D list all defines found in current and included files matching the word under the cursor, start searching at beginning of current file |[I| [I list all lines found in current and included files that contain the word under the cursor, start searching at beginning of current file |[P| [P 2 same as "[p" |[[| [[ 1 cursor N sections backward |[]| [] 1 cursor N SECTIONS backward |[d| [d show first #define found in current and included files matching the word under the cursor, start searching at beginning of current file |[f| [f same as "gf" |[i| [i show first line found in current and included files that contains the word under the cursor, start searching at beginning of current file |[p| [p 2 like "P", but adjust indent to current line |[{| [{ 1 cursor N times back to unmatched '{' |[ [ 2 same as "[p" |]_CTRL-D| ]_CTRL-D jump to first #define found in current and included files matching the word under the cursor, start searching at cursor position |]_CTRL-I| ]_CTRL-I jump to first line in current and included files that contains the word under the cursor, start searching at cursor position |]#| ]# 1 cursor to N next unmatched #endif or #else |])| ]) 1 cursor N times forward to unmatched ')' |]star| ]* 1 same as "]/" |]/| ]/ 1 cursor to N next end of a C comment |]D| ]D list all #defines found in current and included files matching the word under the cursor, start searching at cursor position |]I| ]I list all lines found in current and included files that contain the word under the cursor, start searching at cursor position |]P| ]P 2 same as "[p" |][| ][ 1 cursor N SECTIONS forward |]]| ]] 1 cursor N sections forward |]d| ]d show first #define found in current and included files matching the word under the cursor, start searching at cursor position |]f| ]f same as "gf" |]i| ]i show first line found in current and included files that contains the word under the cursor, start searching at cursor position |]p| ]p 2 like "p", but adjust indent to current line |]}| ]} 1 cursor N times forward to unmatched '}' |] ] 2 same as "]p" 2.4 Commands starting with 'g' *g* tag char note action in Normal mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |g#| g# 1 like "#", but without using "\<" and "\>" |g$| g$ 1 when 'wrap' off go to rightmost character of the current line that is on the screen; when 'wrap' on go to the rightmost character of the current screen line |gstar| g* 1 like "*", but without using "\<" and "\>" |g0| g0 1 when 'wrap' off go to leftmost character of the current line that is on the screen; when 'wrap' on go to the leftmost character of the current screen line |gD| gD 1 goto definiton of word under the cursor in current file |gE| gE 1 go backwards to the end of the previous WORD |gI| gI 2 like "I", but always start in column 1 |gU| gU{motion} 2 make Nmove text uppercase |g^| g^ 1 when 'wrap' off go to leftmost non-white character of the current line that is on the screen; when 'wrap' on go to the leftmost non-white character of the current screen line |g_CTRL-G| g_CTRL-G show information about current cursor position |ga| ga print ascii value of character under the cursor |gd| gd 1 goto definiton of word under the cursor in current function |ge| ge 1 go backwards to the end of the previous word |gf| gf start editing the file whose name is under the cursor |gg| gg 1 cursor to line N, default first line |gj| gj 1 like "j", but when 'wrap' on go N screen lines down |gk| gk 1 like "k", but when 'wrap' on go N screen lines up |gq| gq{motion} 2 format Nmove text (same as "Q") |gs| gs goto sleep for N seconds (default 1) |gu| gu{motion} 2 make Nmove text lowercase |gv| gv reselect the previous Visual area |g~| g~{motion} 2 swap case for Nmove text |g| g 1 same as "gj" |g| g 1 same as "g$" |g| g 1 same as "g0" |g| g same as |g| g same as |g| g 1 same as "gk" 3. Visual mode *visual_index* ============== Most commands in Visual mode are the same as in Normal mode. The ones listed here are those that are different. tag command note action in Visual mode ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |v_CTRL-V| CTRL-V make Visual mode blockwise or stop Visual mode |v_CTRL-]| CTRL-] jump to highlighted tag |v_!| !{filter} 2 filter the highlighted lines through the external command {filter} |v_:| : start a command-line with the highlighted lines as a range |v_<| < 2 shift the highlighted lines one 'shiftwidth' left |v_=| = 2 filter the highlighted lines through the external program given with the 'equalprg' option |v_>| > 2 shift the highlighted lines one 'shiftwidth' right |v_A| A extend the highlighted area with a WORD |v_C| C 2 delete the highlighted lines and start insert |v_D| D 2 delete the highlighted lines |v_J| J 2 join the highlighted lines |v_K| K run 'keywordprg' on the highlighted text |v_P| P extend the highlighted text with a {} block |v_Q| Q 2 format the highlighted lines (obsolete) |v_R| R 2 delete the highlighted lines and start insert |v_S| S extend the highlighted text with a () block |v_U| U 2 make highlighted text uppercase |v_V| V make Visual mode linewise or stop Visual mode |v_X| X 2 delete the highlighted lines |v_Y| Y yank the highlighted lines |v_a| a extend the highlighted area with a word |v_c| c 2 delete the highlighted text and start insert |v_d| d 2 delete the highlighted text |v_gq| gq 2 format the highlighted lines |v_gv| gv exchange current and previous highlighted text |v_o| o move cursor to other end of hightlighted text |v_p| p extend the highlighted area with a paragraph |v_r| r 2 delete the highlighted text and start insert |v_s| s extend the highlighted area with a sentence |v_u| u 2 make highlighted text lowercase |v_v| v make Visual mode characterwise or stop Visual mode |v_x| x 2 delete the highlighted text |v_y| y yank the highlighted text |v_~| ~ 2 swap case for the highlighted text 4. Command-line editing *ex_edit_index* ======================= Get to the command-line with the ':', '!', '/' or '?' commands. Normal characters are inserted at the current cursor position. "Completion" below refers to context-sensitive completion. It will complete filenames, tags, commands etc. as appropriate. CTRL-@ not used |c_CTRL-A| CTRL-A do completion on the pattern in front of the cursor and insert all matches |c_CTRL-B| CTRL-B cursor to begin of command-line |c_CTRL-C| CTRL-C same as |c_CTRL-D| CTRL-D list completions that match the pattern in front of the cursor |c_CTRL-E| CTRL-E cursor to end of command-line CTRL-F not used CTRL-G not used |c_| delete the character in front of the cursor |c_digraph| {char1} {char2} enter digraph when 'digraph' is on |c_CTRL-H| CTRL-H same as |c_| if 'wildchar' is : Do completion on the pattern in front of the cursor |c_| same as CTRL-P |c_wildchar| 'wildchar' Do completion on the pattern in front of the cursor (default: ) |c_CTRL-I| CTRL-I same as |c_| same as |c_CTRL-J| CTRL-J same as |c_CTRL-K| CTRL-K {char1} {char2} enter digraph |c_CTRL-L| CTRL-L do completion on the pattern in front of the cursor and insert the longest common part |c_| execute entered command |c_| CTRL-M same as |c_CTRL-N| CTRL-N after using 'wildchar' with multiple matches: go to next match, otherwise: same as CTRL-O not used |c_CTRL-P| CTRL-P after using 'wildchar' with multiple matches: go to previous match, otherwise: same as |c_CTRL-Q| CTRL-Q same as CTRL-V (used for terminal control flow) |c_CTRL-R| CTRL-R <0-9a-z"%:> insert contents of register <0-9a-z"%:> CTRL-S (used for terminal control flow) CTRL-T not used |c_CTRL-U| CTRL-U remove all characters |c_CTRL-V| CTRL-V insert next non-digit literally, insert three digit decimal number as a single byte. |c_CTRL-W| CTRL-W delete the word in front of the cursor CTRL-X not used CTRL-Y not used CTRL-Z not used |c_| abandon command-line without executing it |c_| CTRL-[ same as CTRL-\ not used CTRL-] not used CTRL-^ not used |c_CTRL-_| CTRL-_ change languate (RIGHTLEFT) |c_| delete the character under the cursor |c_| recall next command-line from history that matches pattern in front of the cursor |c_| cursor to end of command-line |c_| cursor to start of command-line |c_| toggle insert/overstrike mode |c_| cursor left |c_| cursor at mouse click |c_| same as |c_| same as |c_| cursor right |c_| recall next command-line from history |c_| cursor one word left |c_| cursor one word right |c_| recall previous command-line from history |c_| recall previous command-line from history that matches pattern in front of the cursor 5. EX commands *ex_cmd_index* ============== This is a brief listing of all the ":" commands, without mentioning any arguments. |:!| :! filter lines or execute an external command |:!!| :!! repeat last ":!" command |:#| :# same as ":number" |:&| :& repeat last ":substitute" |:<| :< shift lines one 'shiftwidth' left |:=| := print the cursor line number |:>| :> shift lines one 'shiftwidth' right |:@| :@ execute contents of a register |:@@| :@@ repeat the previous ":@" |:Next| :N[ext] go to previous file in the argument list |:append| :a[ppend] append text (not implemented) |:abbreviate| :ab[breviate] enter abbreviation |:abclear| :abc[lear] remove all abbreviations |:all| :al[l] open a window for each file in the argument list |:args| :ar[gs] print the argument list |:argument| :argu[ment] go to specific file in the argument list |:ascii| :a[scii] print ascii value of character under the cursor |:autocmd| :au[tocmd] enter or show autocommands |:buffer| :b[uffer] go to specific buffer in the buffer list |:bNext| :bN[ext] go to next buffer in the buffer list |:ball| :ba[ll] open a window for each file in the buffer list |:bdelete| :bd[elete] delete specific files from the buffer list |:blast| :bl[ast] go to last file in the buffer list |:bmodified| :bm[odified] go to next file in the buffer list that has been modified |:bnext| :bn[ext] go to next file in the buffer list |:bprevious| :bp[revious] go to previous file in the buffer list |:brewind| :br[ewind] go to last file in the buffer list |:buffers| :buffers list all files in the buffer list |:bunload| :bun[load] unload a specific buffer |:change| :c[hange] replace a line (not implemented) |:cNext| :cN[ext] go to previous error |:cabbrev| :ca[bbrev] like ":abbreviate" but for command-line mode |:cabclear| :cabc[lear] clear all abbreviations for command-line mode |:cc| :cc go to specific error |:cd| :cd change directory |:center| :ce[nter] format lines at the center |:cfile| :cf[ile] read the file with error messages |:chdir| :chd[ir] change directory |:checkpath| :che[ckpath] list included files |:clist| :cl[ist] list all errors |:close| :clo[se] close current window |:cmap| :cm[ap] like ":map" but for command-line mode |:cmapclear| :cmapc[lear] clear all mappings for command-line mode |:cnext| :cn[ext] go to next error |:cnoremap| :cno[remap] like ":noremap" but for command-line mode |:cnoreabbrev| :cnorea[bbrev] like ":noreabbrev" but for command-line mode |:copy| :co[py] copy lines |:cprevious| :cp[revious] go to previous error |:cquit| :cq[uit] quit Vim with an error code |:cunmap| :cu[nmap] like ":unmap" but for command-line mode |:cunabbrev| :cuna[bbrev] like ":unabbrev" but for command-line mode |:delete| :d[elete] delete lines |:display| :di[splay] display registers |:digraphs| :dig[raphs] show or enter digraphs |:djump| :dj[ump] jump to #define |:dlist| :dl[ist] list #defines |:doautocmd| :do[autocmd] apply autocommands |:dsearch| :ds[earch] list one #define |:dsplit| :dsp[lit] split window and jump to #define |:edit| :e[dit] edit a file |:endif| :en[dif] end previous :if |:ex| :ex same as ":edit" |:exit| :exi[t] same as ":xit" |:file| :f[ile] show or set the current file name |:files| :files list all files in the buffer list |:fixdel| :fix[del] set key code of |:global| :g[lobal] execute commands for matching lines |:gui| :gu[i] start the GUI |:gvim| :gv[im] start the GUI |:help| :h[elp] open a help window |:if| :if ignore all commands until matching :endif |:insert| :i[nsert] insert text (not implemented) |:iabbrev| :ia[bbrev] like ":abbrev" but for Insert mode |:iabclear| :iabc[lear] like ":abclear" but for Insert mode |:ijump| :ij[ump] jump to definition of identifier |:ilist| :il[ist] list lines where identifier matches |:imap| :im[ap] like ":map" but for Insert mode |:imapclear| :imapc[lear] like ":mapclear" but for Insert mode |:inoremap| :ino[remap] like ":noremap" but for Insert mode |:inoreabbrev| :inorea[bbrev] like ":noreabbrev" but for Insert mode |:isearch| :is[earch] list one line where identifier matches |:isplit| :isp[lit] split window and jump to definition of identifier |:iunmap| :iu[nmap] like ":unmap" but for Insert mode |:iunabbrev| :iuna[bbrev] like ":unabbrev" but for Insert mode |:join| :j[oin] join lines |:jumps| :ju[mps] print the jump list |:k| :k set a mark |:list| :l[ist] print lines |:last| :la[st] go to the last file in the argument list |:left| :le[ft] left align lines |:ls| :ls list all buffers |:move| :m[ove] move lines |:mark| :ma[rk] set a mark |:make| :mak[e] execute external command 'makeprg' and parse error messages |:map| :map show or enter a mapping |:mapclear| :mapc[lear] clear all mappings for Normal and Visual mode |:marks| :marks list all marks |:menu| :me[nu] enter a new menu item |:mkexrc| :mk[exrc] write current mappings and settings to a file |:mkvimrc| :mkv[imrc] write current mappings and settings to a file |:mode| :mod[e] show or change the screen mode |:next| :n[ext] go to next file in the argument list |:new| :new create a new empty window |:nmap| :nm[ap] like ":map" but for Normal mode |:nmapclear| :nmapc[lear] clear all mappings for Normal mode |:nnoremap| :nn[oremap] like ":noremap" but for Normal mode |:noremap| :no[remap] enter a mapping that will not be remapped |:noreabbrev| :norea[bbrev] enter an abbreviation that will not be remapped |:normal| :norm[al] execute Normal mode commands |:number| :nu[mber] print lines with line number |:nunmap| :nun[map] like ":unmap" but for Normal mode |:open| :o[pen] start open mode (not implemented) |:only| :on[ly] close all windows except current one |:print| :p[rint] print lines |:pop| :po[p] jump to older entry in tag stack |:preserve| :pre[serve] write all text to swap file |:previous| :prev[ious] go to previous file in argument list |:put| :pu[t] insert contents of register in the text |:pwd| :pw[d] print current directory |:quit| :q[uit] quit current window or Vim |:qall| :qa[ll] quit Vim |:read| :r[ead] read file into the text |:recover| :rec[over] recover a file from a swap file |:redo| :red[o] redo one undone change |:registers| :reg[isters] display the contents of registers |:resize| :res[ize] change current window height |:retab| :ret[ab] change tab size |:rewind| :rew[ind] go to the first file in the argument list |:right| :ri[ght] right align text |:rviminfo| :rv[iminfo] read from viminfo file |:substitute| :s[ubstitute] find and replace text |:sNext| :sN[ext] split window and go to previous file in argument list |:sargument| :sa[rgument] split window and go to specific file in argument list |:sall| :sal[l] open a window for each file in argument list |:sbuffer| :sb[uffer] split window and go to specific file in the buffer list |:sbNext| :sbN[ext] split window and go to previous file in the buffer list |:sball| :sba[ll] open a window for each file in the buffer list |:sblast| :sbl[ast] split window and go to last file in buffer list |:sbmodified| :sbm[odified] split window and go to modified file in the buffer list |:sbnext| :sbn[ext] split window and go to next file in the buffer list |:sbprevious| :sbp[revious] split window and go to previous file in the buffer list |:sbrewind| :sbr[ewind] split window and go to first file in the buffer list |:set| :se[t] show or set options |:shell| :sh[ell] escape to a shell |:sleep| :sl[eep] do nothing for a few seconds |:slast| :sla[st] split window and go to last file in the argument list |:snext| :sn[ext] split window and go to next file in the argument list |:source| :so[urce] read Vim or Ex commands from a file |:split| :sp[lit] split current window |:sprevious| :spr[evious] split window and go to previous file in the argument list |:srewind| :sr[ewind] split window and go to first file in the argument list |:stop| :st[op] suspend the editor or escape to a shell |:stag| :sta[g] split window and jump to a tag |:sunhide| :sun[hide] same as ":unhide" |:suspend| :sus[pend] same as ":stop" |:sview| :sv[iew] split window and edit file read-only |:swapname| :sw[apname] show the name of the current swap file |:t| :t same as ":copy" |:tag| :ta[g] jump to tag |:tags| :tags show the contents of the tag stack |:undo| :u[ndo] undo last change(s) |:unabbreviate| :una[bbreviate] remove abbreviation |:unhide| :unh[ide] open a window for each loaded file in the buffer list |:unmap| :unm[ap] remove mapping |:version| :ve[rsion] print version number and other info |:vglobal| :v[global] execute commands for not matching lines |:visual| :vi[sual] same as ":edit" |:view| :vie[w] edit a file read-only |:vmap| :vm[ap] like ":map" but for Visual mode |:vmapclear| :vmapc[lear] remove all mappings for Visual mode |:vnoremap| :vn[oremap] like ":noremap" but for Visual mode |:vunmap| :vu[nmap] like ":unmap" but for Visual mode |:write| :w[rite] write to a file |:wNext| :wN[ext] write to a file and go to previous file in argument list |:wall| :wa[ll] write all (changed) buffers |:wnext| :wn[ext] write to a file and go to next file in argument list |:wprevious| :wp[revious] write to a file and go to previous file in argument list |:wq| :wq write to a file and quit window or Vim |:wqall| :wqa[ll] write all changed buffers and quit Vim |:wviminfo| :wv[iminfo] write to viminfo file |:xit| :x[it] write if buffer changed and quit window or Vim |:xall| :xa[ll] same as ":wqall" |:yank| :y[ank] yank lines into a register |:z| :z print some lines (not implemented) |:~| :~ repeat last ":substitute" 07070100000f0d000081a400000064000000640000000132f508110000198d000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_kcc.txt*vim_kcc.txt* *uganda* *copying* Vim is Charityware. You can use and copy it as much as you like, but you are encouraged to make a donation to orphans in Uganda. See below. If you include Vim on a CD-ROM, I would like to receive a copy. Just so I know which Vim distributions exists in the world (and to show off to my friends :-)). If you distribute a modified version of Vim, you must send me a copy, including the source code. Or make it available to me through ftp; let me know where I can find it. If the number of changes is small (e.g., a modified Makefile) e-mailing me the diffs will do. I preserve the right to include any changes in the official version of Vim. It is not allowed to distribute a modified version of Vim without making the source code available to me. It is not allowed to remove these restrictions from the distribution of the Vim sources. If you are happy with Vim, please express that by reading the rest of this file. KCC is located in Kibaale, a small town in the south of Uganda, near Tanzania. The area is known as Rakai District. The population is mostly farmers. Although people are poor, there is enough food. But this district is suffering from AIDS more than any other part of the world. Some say that it started there. Estimations are that 10 to 30% of the Ugandans are infected with HIV. Because parents die, there are many orphans. In this district about 60.000 children have lost one or both parents, out of a population of 350.000. And this is still continuing. The children need a lot of help. The Kibaale Children Centre is working hard to provide the needy with food, medical care and education. Food and medical care to keep them healthy now, and education so that they can take care of themselves in the future. KCC works on a Christian base, but help is given to children of any religion. The key to solving the problems in this area is education. This has been neglected in the past years with president Idi Amin and the following civil wars. Now that the government is stable again the children and parents have to learn how to take care of themselves and how to avoid infections. There is also help for people who are ill and hungry, but the primary goal is to prevent people from getting ill and to learn how to grow healthy food. Most of the orphans are living in an extended family. An uncle or older sister is taking care of them. Because these families are big and the income (if any) is low, a child is lucky if it gets healthy food. Clothes, medical care and schooling is beyond its reach. To help these needy children a sponsorship program was put into place. A child can be financially adopted. For a few dollars a month KCC sees to it that the child gets indispensable items, is healthy, goes to school and KCC takes care of anything else that needs to be done for the child and the family that supports him. Besides helping the child directly, the environment where the child grows up needs to be improved. KCC helps schools to improve their teaching methods. There is a demonstration school at the centre and teacher trainings are given. Health workers are being trained, hygiene education is carried out and households are stimulated to build a proper latrine. I helped setting up a production site for cement slabs. These are used to built a good latrine. They are sold at a very low price. A few times a week a health team goes out into small villages to do immunization, treatment and education. KCC is the only organization in the area that can provide the transport for this. Patients would otherwise have to travel hours by bicycle, if they have one. There is no ambulance in the area and they don't have money to hire a taxi (if there is one). For most people KCC is the only help they can get. Summer 1994 to summer 1995 I spent a whole year at the centre, working as a volunteer. I have helped to expand the centre and worked in the area of water and sanitation. Now that I'm back in Holland, I would like to continue supporting KCC. To do this I'm raising funds and organizing the sponsorship program. Please consider one of these options: 1. Sponsor a child: $15 a month. (Holland: fl 25) 2. Sponsor a child and the improvement of its environment: $25 a month (Holland: fl 40) 3. Sponsor the health team: Any amount a month or per quarter 4. A one-time donation Compared with other organizations that do child sponsorship the amounts are very low. This is because the money goes directly to the centre. Less than 5% is used for administration. This is possible because this is a small organization that works with volunteers. If you would like to sponsor a child, you should have the intention to do this for at least one year. How do you know that the money will be spent right? First of all you have my personal guarantee as the author of Vim. I trust the people that are working at the centre, I know them personally. Further more the centre is co-sponsored and inspected by World Vision, Save the Children Fund and International Child Care Fund. If you have any further questions, send me e-mail: mool@oce.nl. The director of the centre is: Sekaran Vellasamy p.o. box 1658 Masaka, Uganda, East Africa Sending money: USA and Canada: Contact ICCF in Vancouver. You can send them a one time donation directly. Ask for information about sponsorship. International Child Care Fund 3456 Fraser street Vancouver, B.C. V5V 4C4 Canada Fax: 604-8761448 Holland: Use one of my accounts: Rabobank Venlo, nr. 3765.05.117 Postbank, nr. 1644503 Europe: To avoid banking costs the best thing is to send me a Eurocheque, written out to "Bram Moolenaar" in Dutch Guilders (fl). But any other method should work. Ask for information about sponsorship. stichting ICCF Holland Bram Moolenaar Clematisstraat 30 5925 BE Venlo The Netherlands. Others: Transfer the money to one of my accounts if possible. Otherwise, send a cheque in US dollars to the above address. Minimal amount: $70 (my bank does not accept smaller amounts for foreign cheques) Bram Moolenaar 07070100000f0e000081a400000064000000640000000132f50811000001f0000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_mac.txt*vim_mac.txt* For Vim version 3.0. Last modification: 1996 May 22 There was a Mac port for version 3.0 of Vim. Unfortunately 4.0 has not been ported yet. I hope it will be available at a later time. This file will be included then. Here are the first few lines from the old file: VIM Release Notes Initial Macintosh release, VIM version 3.0 19 October 1994 Eric Fischer enf1@midway.uchicago.edu, eric@jcp.uchicago.edu, etaoin@uchicago.edu 5759 N. Guilford Ave Indianapolis IN 46220 USA 07070100000f0f000081a400000064000000640000000132f50811000008f5000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_menu.txt" *vim_menu.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Oct 12 " " These menu commands should recreate the default Vim menus. " You can use this as a start for your own set of menus. " The colons at the start of each line are just to indicate these are colon " commands, they could be omitted. " If the and string appear literally in the output of ":menu", you " need to remove the '<' flag from 'cpoptions' |'cpoptions'| " First remove any menus that are currently present :unmenu * :unmenu! * " Help menu " Note that the help commands use to leave Insert/Visual/Command-line " mode :nnoremenu Help.Overview\ \ :help :vnoremenu Help.Overview\ \ :help :noremenu! Help.Overview\ \ :help :nnoremenu Help.How\ to\.\.\. :help how_to :vnoremenu Help.How\ to\.\.\. :help how_to :noremenu! Help.How\ to\.\.\. :help how_to :nnoremenu Help.GUI :help gui :vnoremenu Help.GUI :help gui :noremenu! Help.GUI :help gui :nnoremenu Help.Version :version :vnoremenu Help.Version :version :noremenu! Help.Version :version :nnoremenu Help.Credits :help credits :vnoremenu Help.Credits :help credits :noremenu! Help.Credits :help credits :nnoremenu Help.Copying :help uganda :vnoremenu Help.Copying :help uganda :noremenu! Help.Copying :help uganda " File menu :nnoremenu File.Save\ \ \ \ \ \ \ :w :w :inoremenu File.Save\ \ \ \ \ \ \ :w :w :nnoremenu File.Close\ \ \ \ \ \ :q :q :vnoremenu File.Close\ \ \ \ \ \ :q :q :noremenu! File.Close\ \ \ \ \ \ :q :q :nnoremenu File.Quit\ \ \ \ \ \ \ :qa :qa :vnoremenu File.Quit\ \ \ \ \ \ \ :qa :qa :noremenu! File.Quit\ \ \ \ \ \ \ :qa :qa :nnoremenu File.Save-Quit\ \ :wqa :wqa :vnoremenu File.Save-Quit\ \ :wqa :wqa :noremenu! File.Save-Quit\ \ :wqa :wqa " Edit menu :nnoremenu Edit.Undo u :nnoremenu Edit.Redo :vnoremenu Edit.Cut x :vnoremenu Edit.Copy y :nnoremenu Edit.Put\ Before [p :inoremenu Edit.Put\ Before [p :nnoremenu Edit.Put\ After ]p :inoremenu Edit.Put\ After ]p :nnoremenu Edit.Paste i* :noremenu! Edit.Paste * 07070100000f10000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081100000515000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_mint.txt*vim_mint.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification 1996 June 11 This file contains the particularities for the Atari MiNT version of Vim. For compiling Vim on the Atari running MiNT see "INSTALL" and "Makefile" in the src directory. Vim for MiNT behaves almost exactly like the Unix version. The Unix behavior described in the documentation also refers to the MiNT version of Vim unless explicitly stated otherwise. For wildcard expansion of <~> (home directory) you need a shell that expands the tilde. The vanilla Bourne shell doesn't recognize it. With csh and ksh it should work OK. The MiNT version of vim needs the termcap file /etc/termcap with the terminal capabilities of your terminal. Builtin termcaps are supported for the vt52 terminal. Termcap entries for the TOSWIN window manager and the virtual console terminals have been appended to the termcap file that comes with the Vim disrribution. If you should encounter problems with swapped and keys, see |:fixdel|. Because terminal updating under MiNT is often slow (e.g. serial line terminal), the 'showcommand' and 'ruler' options are default off. If you have a fast terminal, try setting them on. You might also want to set 'ttyfast'. Send bug reports to Jens M. Felderhoff, e-mail: jmf@infko.uni-koblenz.de 07070100000f11000081a400000064000000640000000132f50811000014f7000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_os2.txt*vim_os2.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 17 This file contains the particularities for the OS/2 version of Vim. NOTE This OS/2 port works well for me and a couple of other OS/2 users; however, since I haven't had much feedback, that either means no (OS/2-specific) bugs exist (besides the ones mentioned below), or no one has yet created a situation in which any bugs are apparent. Report any problems or other comments to paul@wau.mis.ah.nl (email valid up to at least November 1996, after that try paul@wurtel.demon.nl, paul@murphy.nl, or paulS@toecompst.nl). Textmode/notextmode, binary mode, and FAT handling all seem to work well, which would seem to be the most likely places for trouble. A known problem is that files opened by Vim are inherited by other programs that are started via a shell escape from within Vim. This specifically means that Vim won't be able to remove the swap file(s) associated with buffers open at the time the other program was started, until the other program is stopped. At that time, the swap file may be removed, but if Vim could not do that the first time, it won't be removed at all. You'll get warnings that some other Vim session may be editing the file when you start Vim up again on that file. This can be reproduced with ":!start epm". Now quit Vim, and start Vim again with the file that was in the buffer at the time epm was started. I'm working on this! A second problem is that Vim doesn't understand the situation when using it when accessing the OS/2 system via the network, e.g. using telnet from a Unix system, and then starting Vim. This will be looked into as soon as I get my network running with OS/2... In the meantime any help will be appreciated. PREREQUISITES To run Vim, you need the emx runtime environment (at least rev. 0.9b). This is generally available as (ask Archie about it): emxrt.zip emx runtime package I've included a copy of emx.dll, which should be copied to one of the directories listed in your LIBPATH. Emx is GPL'ed, but the emx.dll library is not (read COPYING.EMX to find out what that means to you). This emx.dll is from the emxfix04.zip package, which unfortunately has a bug, eh, I mean a POSIX feature, in select(). Versions of Vim before 3.27 will appear to hang when starting (actually, while processing vimrc). Hit return a couple of times until Vim starts working if this happens. Next, get an up to date version of Vim! HELP AND VIMRC FILE The VIM environment variable is used to find the location of the help files and the system .vimrc. Place an entry such as this in CONFIG.SYS: SET VIM=c:/local/lib/vim and copy all the vim_*.txt files and .vimrc to that directory. Vim will then be able to find them. Note: .vimrc may also be called _vimrc to accommodate those who have chosen to install OS/2 on a FAT file system. Vim first tries to find .vimrc and if that fails, looks for _vimrc in the same place. If you're using network drives with OS/2, then you can install Vim on a network drive (including .vimrc; this is then called the "system" vimrc file), and then use a personal copy of .vimrc (the "user" vimrc file). This should be located in a directory indicated by the HOME environment variable. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES IN FILE NAMES This HOME environment variable is also used when using ~ in file names, so ":e ~/textfile" will edit the file "textfile" in the directory referred to by HOME. Additionally you can use other environment variables in file names, as as ":n $SRC/*.c". The HOME environment variable is also used to locate the .viminfo file (see |viminfo_file|). There is no support yet for .viminfo on FAT file systems yet, sorry. You could try the -i startup flag (as in "vim -i $HOME/_viminfo") however. If the HOME environment variable is not set, the value "C:/" is used as a default. BACKSLASHES Using slashes ('/') and backslashes ('\') can be a bit of a problem (see vim_dos.txt for more explanation), but in almost all cases Vim does "The Right Thing". Vim itself uses backslashes in file names, but will happily accept forward slashes if they are entered (in fact, often that works better!). TEMP FILES Temporary files (for filtering) are put in the first directory in the next list that exists and where a file can be created: $TMP $TEMP C:\TMP C:\TEMP current directory TERMINAL SETTING Use "os2ansi" as the TERM environment variable (or don't set it at all, as the default is the correct value). You can set term to os2ansi in the .vimrc, in case you need TERM to be a different value for other applications. The problem is that OS/2 ANSI emulation is quite limited (it doesn't have insert / delete line, for example). If you want to use a different value for TERM (because of other programs, for example), make sure that the termcap entry for that TERM value has the appropriate key mappings. The termcap.dat distributed with emx does not always have them. Here are some suitable values to add to the termcap entry of your choice; these allow the cursor keys and the named function keys (such as pagedown) to work. :ku=\316H:kd=\316P:kl=\316K:kr=\316M:%i=\316t:#4=\316s:\ :kD=\316S:kI=\316R:kN=\316Q:kP=\316I:kh=\316G:@7=\316O:\ :k1=\316;:k2=\316<:k3=\316=:k4=\316>:k5=\316?:k6=\316@:\ :k7=\316A:k8=\316B:k9=\316C:k;=\316D: Paul Slootman vim:ts=8:tw=78: 07070100000f12000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081200068441000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_ref.txt*vim_ref.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Oct 2 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL By Bram Moolenaar There is a contents listing at the end of this document. This manual mostly assumes that there is only one window. The commands and options for multiple windows and buffers are explained in |vim_win.txt|. This manual describes running Vim from a normal terminal or with a terminal emulator in a window. See |vim_gui.txt| for the GUI version. You can use tags to jump to the explanation of a subject. Position the cursor on an item name between bars (e.g., |intro|) or an option name in single quotes (e.g., 'textwidth' ) and hit CTRL-]. This mostly also works on a command in double quotes (e.g., ":buf"). Three special characters in the names of the tags are not allowed. They have been replaced with letters: "bar" for '|', "star" for '*', and "quote" for '"'. tag starts with example Normal and Visual mode nothing |x| Visual mode "v_" |v_u| Insert mode "i_" |i_| Command line commands ":" |:quit| Command line editing "c_" |c_| Vim command options "-" |-r| Vim options "'" |'shell'| 1. Introduction *intro* =============== Vim stands for Vi IMproved. It used to be Vi IMitation, but there are so many improvements that a name change was appropriate. Vim is a text editor which includes almost all the commands from the Unix program "Vi" and a lot of new ones. It is very useful for editing programs and other 8-bit ASCII text. All commands are given with the keyboard. This has the advantage that you can keep your fingers on the keyboard and your eyes on the screen. For those who want it, there is mouse support and a GUI version with scrollbars and menus (see |vim_gui.txt|). Throughout this manual the differences between Vi and Vim are mentioned in curly braces. See |vim_diff.txt| for a summary of the differences. This manual refers to Vim on various machines. There may be small differences between different computers and terminals. Besides the remarks given in this document, there is a separate document for each supported system: system see Amiga |vim_ami.txt| Archimedes |vim_arch.txt| Atari MiNT |vim_mint.txt| Macintosh |vim_mac.txt| MS-DOS |vim_dos.txt| OS/2 |vim_os2.txt| Unix |vim_unix.txt| Win32: Windows NT / Windows 95 |vim_w32.txt| This manual is a reference for all the Vim commands and options. This is not an introduction to the use of Vim. There are many books on vi that contain a section for beginners. A summary of this manual can be found in the file "vim_help.txt", |vim_help.txt|. It can be accessed from within Vim with the or key and with the command ":help", |:help|. The 'helpfile' option can be set to the name of the help file, so you can put it in any place you like. 2. Notation *notation* =========== [] Characters in square brackets are optional. *count* [count] An optional number that may precede the command to multiply or iterate the command. If no number is given, a count of one is used, unless otherwise noted. Note that in this manual the [count] is not mentioned in the description of the command, but only in the explanation. This was done to make the commands easier to lookup. If the "sc" option is on (|'showcmd'|), the (partially) entered count is shown at the bottom of the window. You can use to erase the last digit (|N|). ["x] An optional register designation where text can be stored. See |registers|. The x is a single character between 'a' and 'z' or 'A' and 'Z' or '"', and in some cases (with the put command) between '0' and '9', '%', ':', or '.'. The uppercase and lowercase letters designate the same register, but the lowercase letter is used to overwrite the previous register contents, while the uppercase letter is used to append to the previous register contents. Without the ""x" or with """", the stored text is put into the unnamed register. {} Curly braces denote parts of the command which must appear, but which can take a number of different values. The differences between Vim and Vi are also given in curly braces (this will be clear from the context). *{motion}* {motion} A command that moves the cursor. See the list in chapter 6, |cursor_motions|. This is used after an operator command |operator| to move over the text that is to be operated upon. If the motion includes a count and the operator also had a count, the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w" deletes six words. The motion can also be a mouse click. The mouse is currently only supported for MS-DOS, Win32 and xterm under Unix. *{Visual}* {Visual} A piece of text that is started with the "v", "V", or CTRL-V command and ended by the cursor position. This is used before an operator command |operator| to highlight the text that is to be operated upon. See the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|. A special character from the table below or a single ASCII character. 'character' A single ASCII character. A single character from the range to . For example: is a lowercase letter. Multiple ranges may be concatenated. For example, is any alphanumeric character. CTRL-{char} {char} typed as a control character; that is, typing {char} while holding the CTRL key down. The case of {char} does not matter; thus CTRL-A and CTRL-a are equivalent. But on some terminals, using the SHIFT key will produce another code, don't use it then. 'option' An option, or parameter, that can be set to a value, is enclosed in single quotes. See chapter 19, |options|. "command" In examples, the commands you can type are enclosed in double quotes. *key_notation* notation meaning equivalent decimal value(s) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- zero CTRL-@ 0 (stored as 10) backspace CTRL-H 8 *backspace* tab CTRL-I 9 *tab* *linefeed* linefeed CTRL-J 10 (used for ) *carriage return* carriage return CTRL-M 13 escape CTRL-[ 27 *escape* space 32 *space* delete 127 cursor-up *cursor-up* *cursor_up* cursor-down *cursor-down* *cursor_down* cursor-left *cursor-left* *cursor_left* cursor-right *cursor-right* *cursor_right* shift-cursor-up shift-cursor-down shift-cursor-left shift-cursor-right - function keys 1 to 12 *function_key* *function-key* - shift-function keys 1 to 12 help key undo key insert key home *home* end *end* page-up *page_up* *page-up* page-down *page_down* *page-down* keypad home (upper left) *keypad_home* keypad end (lower left) *keypad_end* keypad page-up (upper right) *keypad_page_up* keypad page-down (lower right) *keypad_page_down* shift-key *shift* control-key *control* *ctrl* alt-key or meta-key *meta* *alt* key with "xx" entry in termcap ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: The shifted cursor keys, the help key, and the undo key are only available on a few terminals. On the Amiga, shifted function key 10 produces a code (CSI) that is also used by key sequences. It will be recognized only after typing another key. Note: There are two codes for the delete key. 127 is the decimal ASCII value for the delete key, which is always recognized. Some delete keys send another value, in which case this value is obtained from the termcap entry "kD". Both values have the same effect. Also see |:fixdel|. Note: The keypad keys are used in the same way as the corresponding "normal" keys. For example, has the same effect as . If a keypad key sends the same raw key code as it non-keypad equivalent, it will be recognized as the non-keypad code. For example, when sends the same code as , when pressing Vim will think was pressed. Mapping will not work then. *<>* Some of the examples are given in the <> notation. The rules are: 1. Any printable characters are typed directly, except backslash and '<' 2. A backslash is represented with "\\", double backslash. 3. A real '<' is represented with "\<". 4. "" means the special key typed. This is the notation explained in the table above. A few examples: Escape key CTRL-G cursor up key Control- left mouse click Shifted function key 11 Meta- a ('a' with bit 8 set) Meta- A ('A' with bit 8 set) "kd" termcap entry (cursor down key) If you want to use the full <> notation in Vim, you have to remove the 'B' flag from 'cpoptions' and make sure the '<' flag is excluded (it already is by default). :set cpo=ceFs If you have the 'B' flag in 'cpoptions', then <> notation mostly still works, but you can't escape the special meaning of key names in <> with a backslash. To distinguish using <> with and without the 'B' flag, it's called full <> notation if the 'B' flag is excluded. For mapping, abbreviation and menu commands you can then copy-paste the examples and use them directly. Or type them literally, including the '<' and '>' characters. This does NOT work for other commands, like ":set" and ":autocmd"! 3. Starting Vim *starting* =============== 3.1 Vim arguments *vim_arguments* Most often, Vim is started to edit a single file with the command vim file *-vim* More generally, Vim is started with: vim [options] [arglist] If the arglist is missing, the editor will start with an empty buffer. Otherwise exactly one out of the following three may be used to choose one or more files to be edited. *-file* *--* file .. A list of file names. The first one will be the current file and read into the buffer. The cursor will be positioned on the first line of the buffer. To avoid a file name starting with a '-' being interpreted as an option, precede the arglist with "--", e.g.: Vim -- -filename *-t* *-tag* -t {tag} A tag. "tag" is looked up in the tags file, the associated file becomes the current file, and the associated command is executed. Mostly this is used for C programs. In that case, "tag" should be a function name. The effect is that the file containing that function becomes the current file and the cursor is positioned on the start of the function (see the section on tags, |tags|). *-e* *-qf* -e [errorfile] QuickFix mode. The file with the name [errorfile] is read and the first error is displayed. If [errorfile] is not given, the 'errorfile' option is used for the file name (default "AztecC.Err" for the Amiga, "errors.vim" for other systems). See section 5.5: "using the QuickFix mode", |quickfix|. {not in Vi} *startup-options* The options, if present, must precede the arglist. The options may be given in any order. Single-letter options can be combined after one dash. *-+* +[num] The cursor will be positioned on line "num" for the first file being edited. If "num" is missing, the cursor will be positioned on the last line. *-+/* +/{pat} The cursor will be positioned on the first line containing "pat" in the first file being edited (see the section "pattern searches" for the available search patterns, |search_pattern|). +{command} *-+c* *-c* -c {command} "command" will be executed after the first file has been read (and after autocommands and modelines for that file have been processed). "command" is interpreted as an Ex command. If the "command" contains spaces, it must be enclosed in double quotes (this depends on the shell that is used). Example: vim "+set si" main.c Note: You can use only one "+" or "-c" argument in a Vim command. *-r* -r Recovery mode. Without a file name argument, a list of existing swap files is given. With a file name, a swap file is read to recover a crashed editing session. See the chapter "Recovery after a crash", |crash_recovery|. *-L* -L Same as -r. {only in some versions of Vi: "List recoverable edit sessions"} *-v* -v View mode. The 'readonly' option will be set for all the files being edited. You can still edit the buffer, but will be prevented from accidentally overwriting a file. If you forgot that you are in View mode and did make some changes, you can overwrite a file by adding an exclamation mark to the Ex command, as in ":w!". The 'readonly' option can be reset with ":set noro" (see the options chapter, |options|). Subsequent edits will not be done in readonly mode. Calling the executable "view" has the same effect as the -v option. If your system does not support links and you do not want to have the executable twice, you could make an alias: "alias view vim -v". The 'updatecount' option will be set to 10000, meaning that the swap file will not be updated automatically very often. {Vi: "ex -v" means to start ex in vi mode. "vi -v" does nothing} *-R* -R Readonly mode. Same as -v. *-b* -b Binary mode. The 'textauto', 'textmode', and 'expandtab' options will be reset. The 'textwidth' option is set to 0. 'modeline' is reset. The 'binary' option is set. This is done after reading the vimrc/exrc files but before reading any file in the arglist. See also 5.6: "Editing binary files", |edit_binary|. {not in Vi} *-l* -l Lisp mode. Sets the 'lisp' and 'showmatch' options on. *-H* -H Hebrew mode. Sets the 'hkmap' and 'rightleft' options on. (Only when compiled with LEFTRIGHT defined, otherwise Vim gives an error message and exits). {not in Vi} *-n* -n No swap file will be used. Recovery after a crash will be impossible. Handy if you want to view or edit a file on a very slow medium (e.g., a floppy). Can also be done with ":set updatecount=0". You can switch it on again by setting the 'updatecount' option to some value, e.g., ":set uc=100". {not in Vi} *-o* -o[N] Open N windows. If [N] is not given, one window is opened for every file given as argument. If there is not enough room, only the first few files get a window. If there are more windows than arguments, the last few windows will be editing an empty file. {not in Vi} *-T* -T {terminal} Set the terminal type to "terminal". This influences the codes that Vim will send to your terminal. This is normally not needed, because Vim will be able to find out what type of terminal you are using (See chapter 20, |terminal_info|). {not in Vi} *-d* -d {device} Amiga only: The "device" is opened to be used for editing. Normally you would use this to set the window position and size: "-d con:x/y/width/height", e.g., "-d con:30/10/600/150". But you can also use it to start editing on another device, e.g., AUX:. {not in Vi} *-x* -x Amiga only: Do not restart Vim to open a new window. This option should be used when Vim is started by a program that will wait for the edit session to finish (e.g., mail or readnews). See section 3.3, |amiga_window|. {not in Vi} *-f* -f GUI only: Do not disconnect from the program that started Vim. 'f' stands for "foreground". If omitted, the GUI forks a new process and exits the current one. "-f" should be used when gvim is started by a program that will wait for the edit session to finish (e.g., mail or readnews). If you want gvim never to fork, include 'f' in 'guioptions'. Careful: You can use "-gf" to start the GUI in the foreground, but "-fg" is used to specify the foreground color. {not in Vi} |gui_fork| *-u* -u {vimrc} The file "vimrc" is read for initializations. Other initializations are skipped; see |initialization|. This can be used to start Vim in a special mode, with special mappings and settings. A shell alias can be used to make this easy to use. For example: "alias vimc vim -u ~/.c_vimrc !*". Also consider using autocommands; see |autocommand|. When {vimrc} is equal to "NONE" (all uppercase), all initializations from files and environment variables are skipped. {not in Vi} *-i* -i {viminfo} The file "viminfo" is used instead of the default viminfo file. If the name "NONE" is used (all uppercase), no viminfo file is read or written, even if 'viminfo' is set or when ":rv" or ":wv" are used. See also |viminfo_file|. {not in Vi} *-s* -s {scriptin} The script file "scriptin" is read. The characters in the file are interpreted as if you had typed them. The same can be done with the command ":source! {scriptin}". If the end of the file is reached before the editor exits, further characters are read from the keyboard. See also the section "complex repeats", |complex_repeat|. {not in Vi} *-w* -w {scriptout} All the characters that you type are recorded in the file "scriptout", until you exit Vim. This is useful if you want to create a script file to be used with "vim -s" or ":source!". When the "scriptout" file already exists, new characters are appended. See also the section "complex repeats", |complex_repeat|. {not in Vi} *-W* -W {scriptout} Like -w, but do not append, overwrite an existing file. {not in Vi} *-w_nr* -w{number} Does nothing. This was included for Vi-compatibility. In Vi it sets the 'window' option, which is not implemented in Vim. Example for using a script file to change a name in several files: Create a file "subs.vi" containing substitute commands and a :wq command: :%s/Jones/Smith/g :%s/Allen/Peter/g :wq Execute Vim on all files you want to change: foreach i ( *.let ) vim -s subs.vi $i If the executable is called "view", Vim will start in Readonly mode. This is useful if you can make a hard or symbolic link from "view" to "vim". Starting in Readonly mode can also be done with "vim -v". 3.2 Workbench (Amiga only) *workbench* Vim can be started from the workbench by clicking on its icon twice. It will then start with an empty buffer. Vim can be started to edit one or more files by using a "Project" icon. The "Default Tool" of the icon must be the full pathname of the Vim executable. The name of the ".info" file must be the same as the name of the text file. By clicking on this icon twice, Vim will be started with the filename as current filename, which will be read into the buffer (if it exists). You can edit multiple files by pressing the shift key while clicking on icons, and clicking twice on the last one. The "Default Tool" for all these icons must be the same. It is not possible to give arguments to Vim, other than filenames, from the workbench. 3.3 Vim window (Amiga only) *amiga_window* Vim will run in the CLI window where it was started. If Vim was started with the "run" or "runback" command, or if Vim was started from the workbench, it will open a window of its own. Technical detail: To open the new window a little trick is used. As soon as Vim recognizes that it does not run in a normal CLI window, it will create a script file in "t:". This script file contains the same command as the one Vim was started with, and an "endcli" command. This script file is then executed with a "newcli" command (the "c:run" and "c:newcli" commands are required for this to work). The script file will hang around until reboot, or until you delete it. This method is required to get the ":sh" and ":!" commands to work correctly. But when Vim was started with the -e option (Quickfix mode) or with the -x option, this method is not used. The reason for this is that when a compiler starts Vim with the -e option it will wait for a return code. With the script trick, the compiler cannot get the return code. The -x option can be used when Vim is started by a mail program which also waits for the edit session to finish. As a consequence, the ":sh" and ":!" commands are not available when the -e or -x option is used. Vim will automatically recognize the window size and react to window resizing. Under Amiga DOS 1.3, it is advised to use the fastfonts program, "FF", to speed up display redrawing. 3.4 Initialization *initialization* *startup* This section is about the non-GUI version of Vim. See |gui_fork| for additional initialization when starting the GUI. At startup, Vim checks environment variables and files and sets values accordingly. Vim proceeds in this order: 1. Setting the 'shell' option *SHELL* *COMSPEC* The environment variable SHELL, if it exists, is used to set the 'shell' option. On MS-DOS and Win32, the COMPSPEC variable is used if SHELL is not set. 2. Setting the 'term' option *TERM* The environment variable TERM, if it exists, is used to set the 'term' option. 3. Reading Ex commands from environment variables and/or files An environment variable is read as one Ex command line, where multiple commands must be separated with '|' or "". *vimrc* *exrc* A file that contains initialization commands is called a "vimrc" file. Each line in a vimrc file is executed as an Ex command line. It is sometimes also referred to as "exrc" file. They are the same type of file, but "exrc" is what Vi always used, "vimrc" is a Vim specific name. If Vim was started with "-u filename", the file "filename" is used. All following initializations until 4. are skipped. "vim -u NONE" can be used to skip these initializations. |-u| a. For Unix the system vimrc file is read for initializations. The path of this file is shown with the ":version" command. *VIMINIT* *.vimrc* *_vimrc* *EXINIT* *.exrc* *_exrc* b. Four places are searched for initializations. The first that exists is used, the others are ignored. - The environment variable VIMINIT - The user vimrc file: "~/.vimrc" (for Unix and OS/2) "s:.vimrc" (for Amiga) "$VIM\_vimrc" (for MS-DOS and Win32) Note: For Unix, OS/2 and Amiga, when ".vimrc" does not exist, "_vimrc" is also tried, in case an MS-DOS compatible file system is used. For MS-DOS and Win32 ".vimrc" is checked after "_vimrc", in case long file names are used. If $VIM is not set, $HOME is used. - The environment variable EXINIT - The user exrc file: "~/.exrc" (for Unix and OS/2) "s:.exrc" (for Amiga) "$VIM\_exrc" (for MS-DOS and Win32). c. If the 'exrc' option is on (which is not the default), the current directory is searched for three files. The first that exists is used, the others are ignored. - The file ".vimrc" (for Unix, Amiga and OS/2) "_vimrc" (for MS-DOS and Win32) - The file "_vimrc" (for Unix, Amiga and OS/2) ".vimrc" (for MS-DOS and Win32) - The file ".exrc" (for Unix, Amiga and OS/2) "_exrc" (for MS-DOS and Win32) 4. Setting 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir' The 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir' options are set according to the value of the 'shell' option, unless they have been set before. This means that Vim will figure out the values of 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir' for you, unless you have set them yourself. 5. Read the viminfo file If the 'viminfo' option is not empty, the viminfo file is read. The default is empty, so 'viminfo' must have been set by one of the previous initializations. See |viminfo_file|. Some hints on using initializations: Standard setup: Create a vimrc file to set the default settings and mappings for all your edit sessions. Put it in a place so that it will be found by 3b: ~/.vimrc (Unix and OS/2) s:.vimrc (Amiga) $VIM\_vimrc (MS-DOS and Win32) Local setup: Put all commands that you need for editing a specific directory only into a vimrc file and place it in that directory under the name ".vimrc" ("_vimrc" for MS-DOS and Win32). NOTE: To make Vim look for these special files you have to turn on the option 'exrc'. See |trojan_horse| too. System setup: This only applies if you are managing a Unix system with several users and want to set the defaults for all users. Create a vimrc file with commands for default settings and mappings and put it in the place that is given with the ":version" command. Saving the current state of Vim to a file: Whenever you have changed values of options or when you have created a mapping, then you may want to save them in a vimrc file for later use. See |save_settings| about saving the current state of settings to a file. Avoiding setup problems for Vi users: Vi uses the variable EXINIT and the file "~/.exrc". So if you do not want to interfere with Vi, then use the variable VIMINIT and the file "vimrc" instead. Amiga environment variables: On the Amiga, two types of environment variables exist. The ones set with the DOS 1.3 (or later) setenv command are recognized. See the AmigaDos 1.3 manual. The environment variables set with the old Manx Set command (before version 5.0) are not recognized. MS-DOS line separators: On MS-DOS-like systems (MS-DOS itself, Win32, and OS/2), Vim assumes that all the vimrc files have pairs as line separators. This will give problems if you have a file with only s and have a line like ":map xx yy^M". The trailing ^M will be ignored. Avoiding trojan horses: *trojan_horse* While reading the "vimrc" or the "exrc" file in the current directory, some commands can be disabled for security reasons by setting the 'secure' option. This is always done when executing the command from a tags file. Otherwise it would be possible that you accidentally use a vimrc or tags file that somebody else created and contains nasty commands. The disabled commands are the ones that start a shell, the ones that write to a file, and ":autocmd". The ":map" commands are echoed, so you can see which keys are being mapped. If you want Vim to execute all commands in a local vimrc file, you can reset the 'secure' option in the EXINIT or VIMINIT environment variable or in the global "exrc" or "vimrc" file. This is not possible in "vimrc" or "exrc" in the current directory, for obvious reasons. On Unix systems, this only happens if you are not the owner of the vimrc file. Warning: If you unpack an archive that contains a vimrc or exrc file, it will be owned by you. You won't have the security protection. Check the vimrc file before you start Vim in that directory, or reset the 'exrc' option. Some Unix systems allow a user to do "chown" on a file. This makes it possible for another user to create a nasty vimrc and make you the owner. Be careful! When using tag search commands, executing the search command (the last part of the line in the tags file) is always done in secure mode. This works just like executing a command from a vimrc/exrc in the current directory. *slow_start* If Vim takes a long time to start up, there may be a few causes: - If the Unix version was compiled with the GUI and/or X11 (check the output of ":version" for "+GUI" and "+X11"), it may need to load shared libraries and connect to the X11 server. Try compiling a version with GUI and X11 disabled. This also should make the executable smaller. - If you have "viminfo" enabled, the loading of the viminfo file may take a while. You can find out if this is the problem by disabling viminfo for a moment (use the Vim argument "-i NONE", |-i|). Try reducing the number of lines stored in a register with ":set viminfo='20\"50". |viminfo_file|. 3.5 Suspending *suspend* *CTRL-Z* *v_CTRL-Z* CTRL-Z On Unix systems: Suspend Vim. On other systems: start a new shell (like ":sh"). Same as ":stop". Works in Normal and in Visual mode. In Insert and Command-line mode, the CTRL-Z is inserted as a normal character. :sus[pend][!] or *:sus* *:suspend* *:st* *:stop* :st[op][!] Suspend the editor. If the '!' is not given, the buffer was changed, 'autowrite' is set, and a filename is known, the buffer will be written. On many Unix systems, it is possible to suspend Vim with CTRL-Z. This is only possible in Normal and Visual mode (see next chapter, |vim_modes|). Vim will continue if you make it the foreground job again. On other systems, CTRL-Z will start a new shell. This is the same as the ":sh" command. Vim will continue if you exit from the shell. 3.6 The viminfo file *viminfo_file* The viminfo file is used to store: - The command line history. - The search string history. - Contents of registers. - Marks for several files. - File marks, pointing to locations in files. - Last search/substitute pattern (for 'n' and '&'). The viminfo file is only supported when Vim has been compiled with VIMINFO defined. If the output of ":version" contains "+viminfo" then it was; if it contains "-viminfo" then it wasn't. By default, VIMINFO is defined. When Vim is started and the 'viminfo' option is non-empty, the contents of the viminfo file are read and the info can be used in the appropriate places. The marks are not read in at startup (but file marks are). See |initialization| for how to set the 'viminfo' option upon startup. When Vim is exited and 'viminfo' is non-empty, the info is stored in the viminfo file (it's actually merged with the existing one, if one exists). The 'viminfo' option is a string containing information about what info should be stored, and contains limits on how much should be stored (see 'viminfo'). Marks are stored for each file separately. When a file is read and 'viminfo' is non-empty, the marks for that file are read from the viminfo file. NOTE: The marks are only written when exiting Vim, which is fine because marks are remembered for all the files you have opened in the current editing session, unless ":bdel" is used. If you want to save the marks for a file that you are about to abandon with ":bdel", use ":wv". The '[' and ']' marks are not stored, but the '"' mark is. The '"' mark is very useful for jumping to the cursor position when the file was last exited. No marks are saved for files that start with any string given with the "r" flag in 'viminfo'. This can be used to avoid saving marks for files on removable media (for MS-DOS you would use "ra:,rb:", for Amiga "rdf0:,rdf1:,rdf2:"). *viminfo_file_marks* Uppercase marks ('A to 'Z) are stored when writing the viminfo file. The numbered marks ('0 to '9) are a bit special. When the viminfo file is written (when exiting or with the ":wviminfo" command), '0 is set to the current cursor position and file. The old '0 is moved to '1, '1 to '2, etc. This resembles what happens with the "1 to "9 delete registers. If the current cursor position is already present in '0 to '9, it is moved to '0, to avoid having the same position twice. The result is that with "'0", you can jump back to the file and line where you exited Vim. The default name of the viminfo file is "$HOME/.viminfo" for Unix, "s:.viminfo" for Amiga, "$VIM\viminfo" for MS-DOS and Win32. The "-i" Vim argument can be used to set another file name, |-i|. For the commands below, another file name can be given, overriding the default and the name given with "-i". When the file name given with the "-i" Vim argument is "NONE" (all uppercase), no viminfo file is ever read or written. Two commands can be used to read and write the viminfo file manually. This can be used to exchange registers between two running Vim programs: First type ":wv" in one and then ":rv" in the other. Note that if the register already contained something, then ":rv!" would be required. Also note however that this means everything will be overwritten with information from the first Vim, including the command line history, etc. The viminfo file itself can be edited by hand too, although we suggest you start with an existing one to get the format right. It is reasonably self-explanatory once you're in there. This can be useful in order to create a second file, say "~/.my_viminfo" which could contain certain settings that you always want when you first start Vim. For example, you can preload registers with particular data, or put certain commands in the command line history. A line in your .vimrc file like rviminfo! ~/.my_viminfo can be used to load this information. You could even have different viminfos for different types of files (e.g., C code) and load them based on the file name, using the ":autocmd" command (see |:autocmd|). *viminfo_errors* When Vim detects an error while reading a viminfo file, it will not overwrite that file. If there are more than 10 errors, Vim stops reading the viminfo file. This was done to avoid accidently destroying a file when the filename of the viminfo file is wrong. This could happen when accidently typing "vim -i file" when you wanted "vim -v file" (yes, somebody accidently did that!). If you want to overwrite a viminfo file with an error in it, you will either have to fix the error, or delete the file (while Vim is running, so most of the information will be restored). *:rv* *:rviminfo* :rv[iminfo][!] [file] Read from viminfo file [file] (default: see above). If [!] is given, then any information that is already set (registers, marks, etc.) will be overwritten. {not in Vi} *:wv* *:wviminfo* :wv[iminfo][!] [file] Write to viminfo file [file] (default: see above). The information in the file is first read in to make a merge between old and new info. When [!] is used, the old information is not read first, only the internal info is written. If 'viminfo' is empty, marks for up to 100 files will be written. {not in Vi} 4. Modes *vim_modes* ======== 4.1 Introduction Vim has four BASIC modes: Normal mode In Normal mode you can enter all the editor commands. If you start the editor you are in this mode (unless you have set the 'insertmode' option, see below). This is also known as command mode. Visual mode This is like Normal mode, but the movement commands extend a highlighted area. When a non-movement command is used, it is executed for the highlighted area. See |Visual_mode|. Insert mode In Insert mode the text you type is inserted into the buffer. If the 'showmode' option is on (which is default), the string "-- INSERT --" is shown at the bottom of the window. |mode_ins_repl| Command-line mode In Command-line mode you can enter one line of text at the bottom of the window. This is for the Ex commands, ":", the pattern search commands, "?" and "/", and the filter command, "!". |mode_cmdline| There are two ADDITIONAL modes: Replace mode Replace mode is a special case of Insert mode. You can do the same things as in Insert mode, but for each character you enter, one character of the existing text is deleted. If the 'showmode' option is on, (which is the default), the string "-- REPLACE --" is shown at the bottom of the window. |replace_mode| Insert command mode Entered when CTRL-O given in Insert mode. This is like Normal mode, but after executing one command Vim returns to Insert mode. The string "-- (insert) --" is shown at the bottom of the window. 4.2 Switching from mode to mode *mode_switching* If for any reason you do not know which mode you are in, you can always get back to Normal mode by typing twice. You will know you are back in Normal mode when you see the screen flash or hear the bell after you type . - go from Normal mode to Visual mode by giving one of the commands "vV^V" - go from Normal mode to Insert mode by giving one of the commands "iIaAoOcCsS". - go from Normal mode to Replace mode with the "R" command (not the "r" command!). - go from Normal mode to Command-line mode with the one of the commands ":/?!". *i_esc* - go from Insert or Replace mode to Normal mode with (twice in some rare cases). - go from Visual mode to Normal mode by giving a non-movement command, which causes the command to be executed, or by hitting or 'v', which does nothing. - go from Command-line mode to Normal mode by: - hitting or , which causes the entered command to be executed - deleting the complete line (e.g., with CTRL-U) and giving a final - hitting CTRL-C or , which quits the command line without executing the command. In the last case may be the character defined with the 'wildchar' option, in which case it will start command line completion. You can ignore that and type again. {Vi: when hitting the command line is executed. This is unexpected for most people; therefore it was changed in Vim. But when the is part of a mapping, the command line is executed. If you want the Vi behaviour also when typing , use ":cmap ^V ^V^M"} - go from Insert mode to Replace mode by hitting . - go from Replace mode to Insert mode by hitting . - go from Visual mode to Command-line mode by hitting ':'. The line numbers of the highlighted area will be inserted in the command line. If the 'insertmode' option is on, editing a file will start in Insert mode. 4.3 Insert and Replace mode *mode_ins_repl* If you are working in a special language mode when inserting text, see the 'langmap' option, |'langmap'|, on how to avoid switching this mode on and off all the time. 4.3.1 special keys *ins_special_keys* In Insert and Replace mode, the following characters have a special meaning; other characters are inserted directly. To insert one of these special characters into the buffer, precede it with CTRL-V. To insert a character use "CTRL-V CTRL-@" or "CTRL-V 000". On some systems, you have to use "CTRL-V 003" to insert a CTRL-C. char action ----------------------------------------------------------------------- *i_CTRL-[* *i_* or CTRL-[ End insert or Replace mode, go back to Normal mode. Finish abbreviation. *i_CTRL-C* CTRL-C Quit insert mode, go back to Normal mode. Do not check for abbreviations. *i_CTRL-@* CTRL-@ Insert previously inserted text and stop insert. {Vi: only when typed as first char, only up to 128 chars} *i_CTRL-A* CTRL-A Insert previously inserted text. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-H* *i_* or CTRL-H Delete the character before the cursor (see below). See |:fixdel| if your does not do what you want. {Vi: does not delete autoindents} *i_* Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the end of the line, and the 'backspace' option is non-zero, delete the newline; the next line is appended after the current one. See |:fixdel| if your key does not do what you want. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-W* CTRL-W Delete the word before the cursor (see below). See the section "word motions", |word_motions|, for the definition of a word. *i_CTRL-U* CTRL-U Delete all entered characters in the current line (see below). *i_CTRL-I* *i_* or CTRL-I Insert a tab. If the 'expandtab' option is on, the equivalent number of spaces is inserted (use CTRL-V to avoid the expansion). See also the 'smarttab' option and section 4.3.4, |ins_expandtab|. *i_CTRL-J* *i_* or CTRL-J Begin new line. *i_CTRL-M* *i_* or CTRL-M Begin new line. *i_CTRL-K* CTRL-K {char1} {char2} Enter digraph (see 4.7, |digraphs|). When {char1} is a special key, the code for that key is inserted. Neither char is considered for mapping. {not in Vi} CTRL-N Find next keyword (see 4.3.6, |i_CTRL-N|). {not in Vi} CTRL-P Find previous keyword (see 4.3.6, |i_CTRL-P|). {not in Vi} CTRL-R <0-9a-z"%:.-> *i_CTRL-R* Insert the contents of register. Between typing CTRL-R and the second character '"' will be displayed to indicate that you are expected to enter the name of a register. The text is inserted as if you typed it, but mappings and abbreviations are not used. If you have options like 'textwidth', 'formatoptions', or 'autoindent' set, this will influence what will be inserted. This is different from what happens with the "p" command and pasting with the mouse. Special registers: '"' the unnamed register, containing the text of the last delete or yank '%' the current file name ':' the last command line '.' the last inserted text '-' the last small (less than a line) delete See |registers| about registers. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-T* CTRL-T Insert one shiftwidth of indent at the start of the current line. The indent is always rounded to a 'shiftwidth' (this is vi compatible). {Vi: only when in indent} *i_CTRL-D* CTRL-D Delete one shiftwidth of indent at the start of the current line. The indent is always rounded to a 'shiftwidth' (this is vi compatible). {Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent} *i_0_CTRL-D* 0 CTRL-D Delete all indent in the current line. {Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent} *i_^_CTRL-D* ^ CTRL-D Delete all indent in the current line. The indent is restored in the next line. This is useful when inserting a label. {Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent} *i_CTRL-V* CTRL-V Insert next non-digit literally. For special keys, the terminal code is inserted. Up to three digits form the decimal value of a single byte (see below |i_CTRL-V_digit|. The non-digit and the three digits are not considered for mapping. {Vi: no decimal byte entry} *i_CTRL-Q* CTRL-Q Same as CTRL-V. CTRL-X Enter CTRL-X mode. This is a sub-mode where commands can be given to complete words or scroll the window. See below, |i_CTRL-X|, and in 4.3.6, |ins_completion|. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-E* CTRL-E Insert the character which is below the cursor. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-Y* CTRL-Y Insert the character which is above the cursor. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-B* CTRL-B Toggle the 'revins' option (B for Backwards). Only if compiled with RIGHTLEFT (which is not the default). See |ins_reverse|. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-_* CTRL-_ This key is only available if Vim was compiled with RIGHTLEFT. Its purpose is to switch between languages while in insert mode, as follows: - When in a rightleft window, revins and nohkmap are toggled, since English will likely be inserted in this case. - When in a norightleft window, revins and hkmap are toggled, since Hebrew will likely be inserted in this case. CTRL-_ moves the cursor to the end of the typed text, unlike CTRL-B which leaves the cursor in the same place. Please refer to |vim_rlh.txt| for more information about right-to-left mode. {not in Vi} *i_* Toggle between insert and replace mode. {not in Vi} ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The effect of the , CTRL-W, and CTRL-U depend on the 'backspace' option (unless 'revins' is set): backspace action option 0 delete stops in column 1 and start position of insert 1 delete stops at start position of insert 2 delete always; CTRL-W and CTRL-U stop once at start position of insert If the 'backspace' option is non-zero and the cursor is in column 1 when one of the three keys is used, the current line is joined with the previous line. This effectively deletes the newline in front of the cursor. {Vi: does not cross lines, does not delete past start position of insert} *i_CTRL-V_digit* With CTRL-V followed by one, two, or three digits, you can enter the decimal value of any byte, except 10. Normally CTRL-V is followed by three digits. The formed byte is inserted as soon as you type the third digit. If you type only one or two digits and then a non-digit, the decimal value of those one or two digits form the byte. After that the non-digit is dealt with in the normal way. If you enter a value of 10, it will end up in the file as a 0. The 10 is a , which is used internally to represent the character. When writing the buffer to a file, the character is translated into . The character is written at the end of each line. Thus if you want to insert a character in a file you will have to make a line break. The maximum value that can be entered is 255. *i_CTRL-X* *insert_expand* CTRL-X enters a sub-mode where several commands can be used. Most of these commands do keyword completion; see 4.3.6, |ins_completion|. These are only available when Vim was compiled with INSERT_EXPAND defined. If ":version" shows "+insert_expand" then it was; if it shows "-insert_expand" then these commands are not available. Two commands can be used to scroll the window up or down, without exiting insert mode: *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E* CTRL-X CTRL-E scroll window one line up. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-Y* CTRL-X CTRL-Y scroll window one line down. After CTRL-X is pressed, each CTRL-E (CTRL-Y) scrolls the window up (down) by one line unless that would cause the cursor to move from its current position in the file. As soon as another key is pressed, CTRL-X mode is exited and that key is interpreted as in Insert mode. 4.3.2 special special keys *ins_special_special* The following keys are special. They stop the current insert, do something, and then restart insertion. This means you can do something without getting out of Insert mode. This is very handy if you prefer to use the Insert mode all the time, just like editors that don't have a separate Normal mode. You may also want to set the 'backspace' option to 2 and set the 'insertmode' option. You can use CTRL-O if you want to map a function key to a command. The changes (inserted or deleted characters) before and after these keys can be undone separately. Only the last change can be redone and always behaves like an "i" command. char action ----------------------------------------------------------------------- cursor one line up *i_* cursor one line down *i_* cursor one character left *i_* cursor one character right *i_* cursor one word back (like "b" command) *i_* cursor one word forward (like "w" command) *i_* cursor to first char in the line *i_* cursor to after last char in the line *i_* cursor to first char in the file *i_* cursor to after last char in the file *i_* cursor to position of mouse click *i_* move window one page up *i_* move window one page up *i_* move window one page down *i_* move window one page down *i_* CTRL-O execute one command and return to Insert mode*i_CTRL-O* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The CTRL-O command sometimes has one side effect: If the cursor was beyond the end of the line, it will be put on the last character in the line. The shifted cursor keys are not available on all terminals. When the 'whichwrap' option is set appropriately, the and keys on the first/last character in the line make the cursor wrap to the previous/next line. 4.3.3 'textwidth' and 'wrapmargin' options *ins_textwidth* The 'textwidth' option can be used to automatically break a line before it gets too long. Set the 'textwidth' option to the desired maximum line length. If you then type more characters (not spaces or tabs), the last word will be put on a new line (unless it is the only word on the line). If you set 'textwidth' to 0, this feature is disabled. The 'wrapmargin' option does almost the same. The difference is that 'textwidth' has a fixed width while 'wrapmargin' depends on the width of the screen. When using 'wrapmargin' this is equal to using 'textwidth' with a value equal to (columns - 'wrapmargin'), where columns is the width of the screen. When 'textwidth' and 'wrapmargin' are both set, 'textwidth' is used. The line is only broken automatically when using insert mode, or when appending to a line. When in replace mode and the line length is not changed, the line will not be broken. Long lines are broken if you enter a non-white character after the margin. The situations where a line will be broken can be restricted by adding characters to the 'formatoptions' option: "l" Only break a line if it was not longer than 'textwidth' when the insert started. "v" Only break at a white character that has been entered during the current insert command. This is mostly Vi-compatible. "lv" Only break if the line was not longer than 'textwidth' when the insert started and only at a white character that has been entered during the current insert command. Only differs from "l" when entering non-white characters while crossing the 'textwidth' boundary. If you want to format a block of text, you can use the "gq" operator. Type "gq" and a movement command to move the cursor to the end of the block. In many cases, the command "gq}" will do what you want (format until the end of paragraph). Alternatively, you can use "gqp", which will format the whole paragraph, no matter where the cursor currently is. Or you can use Visual mode: hit "v", move to the end of the block, and hit "gq". See also |gq|. 4.3.4 'expandtab' and 'smarttab' options *ins_expandtab* If the 'expandtab' option is on, spaces will be used to fill the amount of whitespace of the tab. If you want to enter a real , type CTRL-V first. The 'expandtab' option is off by default. Note that in Replace mode, a single character is replaced with several spaces. The result of this is that the number of characters in the line increases. Backspacing will delete one space at a time. The original character will be put back for only one space that you backspace over (the last one). {Vi does not have the 'expandtab' option} *ins_smarttab* When the 'smarttab' option is on, a inserts 'shiftwidth' positions at the beginning of a line and 'tabstop' positions in other places. This means that often spaces instead of a character are inserted. When 'smarttab is off, a always inserts 'tabstop' positions, and 'shiftwidth' is only used for ">>" and the like. {not in Vi} 4.3.5 Replace mode *replace_mode* In Replace mode, one character in the line is deleted for every character you type. If there is no character to delete (at the end of the line), the typed character is appended (as in Insert mode). Thus the number of characters in a line stays the same until you get to the end of the line. If a is typed, a line break is inserted and no character is deleted. Be careful with characters. If you type a normal printing character in its place, the number of characters is still the same, but the number of columns will become smaller. If you delete characters in Replace mode (with , CTRL-W, or CTRL-U), what happens is that you delete the changes. The characters that were replaced are restored. If you had typed past the existing text, the characters you added are deleted. This is effectively a character-at-a-time undo. If the 'expandtab' option is on, a will replace one character with several spaces. The result of this is that the number of characters in the line increases. Backspacing will delete one space at a time. The original character will be put back for only one space that you backspace over (the last one). {Vi does not have the 'expandtab' option} 4.3.6 Insert mode completion *ins_completion* In Insert and Replace modes, there are several commands to complete part of a keyword or line that has been typed. This is useful if you are using complicated keywords (e.g., function names with capitals and underscores). Completion can be done for: 1. Whole lines |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L| 2. keywords in the current file |i_CTRL-N| 3. keywords in 'dictionary' |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K| 4. keywords in the current and included files |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I| 5. tags |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]| 6. file names |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F| 7. definitions or macros |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D| All these (except 2) are done in CTRL-X mode. This is a sub-mode of Insert and Replace modes. You enter CTRL-X mode by typing CTRL-X and one of the CTRL-X commands. You exit CTRL-X mode by typing a key that is not a valid CTRL-X mode command. Valid keys are the CTRL-X command itself, CTRL-N (next), and CTRL-P (previous). Also see the 'infercase' option if you want to adjust the case of the match. Note: The keys that are valid in CTRL-X mode are not mapped. This allows for ":map ^F ^X^F" to work (where ^F is CTRL-F and ^X is CTRL-X). The key that ends CTRL-X mode (any key that is not a valid CTRL-X mode command) is mapped. The following mappings are suggested to make typing the completion commands a bit easier (although they will hide other commands): :inoremap ^] ^X^] :inoremap ^F ^X^F :inoremap ^D ^X^D :inoremap ^L ^X^L Completing whole lines *compl_whole_line* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L* CTRL-X CTRL-L Search backwards for a line that starts with the same characters as in the current line before the cursor. Indent is ignored. The found line is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-L or CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching line. This line replaces the previous matching line. CTRL-N Search forward for next matching line. This line replaces the previous matching line. Completing keywords in current file *compl_current* *i_CTRL-P* *i_CTRL-N* The keys CTRL-N and CTRL-P can be used to complete the keyword that is in front of the cursor. This is useful if you are writing a program that has complicated variable names, and you want to copy a name from the text before or after the cursor. If there is a keyword in front of the cursor (a name made out of alphabetic characters and characters in 'iskeyword'), it is used as the search pattern, with "\<" prepended (meaning: start of a word). Otherwise "\<\k\k" is used as search pattern (start of any keyword of at least two characters). With CTRL-N (next), the search goes forward; with CTRL-P (previous), the search goes backward. The first time the search starts where the cursor is. Subsequently, the search starts at the last found position. If you type any other character than CTRL-P or CTRL-N, the current text is accepted and the search pattern is forgotten. If the search found a match, it is inserted at the cursor position. Any previous match is replaced. If no match was found, Vim will beep. In Replace mode, the number of characters that are replaced depends on the length of the matched string. This works like typing the characters of the matched string in Replace mode. If there is not a valid keyword character before the cursor, any keyword of at least two characters is matched. e.g., to get: printf("(%g, %g, %g)", vector[0], vector[1], vector[2]); just type: printf("(%g, %g, %g)", vector[0], ^P[1], ^P[2]); Multiple repeats of the same completion are skipped; thus a different match will be inserted at each CTRL-N and CTRL-P (unless there is only one matching keyword). If there is only one completion found, then a second CTRL-P or CTRL-N will give the message 'No other matches'. If the only match in the file is an exact match, where no extra characters would be typed, then the message 'Exact match only' is given (this is also useful for checking that you typed the word correctly). The mode (-- INSERT --) is shown, unless there is another more important message (e.g., "Pattern not found"). This other message will stay until another key is hit, and then the mode is shown again. Single character matches are never included, as they usually just get in the way of what you were really after. e.g., to get: printf("name = %s\n", name); just type: printf("name = %s\n", n^P); or even: printf("name = %s\n", ^P); The 'n' in '\n' is skipped. Completing keywords in 'dictionary' *compl_dictionary* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K* CTRL-X CTRL-K Search the files given with the 'dictionary' option for words that start with the keyword in front of the cursor. This is like CTRL-N, but only the dictionary files are searched, not the current file. The found keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. This could potentially be pretty slow, since all matches are found before the first match is used. By default, the 'dictionary' option is empty. CTRL-K or CTRL-N Search forward for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. Completing keywords in the current and included files *compl_keyword* The 'include' option is used to specify a line that contains an include file name. The 'path' option is used to search for include files. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I* CTRL-X CTRL-I Search for the first keyword in the current and included files that starts with the same characters as those before the cursor. The matched keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. Note: CTRL-I is the same as , which is likely to be typed after a succesful completion, therefore CTRL-I is not used for searching for the next match. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. Completing tags *compl_tag* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]* CTRL-X CTRL-] Search for the first tag that starts with the same characters as before the cursor. The matching tag is inserted in front of the cursor. Alphabetic characters and characters in 'iskeyword' are used to decide which characters are included in the tag name (same as for a keyword). CTRL-] or CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching tag. This tag replaces the previous matching tag. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching tag. This tag replaces the previous matching tag. Completing file names *compl_filename* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F* CTRL-X CTRL-F Search for the first file name that starts with the same characters as before the cursor. The matching file name is inserted in front of the cursor. Alphabetic characters and characters in 'isfname' are used to decide which characters are included in the file name. Note: the 'path' option is not used here (yet). CTRL-F or CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching file name. This file name replaces the previous matching file name. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching file name. This file name replaces the previous matching file name. Completing definitions or macros *compl_define* The 'define' option is used to specify a line that contains a definition. The 'include' option is used to specify a line that contains an include file name. The 'path' option is used to search for include files. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D* CTRL-X CTRL-D Search in the current and included files for the first definition (or macro) name that starts with the same characters as before the cursor. The found definition name is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-D or CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching macro name. This macro name replaces the previous matching macro name. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching macro name. This macro name replaces the previous matching macro name. 4.4 Command-line mode *mode_cmdline* *:* Command-line mode is used to enter Ex commands (":"), search patterns ("/" and "?"), and filter commands ("!"). 4.4.1 Command line editing *cmdline_editing* Normally characters are inserted in front of the cursor position. You can move around in the command line with the left and right cursor keys. With the key, you can toggle between inserting and overstriking characters. {Vi: can only alter the last character in the line} Note that if your keyboard does not have working cursor keys or any of the other special keys, you can use ":cnoremap" to define another key for them. For example, to define tcsh style editing keys: *tcsh-style* :cnoremap :cnoremap :cnoremap :cnoremap b :cnoremap f (<> notation |<>|; type all this literally) *cmdline_history* The command lines that you enter are remembered in a history table. You can recall them with the up and down cursor keys. There are actually two history tables: one for ':' commands, one for search strings. These are completely separate. The search strings history can be accessed only when entering a search string, the ':' history only when entering a command line for the ":" command. Use the 'history' option to set the number of lines that are remembered (default: 20). Note that when you enter a command line that is excactly the same as an older one, the old one is removed (to avoid repeated commands moving older commands out of the history). Only commands that are typed are remembered. Ones that come from mappings are not put in the history (detail: the decision is made from the last key that was typed for the line, normally ). All searches are put in the search history, including the ones that come from commands like "*" and "#". {Vi: no history} There is an automatic completion of names on the command line; see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|. *c_CTRL-V* CTRL-V Insert next non-digit literally. Up to three digits form the decimal value of a single byte. The non-digit and the three digits are not considered for mapping. This works the same way as in Insert mode (see above, |i_CTRL-V|). *c_CTRL-Q* CTRL-Q Same as CTRL-V. *c_* cursor left *c_* cursor right *c_* cursor one word left *c_* cursor one word right CTRL-B or *c_CTRL-B* *c_* cursor to beginning of command line CTRL-E or *c_CTRL-E* *c_* cursor to end of command line *c_* cursor to position of mouse click. CTRL-H *c_* *c_CTRL-H* delete the character in front of the cursor (see |:fixdel| if your key does not do what you want). *c_* delete the character under the cursor (at end of line: character before the cursor) (see |:fixdel| if your key does not do what you want). *c_CTRL-W* CTRL-W delete the word before the cursor *c_CTRL-U* CTRL-U remove all characters Note: if the command line becomes empty with one of the delete commands, Command-line mode is quit. *c_* Toggle between insert and overstrike. {not in Vi} {char1} {char2} or *c_digraph* CTRL-K {char1} {char2} *c_CTRL-K* enter digraph (see 4.7, |digraphs|). When {char1} is a special key, the code for that key is inserted. {not in Vi} CTRL-R <0-9a-z"%:-> *c_CTRL-R* Insert the contents of a numbered or named register. Between typing CTRL-R and the second character '"' will be displayed to indicate that you are expected to enter the name of a register. The text is inserted as if you typed it, but mappings and abbreviations are not used. Special registers: '"' the unnamed register, containing the text of the last delete or yank '%' the current file name ':' the last command line '-' the last small (less than a line) delete Note: The '.' register (last inserted text) is not available here. See |registers| about registers. {not in Vi} CTRL-J *c_CTRL-J* *c_* *c_* or start entered command *c_* When typed and 'x' not present in 'cpoptions', quit Command-line mode without executing. In macros or when 'x' present in 'cpoptions', start entered command. *c_CTRL-C* CTRL-C quit command line without executing *c_* recall older command line from history, whose beginning matches the current command line (see below). *c_* recall more recent command line from history, whose beginning matches the current command line (see below). *c_* *c_* or recall older command line from history *c_* *c_* or recall more recent command line from history CTRL-D command line completion (see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|) 'wildchar' option command line completion (see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|) CTRL-N command line completion (see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|) CTRL-P command line completion (see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|) CTRL-A command line completion (see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|) CTRL-L command line completion (see 4.4.2, |cmdline_completion|) *c_CTRL-_* CTRL-_ switch between Hebrew and English keyboard mode, which is private to the command line and not related to hkmap. This is useful when Hebrew text entry is required in the command line, searches, abbreviations, etc. Applies only if Vim is compiled with RIGHTLEFT. See |vim_rlh.txt|. The and keys take the current command line as a search string. The beginning of the next/previous command lines are compared with this string. The first line that matches is the new command line. When typing these two keys repeatedly, the same string is used again. For example, this can be used to find the previous substitute command: Type ":s" and then . The same could be done by typing a number of times until the desired command line is shown. (Note: the shifted arrow keys do not work on all terminals) 4.4.2 Command line completion *cmdline_completion* When editing the command line, a few commands can be used to complete the word before the cursor. This is available for: - Command names: at the start of the command line. Works always. - tags: only after the ":tag" command. - file names: only after a command that accepts a file name or a setting for an option that can be set to a file name. This is called file name completion. - options: only after the ":set" command. These are the commands that can be used: *c_CTRL-D* CTRL-D List names that match the pattern in front of the cursor. When showing file names, directories are highlighted (see 'highlight' option) *c_CTRL-I* *c_wildchar* *c_* 'wildchar' option A match is done on the pattern in front of the cursor. The match (if there are several, the first match) is inserted in place of the pattern. (Note: does not work inside a macro, because or are mostly used as 'wildchar', and these have a special meaning in some macros.) When typed again and there were multiple matches, the next match is inserted. After the last match, the first is used again (wrap around). *c_CTRL-N* CTRL-N After using 'wildchar' which got multiple matches, go to next match. Otherwise recall more recent command line from history. *c_CTRL-P* *c_* CTRL-P After using 'wildchar' which got multiple matches, go to previous match. Otherwise recall older command line from history. only works with the GUI, on the Amiga and with MS-DOS. *c_CTRL-A* CTRL-A All names that match the pattern in front of the cursor are inserted. *c_CTRL-L* CTRL-L A match is done on the pattern in front of the cursor. If there is one match, it is inserted in place of the pattern. If there are multiple matches the longest common part is inserted in place of the pattern. The 'wildchar' option defaults to (CTRL-E when compiled with COMPATIBLE; in a previous version was used). In the pattern standard wildcards '*' and '?' are accepted. '*' matches any string, '?' matches exactly one character. If you like tcsh's autolist completion, you can use this mapping: :cnoremap X (Where X is the command key to use, is CTRL-L and is CTRL-L) This will find the longest match and then list all matching files. *suffixes* For filename completion you can use the 'suffixes' option to set a priority between files with almost the same name. If there are multiple matches, those files with an extension that is in the 'suffixes' option are ignored. The default is ".bak,~,.o,.h,.info,.swp", which means that files ending in ".bak", "~", ".o", ".h", ".info" and ".swp" are sometimes ignored. It is impossible to ignore suffixes with two dots. Examples: pattern: files: match: test* test.c test.h test.o test.c test* test.h test.o test.h and test.o test* test.i test.h test.c test.i and test.c If there is more than one matching file (after ignoring the ones matching the 'suffixes' option) the first file name is inserted. You can see that there is only one match when you type 'wildchar' twice and the completed match stays the same. You can get to the other matches by entering 'wildchar', CTRL-N or CTRL-P. All files are included, also the ones with extensions matching the 'suffixes' option. The old value of an option can be obtained by hitting 'wildchar' just after the '='. For example, typing 'wildchar' after ":set dir=" will insert the current value of 'dir'. This overrules filename completion for the options that take a file name. If you would like using for CTRL-P in an xterm, put this command in your .cshrc: xmodmap -e "keysym Tab = Tab Find" And this in your .vimrc: cmap [1~ ( is CTRL-P) 4.4.3 Ex command lines *cmdline_lines* The Ex commands have a few specialties: *:quote* '"' at the start of a line causes the whole line to be ignored. '"' after a command causes the rest of the line to be ignored. This can be used to add comments. Example: :set ai "set 'autoindent' option It is not possible to add a comment to a shell command ":!cmd" or to the ":map" command and friends, because they see the '"' as part of their argument. *:bar* '|' can be used to separate commands, so you can give multiple commands in one line. The commands ":global", "vglobal", ":!", ":r !", ":w !", ":help" and ":autocmd" see the '|' as their argument, and can therefore not be followed by another command. If you want '|' to be included in one of the other commands, precede it with '\'. Note that this is confusing (inherited from Vi). With ":g" the '|' is included in the command, with ":s" it is not. There is one exception: When the 'b' flag is present in 'cpoptions', with the ":map" and ":abbr" commands and friends CTRL-V needs to be used instead of '\'. You can also use "" instead. See also |map_bar|. Examples: :!ls | wc view the output of two commands :r !ls | wc insert the same output in the text :%g/foo/p|> moves all matching lines one shiftwidth :%s/foo/bar/|> moves one line one shiftwidth :map q 10^V| map "q" to "10|" :map q 10\| map \ l map "q" to "10\" and map "\" to "l" (when 'b' is present in 'cpoptions') You can also use to separate commands in the same way as with '|'. To insert a use CTRL-V CTRL-J. "^@" will be shown. Using '|' is the preferred method. But for external commands a must be used, because a '|' is included in the external command. To avoid the special meaning of it must be preceded with a backslash. Example: :r !date-join This reads the current date into the file and joins it with the previous line. Because of vi compatibility the following strange commands are supported: :| print current line (like ":p") :3| print line 3 (like ":3p") :3 goto line 3 A colon is allowed between the range and the command name. It is ignored (this is vi compatible). For example ":1,$:s/pat/string". When the character '%' or '#' is used where a filename is expected, they are expanded to the current and alternate filename (see the chapter "editing files" |:_%| |:_#|). Embedded spaces in filenames are allowed on the Amiga if one filename is expected as argument. Trailing spaces will be ignored, unless escaped with a backslash or CTRL-V. Note that the ":next" command uses spaces to separate file names. Escape the spaces to include them in a file name. Example: :next foo\ bar goes\ to school\ starts editing the three files "foo bar", "goes to" and "school ". When you want to use the special characters '"' or '|' in a command, or want to use '%' or '#' in a filename, precede them with a backslash. The backslash is not required in a range and in the ":substitute" command. *:_!* The '!' (bang) character after an Ex command makes the command behave in a different way. The '!' should be placed immediately after the command, without any blanks in between. If you insert blanks the '!' will be seen as an argument for the command, which has a different meaning. For example: :w! name write the current buffer to file "name", overwriting any existing file :w !name send the current buffer as standard input to command "name" 4.4.4 Ex command line ranges *cmdline_ranges* Some Ex commands accept a line range in front of them. This is noted as [range]. It consists of one or more line specifiers, separated with ',' or ';'. When separated with ';' the cursor position will be set to that line before interpreting the next line specifier. The default line specifier for most commands is the cursor position, but the commands ":write" and ":global" have the whole file (1,$) as default. If more line specifiers are given than required for the command, the first one(s) will be ignored. Line numbers may be specified with: *:range* {number} an absolute line number . the current line *:.* $ the last line in the file *:$* % equal to 1,$ (the entire file) *:%* * equal to '<,'> (the Visual area) *:star* 't position of mark t (lower case) *:'* /{pattern}[/] the next line where {pattern} matches *:/* ?{pattern}[?] the previous line where {pattern} matches *:?* \/ the next line where the previously used search pattern matches \? the previous line where the previously used search pattern matches \& the next line where the previously used substitute pattern matches Each may be followed (several times) by '+' or '-' and an optional number. This number is added or subtracted from the preceding line number. If the number is omitted, 1 is used. The "/" and "?" may be preceded with another address. The search starts from there. The "/" and "?" after {pattern} are required to separate the pattern from anything that follows. The {number} must be between 0 and the number of lines in the file. A 0 is interpreted as a 1, except with the commands tag, pop and read. Examples: .+3 three lines below the cursor /that/+1 the line below the next line containing "that" .,$ from current line until end of file 0;/that the first line containing "that" Some commands allow for a count after the command. This count is used as the number of lines to be used, starting with the line given in the last line specifier (the default is the cursor line). The commands that accept a count are the ones that use a range but do not have a file name argument (because a file name can also be a number). Examples: :s/x/X/g 5 substitute 'x' by 'X' in the current line and four following lines :23d 4 delete lines 23, 24, 25 and 26 A range should have the lower line number first. If this is not the case, Vim will ask you if it should swap the line numbers. This is not done within the global command ":g". *N:* When giving a count before entering ":", this is translated into: :.,.+(count - 1) In words: The 'count' lines at and after the cursor. Example: To delete three lines: 3:d is translated into: .,.+2d *v_:* {Visual}: Starts a command line with the Visual selected lines as a range. The code ":'<,'>" is used for this range, which makes it possible to select a similar line from the command line history for repeating a command on different Visually selected lines. 4.4.5 Ex special characters *cmdline_special* In Ex commands, at places where a file name can be used, the following characters have a special meaning. To avoid the special meaning of '%' and '#' insert a backslash before it. % is replaced with the current filename *:_%* # is replaced with the alternate filename *:_#* #n (where n is a number) is replaced with the filename of buffer n. "#0" is the same as "#" Note: the next four are typed literally, these are not special keys! *:* *:* *:* *:* is replaced with the word under the cursor is replaced with the WORD under the cursor (see |WORD|) is replaced with the path name under the cursor when executing autocommands, is replaced with the file name for a file read or write *:_%:* *::p* *::h* *::t* *::r* *::e* After "%", "#", "#n", "" or "" modifiers can be given (in this order): :p Make file name a full path. Must be the first modifier. :h Head of the file name (the last component and any separators removed). Cannot be used with :e, :r or :t. Can be repeated to remove several components at the end. When the file name is an absolute path (starts with "/" for Unix; "x:\" for MS-DOS, WIN32, OS/2; "drive:" for Amiga), that part is not removed. When there is no head (path is relative to current directory) the result is empty. :t Tail of the file name (last component of the name). Must precede any :r or :e. :r Root of the file name (the last extension removed). When there is only an extension (file name that starts with '.', e.g., ".vimrc"), it is not removed. Can be repeated to remove several extensions (last one first). :e Extension of the file name. Only makes sense when used alone. When there is no extension the result is empty. When there is only an extension (file name that starts with '.'), the result is empty. Can be repeated to include more extensions. If there are not enough extensions (but at least one) as much as possible are included. Examples, when the file name is "src/version.c": :p /home/mool/vim/src/version.c :h src :p:h /home/mool/vim/src :p:h:h /home/mool/vim :t version.c :p:t version.c :r src/version :p:r /home/mool/vim/src/version :t:r version :e c Examples, when the file name is "src/version.c.gz": :p /home/mool/vim/src/version.c.gz :e gz :e:e c.gz :e:e:e c.gz :e:e:r c :r src/version.c :r:e c :r:r src/version :r:r:r src/version *:_%<* If a "<" is appended to "%", "#", "#n" or "CTRL-V p" the extension of the file name is removed (everything after and including the last '.' in the file name). This is included for backwards compatibility with version 3.0, the ":r" form is preferred. Examples: % current file name %< current file name without extension # alternate file name for current window #< idem, without extension #31 alternate file number 31 #31< idem, without extension word under the cursor WORD under the cursor (see |WORD|) path name under the cursor < idem, without extension Note: Where a file name is expected wildcards expansion is done. On Unix the shell is used for this. Backticks also work, like in ":n `echo *.c`". But expansion is only done if there are any wildcards before expanding the '%', '#', etc.. This avoids expanding wildcards inside a file name. Examples: (alternate filename is "?readme?") command expands to :e # :e ?readme? :e `ls #` :e {files matching "?readme?"} :e #.* :e {files matching "?readme?.*"} 4.5 The window contents *window_contents* In command and Insert/Replace mode the screen window will show the current contents of the buffer: What You See Is What You Get. There are two exceptions: - When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$', and the change is within one line, the text is not directly deleted, but a '$' is put at the last deleted character. - When inserting text in one window, other windows on the same text are not updated until the insert is finished. {Vi: The screen is not always updated on slow terminals} Lines longer than the window width will wrap, unless the 'wrap' option is off (see below). The 'linebreak' option can be set to wrap at a blank character. The bottom lines in the window may start with one of these two characters: '@' The next line is too long to fit in the window. '~' Below the last line in the buffer. If the bottom line is completely filled with '@', the line that is at the top of the window is too long to fit in the window. If the cursor is on this line you can't see what you are doing, because this part of the line is not shown. However, the part of the line before the '@'s can be edited normally. {Vi: gives an "internal error" on lines that do not fit in the window} The 'showbreak' option contains the string to put in front of wrapped lines. *wrap_off* If the 'wrap' option is off, long lines will not wrap. Only the part that fits on the screen is shown. If the cursor is moved to a part of the line that is not shown, the screen is scrolled horizontally. The advantage of this method is that columns are shown as they are and lines that cannot fit on the screen can be edited. The disadvantage is that you cannot see all the characters of a line at once. The 'sidescroll' option can be set to the minimal number of columns to scroll. {Vi: has no 'wrap' option} All normal ASCII characters are displayed directly on the screen. The is replaced with the number of spaces that it represents. Other non-printing characters are replaced with "^{char}", where {char} is the non-printing character with 64 added. Thus character 7 (bell) will be shown as "^G". Characters between 127 and 160 are replaced with "~{char}", where {char} is the character with 64 subtracted. These characters occupy more than one position on the screen. The cursor can only be positioned on the first one. If you set the 'number' option, all lines will be preceded with their number. Tip: If you don't like wrapping lines to mix with the line numbers, set the 'showbreak' option to eight spaces: ":set showbreak=\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ " If you set the 'list' option, characters will not be shown as several spaces, but as "^I". A '$' will be placed at the end of the line, so you can find trailing blanks. In Command-line mode only the command line itself is shown correctly. The display of the buffer contents is updated as soon as you go back to Command mode. Some commands hand over the window to external commands (e.g., ":shell" and "="). After these commands are finished the window may be clobbered with output from the external command, so it needs to be redrawn. This is also the case if something is displayed on the status line that is longer than the width of the window. If you are expected to have a look at the screen before it is redrawn, you get this message: Press RETURN or enter command to continue After you type a key the screen will be redrawn and Vim continues. If you type , or nothing else happens. If you type any other key, it will be interpreted as (the start of) a new command. {Vi: only ":" commands are interpreted} The last line of the window is used for status and other messages. The status messages will only be used if an option is on: status message option default Unix default current mode 'showmode' on on command characters 'showcmd' on off cursor position 'ruler' off off The current mode is "-- INSERT --" or "-- REPLACE --", see |'showmode'|. The command characters are those that you typed but were not used yet. {Vi: does not show the characters you typed or the cursor position} If you have a slow terminal you can switch off the status messages to speed up editing: :set nosc noru nosm If there is an error, an error message will be shown for at least one second (in reverse video). {Vi: error messages may be overwritten with other messages before you have a chance to read them} Some commands show how many lines were affected. Above which threshold this happens can be controlled with the 'report' option (default 2). On the Amiga Vim will run in a CLI window. The name Vim and the full name of the current filename will be shown in the title bar. When the window is resized, Vim will automatically redraw the window. You may make the window as small as you like, but if it gets too small not a single line will fit in it. Make it at least 40 characters wide to be able to read most messages on the last line. On most Unix systems window resize works ok. {Vi: not ok} 4.6 Abbreviations *abbreviations* Abbreviations are used in insert mode, Replace mode and Command-line mode. If you enter a word that is an abbreviation, it is replaced with the word it stands for. This can be used to save typing for often used long words. There are three types of abbreviations: full-id The "full-id" type consists entirely of keyword characters (letters and characters from 'iskeyword' option). This is the most common abbreviation. Examples: "foo", "g3", "-1" end-id The "end-id" type ends in a keyword character, but all the other characters are not keyword characters. Examples: "#i", "..f", "$/7" non-id The "non-id" type ends in a non-keyword character, the other characters may be of any type, excluding space and Tab. {this type is not supported by Vi} Examples: "def#", "4/7$" Examples of strings that cannot be abbreviations: "a.b", "#def", "a b", "_$r" An abbreviation is only recognized when you type a non-keyword character. This can also be the that ends insert mode or the that ends a command. The characters before the cursor must match the abbreviation. Each type has an additional rule: full-id In front of the match is a non-keyword character, or this is where the line or insertion starts. Exception: When the abbreviation is only one character, it is not recognized if there is a non-keyword character in front of it, other than a space or a . end-id In front of the match is a keyword character, or a space or a , or this is where the line or insertion starts. non-id In front of the match is a space, or the start of the line or the insertion. Examples: ( is where you type a non-keyword character) ":ab foo four old otters" (Note that spaces in the are allowed and included in the replacement string.) " foo" is expanded to " four old otters" " foobar" is not expanded "barfoo" is not expanded ":ab #i #include" "#i" is expanded to "#include" ">#i" is not expanded ":ab ;; " "test;;" is not expanded "test ;;" is expanded to "test " To avoid the abbreviation in insert mode: Type part of the abbreviation, exit insert mode with , re-enter insert mode with "a" and type the rest. Or type CTRL-V before the character after the abbreviation. To avoid the abbreviation in Command-line mode: Type CTRL-V twice somewhere in the abbreviation to avoid it to be replaced. A CTRL-V in front of a normal character is mostly ignored otherwise. There are no default abbreviations. Abbreviations are never recursive. You can use ":ab f f-o-o" without any problem. But abbreviations can be mapped. {some versions of Vi support recursive abbreviations, for no apparent reason} Abbreviations are disabled if the 'paste' option is on. *:ab* *:abbreviate* :ab[breviate] list all abbreviations. The character in the first column indicates the mode where the abbreviation is used: 'i' for insert mode, 'c' for Command-line mode, '!' for both. :ab[breviate] list the abbreviations that start with :ab[breviate] add abbreviation for to . If already existed it is replaced with the new . may contain spaces. *:una* *:unabbreviate* :una[bbreviate] remove abbreviation for from the list *:norea* *:noreabbrev* :norea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but no remapping for this {not in Vi} *:ca* *:cabbrev* :ca[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only. {not in Vi} *:cuna* *:cunabbrev* :cuna[bbrev] same as ":una", but for Command-line mode only. {not in Vi} *:cnorea* *:cnoreabbrev* :cnorea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only and no remapping for this {not in Vi} *:ia* *:iabbrev* :ia[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only. {not in Vi} *:iuna* *:iunabbrev* :iuna[bbrev] same as ":una", but for insert mode only. {not in Vi} *:inorea* *:inoreabbrev* :inorea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only and no remapping for this {not in Vi} *:abc* *:abclear* :abc[lear] Remove all abbreviations. {not in Vi} *:iabc* *:iabclear* :iabc[lear] Remove all abbreviations for Insert mode. {not in Vi} *:cabc* *:cabclear* :cabc[lear] Remove all abbreviations for Command-line mode. {not in Vi} *using_CTRL-V* It is possible to use special characters in the rhs of an abbreviation. CTRL-V has to be used to avoid the special meaning of most non printable characters. How many CTRL-Vs need to be typed depends on how you enter the abbreviation. This also applies to mappings. Let's use an example here. Suppose you want to abbreviate "esc" to enter an character. When you type the ":ab" command in Vim, you have to enter this: (here ^V is a CTRL-V and ^[ is ) You type: ab esc ^V^V^V^V^V^[ All keyboard input is subjected to ^V quote interpretation, so the first, third, and fifth ^V characters simply allow the second, and fourth ^Vs, and the ^[, to be entered into the command line. You see: ab esc ^V^V^[ The command line contains two actual ^Vs before the ^[. This is how it should appear in your .exrc file, if you choose to go that route. The first ^V is there to quote the second ^V; the :ab command uses ^V as its own quote character, so you can include quoted whitespace or the | character in the abbreviation. The :ab command doesn't do anything special with the ^[ character, so it doesn't need to be quoted. (Although quoting isn't harmful; that's why typing 7 [but not 8!] ^Vs works.) Stored as: esc ^V^[ After parsing, the abbreviation's short form ("esc") and long form (the two characters "^V^[") are stored in the abbreviation table. If you give the :ab command with no arguments, this is how the abbreviation will be displayed. Later, when the abbreviation is expanded because the user typed in the word "esc", the long form is subjected to the same type of ^V interpretation as keyboard input. So the ^V protects the ^[ character from being interpreted as the "exit input-mode" character. Instead, the ^[ is inserted into the text. Expands to: ^[ [example given by Steve Kirkendall] 4.7 Digraphs *digraphs* *:dig* *:digraphs* :dig[raphs] show currently defined digraphs. {not in Vi} :dig[raphs] {char1}{char2} {number} ... Add digraph {char1}{char2} to the list. {number} is the decimal representation of the character. Digraphs are used to enter characters that normally cannot be entered by an ordinary keyboard. These are mostly accented characters which have the eighth bit set. The digraphs are easier to remember than the decimal number that can be entered with CTRL-V (see above). Vim must have been compiled with DIGRAPHS defined. If this wasn't done, the ":digraph" command will display an error message. You can also check this with the ":version" command. If it shows "+digraphs" then it's included, "-digraphs" means it's not included. There are two methods to enter digraphs: *i_digraph* CTRL-K {char1} {char2} or {char1} {char2} The first is always available. The second only when the 'digraph' option is set. If a digraph with {char1}{char2} does not exist, a digraph {char2}{char1} is searched for. This will help when you don't remember which character comes first. Note that when you enter CTRL-K {char1}, where {char1} is a special key, the code for that special key is entered. This is not a digraph. Once you have entered the digraph the character is treated like a normal character, taking up only one character in the file and on the screen. Example: '|' '|' will enter the double '|' character (166) 'a' '^' will enter an 'a' with a hat (226) CTRL-K '-' '-' will enter a minus sign (173) The default digraphs are listed in the file "vim_digr.txt" |digraph_table|. There are two sets: One that is used for MS-DOS and one for the international standard character set that is mostly used on Unix systems and the Amiga. With the wrong character set they will look illogical. For CTRL-K there is one general digraph: CTRL-K {char} will enter {char} with the highest bit set. This can be used to enter meta-characters. The character cannot be part of a digraph. When hitting the entering of the digraph is aborted and Insert mode or command-line mode is ended, just like hitting an . If you accidently typed an 'a' that should be an 'e', you will type 'a' 'e'. But that is a digraph, so you will not get what you want. To correct this, you will have to type e again. To avoid this don't set the 'digraph' option and use CTRL-K to enter digraphs. You may have problems using Vim with characters which have an ascii value > 128. For example: You insert ue (u-umlaut) and the editor echoes \334 in Insert mode. After leaving the Insert mode everything is fine. Also fmt removes all characters with ascii > 128 from the text being formated. On some Unix systems this means you have to define the environment-variable LC_CTYPE. If you are using csh then put in your .cshrc following line: setenv LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1 4.8 Using the mouse *mouse_using* This section is about using the mouse on a terminal or a terminal window. How to use the mouse in a GUI window is explained in |gui_mouse|. Don't forget to do ":set mouse=a", otherwise Vim won't recognize the mouse in all modes (See 'mouse'). Currently the mouse is supported for Unix in an xterm window and for MS-DOS. Mouse clicks can be used to position the cursor, select the Visual area and paste. There are no menus, use the GUI version for that. The characters in the 'mouse' option tell in which situations the mouse will be used by Vim: n Normal mode v Visual mode i Insert mode c Command-line mode h all previous modes when in a help file a all previous modes r for "Hit return ..." question The default for 'mouse' is empty, the mouse is not used. Normally you would do :set mouse=a to start using the mouse (this is equivalent to setting 'mouse' to "nvich"). If you only want to use the mouse in a few modes or also want to use it for the two questions you will have to concatenate the letters for those modes. For example: :set mouse=nv Will make the mouse work in Normal mode and Visual mode. :set mouse=h Will make the mouse work in help files only (so you can use "g" to jump to tags). In an xterm, with the currently active mode included in the 'mouse' option, normal mouse clicks are used by Vim, mouse clicks with the shift or ctrl key pressed go the the xterm. With the currently active mode not included in 'mouse' all mouse clicks go to the xterm. Here is how you copy and paste a piece of text: Copy/paste with the mouse and Visual mode ('mouse' option must be set, see above): 1. Press left mouse button on first letter of text, move mouse pointer to last letter of the text and release the button. This will start Visual mode and highlight the selected area. 2. Press "y" to yank the Visual text in the unnamed register. 3. Click the left mouse button at the insert position. 4. Click the middle mouse button. Shortcut: If the insert position is on the screen at the same time as the Visual text, you can do 2, 3 and 4 all in one: Click the middle mouse button at the insert position. *xterm_copy_paste* Copy/paste in xterm with (current mode NOT included in 'mouse'): 1. Press left mouse button on first letter of text, move mouse pointer to last letter of the text and release the button. 2. Use normal Vim commands to put the cursor at the insert position. 3. Press "a" to start Insert mode. 4. Click the middle mouse button. 5. Press ESC to end Insert mode. (The same can be done with anything in 'mouse' if you keep the shift key pressed while using the mouse) Note: if you loose the 8th bit when pasting (special characters are translated into other characters), you may have to do "stty cs8 -istrip" in your shell before starting Vim. Thus in an xterm the shift and ctrl keys cannot be used with the mouse. To make it possible to do the mouse commands that require the ctrl modifier, the "g" key can be typed before using the mouse: "g" is " (jump to tag under mouse click) "g" is " ("CTRL-T") A short overview of what the mouse buttons do: Normal Mode: event position Visual change action cursor window yes end yes yes end yes "CTRL-]" (2) yes no change yes "*" (2) ** yes start or extend (1) no ** yes start or extend (1) no yes if not active no put yes if active no yank and put yes start or extend yes yes no change yes "#" (2) ** no no change no "CTRL-T" yes extend no ** yes extend no ** Insert or Replace Mode: event position Visual change action cursor window yes (cannot be active) yes yes (cannot be active) yes "CTRL-O^]" (2) yes (cannot be active) yes "CTRL-O*" (2) yes start or extend (1) no like CTRL-O (1) yes start or extend (1) no like CTRL-O (1) no (cannot be active) no put register yes start or extend yes like CTRL-O yes (cannot be active) yes "CTRL-O#" (2) no (cannot be active) no "CTRL-O CTRL-T" (1) only if mouse pointer moved since press (2) only if click is in same buffer Clicking the left mouse button causes the cursor to be positioned. If the click is in another window that window is made the active window. When editing the command line the cursor can only be positioned on the command line. When in Insert mode Vim remains in Insert mode. If 'scrolloff' is set, and the cursor is positioned within 'scrolloff' lines from the window border, the text is scrolled. A Visual area can be selected by pressing the left mouse button on the first character, moving the mouse to the last character, then releasing the mouse button. You will not always see the Visual selection until you release the button, only in some versions (GUI, MS-DOS, WIN32) will the dragging be shown immediately. Note that you can make the text scroll by moving the mouse at least one character in the first/last line in the window when 'scrolloff' is non-zero. In Normal and Visual mode clicking the right mouse button causes the Visual area to be extended. When clicking in a window which is editing another buffer, the Visual mode is stopped. Double, triple and quadruple clicks are supported when the GUI is active, for MS-DOS and Win32, and for an xterm (if the gettimeofday() function is available). Double clicking may be done to make the selection word-wise, triple clicking makes it line-wise, and quadruple clicking makes it rectangular block-wise. For MS-DOS and xterm the time for double clicking can be set with the 'mousetime' option. For the other systems this time is defined outside of Vim. In Insert mode, when a Visual area is selected, Vim goes into Normal mode temporarily. When Visual mode ends, it returns to Insert mode. This is like using CTRL-O in Insert mode. *drag_status_line* When working with several windows, the size of the windows can be changed by dragging the status line with the mouse. Point the mouse at a status line, press the left button, move the mouse to the new position of the status line, release the button. Just clicking the mouse in a status line makes that window the current window, without moving the cursor. If by selecting a window it will change position or size, the dragging of the status line will look confusing, but it will work (just try it). Mouse clicks can be mapped. The codes for mouse clicks are: code mouse button normal action left pressed set cursor position left moved while pressed extend Visual area left released set Visual area end middle pressed paste text at cursor position middle moved while pressed - middle released - right pressed extend Visual area right moved while pressed extend Visual area right released set Visual area end Examples: :noremap Paste at the position of the middle mouse button click (otherwise the paste would be done at the cursor position). :noremap y Immediately yank the Visually highlighted text. Note the use of ":noremap" instead of "map" to avoid a recursive mapping. *mouse_swap_buttons* To swap the meaning of the left and right mouse buttons: :noremap :noremap :noremap :noremap :noremap :noremap :noremap g :noremap g :noremap! :noremap! :noremap! :noremap! :noremap! :noremap! 4.9 Online help *online_help* *help* ** *:h* *:help* ** *i_* *i_* or :h[elp] Split the window and display the help file in read-only mode. If there is a help window open already, use that one. {not in Vi} :h[elp] {subject} Like ":help", additionally jump to the tag {subject}. {subject} can be a regular expression. :help z. jump to help for any "z" command :help z\. jump to the help for "z." If there is no full match for the pattern, or there are several matches, the "best" match will be used. A match is considered to be better when: - if no match with same case is found, a match with ignoring case will be used - the match is after a non-alphanumereic character - it is at near the beginning of the tag - more alphanumeric characters match - the length of the matched is smaller Note that the longer the {subject} you give, the less matches will be found. You can get an idea how this all works by using commandline completion (type CTRL-D after ":help subject". {not in Vi} The help file name can be set with the 'helpfile' option. The initial height of the help window can be set with the 'helpheight' option (default 20). Jump to specific subjects by using tags. This can be done in two ways: - Use the "CTRL-]" command while standing on the name of a command or option. This only works when the tag is a keyword. "" and "g" work just like "CTRL-]". - use the ":ta {subject}" command. This works with all characters. Use "CTRL-T" to jump back. Use ":q" to close the help window. *help_xterm_window* If you want to have the help in another xterm window, you could use this command: :!xterm -e vim +help & *doc_files* All the help files must be in the same directory. The files are: vim_help.txt overview and quick reference |vim_help.txt| vim_idx.txt alphabetical index of all commands |vim_idx.txt| vim_ref.txt reference manual (this file) |vim_ref.txt| vim_win.txt reference manual for windows commands |vim_win.txt| vim_diff.txt main differences between Vim and Vi |vim_diff.txt| vim_digr.txt list of available digraphs |vim_digr.txt| vim_tips.txt tips on using Vim |vim_tips.txt| vim_gui.txt about the Graphical User Interface |vim_gui.txt| vim_40.txt about version 4.0 |vim_40.txt| vim_rlh.txt about the 'rightleft' option |vim_rlh.txt| vim_unix.txt Unix specific remarks |vim_unix.txt| vim_ami.txt Amiga specific remarks |vim_ami.txt| vim_dos.txt MS-DOS specific remarks |vim_dos.txt| vim_w32.txt Windows-NT/95 specific remarks |vim_w32.txt| vim_os2.txt OS/2 specific remarks |vim_os2.txt| vim_arch.txt Archimedes specific remarks |vim_arch.txt| vim_mac.txt Macintosh specific remarks |vim_mac.txt| vim_mint.txt Atari MiNT specific remarks |vim_mint.txt| vim_tags tags file for documentation 5. Editing files *edit_files* ================ 5.1 Introduction *edit_intro* Editing a file with Vim means: 1. reading the file into the internal buffer 2. changing the buffer with editor commands 3. writing the buffer into a file As long as you don't write the buffer, the original file remains unchanged. If you start editing a file (read a file into the buffer), the file name is remembered as the "current filename". If there already was a current filename, then that one becomes the alternate file name. All filenames are remembered in the file list. When you enter a filename, for editing (e.g., with ":e filename") or writing (e.g., with (:w filename"), the filename is added to the list. You can use this list to remember which files you edited and to quickly switch from one file to another with the CTRL-^ command (e.g., to copy text). First type the number of the file and then hit CTRL-^. {Vi: only one alternate filename} CTRL-G or *CTRL-G* *:f* *:file* :f[ile] Prints the current filename (as typed), the cursor position (unless the 'ruler' option is set), and the file status (readonly, modified). See the 'shortmess' option about how tho make this message shorter. {Vi does not include column number} {count}CTRL-G Like CTRL-G, but prints the current filename with full path. If the count is higher than 1 the current buffer number is also given. {not in Vi} *g_CTRL-G* g CTRL-G Prints the current position of the cursor in three ways: Column, Line and Character. If there are characters in the line that take more than one position on the screen ( or special character), both the "real" column and the screen column are shown, separated with a dash. See also 'ruler' option. {not in Vi} *:file_f* :f[ile] {name} Sets the current filename to {name}. :buffers :files :ls List all the currently known file names. See 'vim_win.txt' |:files| |:buffers| |:ls|. {not in Vi} Vim will remember the full path name of a file name that you enter. In most cases when the file name is displayed only the name you typed is shown, but the full path name is being used if you used the ":cd" command |:cd|. *home_replace* If the environment variable 'HOME' is set, and the file name starts with that string, it is often displayed with HOME replaced with "~". This was done to keep file names short. When reading or writing files the full name is still used, the "~" is only used when displaying file names. When replacing the file name would result in just "~", "~/" is used instead (to avoid confusion with 'backupext' set to "~"). When writing the buffer, the default is to use the current filename. Thus when you give the "ZZ" or ":wq" command, the original file will be overwritten. If you do not want this, the buffer can be written into another file by giving a filename argument to the ":write" command. For example: vim testfile [change the buffer with editor commands] :w newfile :q This will create a file "newfile", that is a modified copy of "testfile". The file "testfile" will remain unchanged. Anyway, if the 'backup' option is set, Vim renames or copies the original file before it will be overwritten. You can use this file if you discover that you need the original file. See also the 'patchmode' option. The name of the backup file is normally the same as the original file with 'backupext' appended. The default "~" is a bit strange to avoid accidently overwriting existing files. If you prefer ".bak" change the 'backupext' option. Extra dots are replaced with '_' on MS-DOS machines, when Vim has detected that an MS-DOS-like filesystem is being used (e.g., messydos or crossdos) or when the 'shortname' option is on. The backup file can be placed in another directory by setting 'backupdir'. *auto_shortname* Technical: On the Amiga you can use 30 characters for a file name. But on an MS-DOS-compatible filesystem only 8 plus 3 characters are available. Vim tries to detect the type of filesystem when it is creating the .swp file. If an MS-DOS-like filesystem is suspected, a flag is set that has the same effect as setting the 'shortname' option. This flag will be reset as soon as you start editing a new file. The flag will be used when making the filename for the ".swp" and ".~" files for the current file. But when you are editing a file in a normal filesystem and write to an MS-DOS-like filesystem the flag will not have been set. In that case the creation of the ".~" file may fail and you will get an error message. Use the 'shortname' option in this case. When you started editing without giving a file name, "No File" is displayed in messages. If the ":write" command is used with a file name argument, the file name for the current file is set to that file name. This only happens when the 'F' flag is included in 'cpoptions' (by default it is included). This is useful when entering text in an empty buffer and then writing it to a file. If 'cpoptions' contains the 'f' flag (by default it is NOT included) the file name is set for the ":read file" command. This is useful when starting Vim without an argument and then doing ":read file" to start editing a file. Because the file name was set without really starting to edit that file, you are protected from overwriting that file. This is done by setting the "notedited" flag. You can see if this flag is set with the CTRL-G or ":file" command. It will include "[Not edited]" when the "notedited" flag is set. When writing the buffer to the current file name (with ":w!"), the "notedited" flag is reset. Vim remembers whether you have changed the buffer. You are protected from losing the changes you made. If you try to quit without writing, or want to start editing another file, this will be refused. In order to overrule this protection add a '!' to the command. The changes will then be lost. For example: ":q" will not work if the buffer was changed, but ":q!" will. To see whether the buffer was changed use the "CTRL-G" command. The message includes the string "[Modified]" if the buffer has been changed. 5.2 Editing a file *edit_a_file* *:e* *:edit* :e[dit] [+cmd] Edit the current file, unless changes have been made. *:edit!* :e[dit]! [+cmd] Edit the current file always. Discard any changes to the buffer. *:edit_f* :e[dit] [+cmd] {file} Edit {file}, unless changes have been made. *:edit!_f* :e[dit]! [+cmd] {file} Edit {file} always. Discard any changes to the buffer. :e[dit] #[count] Edit the [count]th alternate filename (as shown by :files). This command does the same as [count] CTRL-^. *:ex* :ex [+cmd] [file] Same as :edit. {Vi: go from visual to Ex mode} *:vi* *:visual* :vi[sual] [+cmd] [file] Same as :edit. {Vi: go from Ex to visual mode} *:vie* *:view* :vie[w] [+cmd] file Same as :edit, but set 'readonly' option for this buffer. {not in Vi} *CTRL-^* [count]CTRL-^ Edit [count]th alternate file (equivalent to ":e #[count]"). Without count this gets you to the previously edited file. This is a quick way to toggle between two (or more) files. If the 'autowrite' option is on and the buffer was changed, write it. ]f *]f* [f *[f* *gf* gf Edit the file whose name is under or after the cursor. Mnemonic: "goto file". Uses the 'isfname' option to find out which characters are supposed to be in a file name. Uses the 'path' variable as a list of directory names to look for the file. Also looks for the file relative to the current file. This command fails if the current file cannot be abandoned. If the name is a hypertext link, that looks like "type://machine/path", only "/path" is used. For Unix the '~' character is expanded, like in "~user/file". {not in Vi} *:cd* :cd On non-Unix systems: Print the current directory name. On Unix systems: Change the current directory to the home directory. :cd {path} Change the current directory to {path}. Does not change the meaning of an already entered file name, because its full path name is remembered. On MS-DOS this also changes the active drive. *:chd* *:chdir* :chd[ir] [path] Same as :cd. *:pw* *:pwd* :pw[d] Print the current directory name. {Vi: no pwd} These commands are used to start editing a single file. This means that the file is read into the buffer and the current filename is set. You may use the ":cd" command to get to another directory, so you will not have to type that directory name in front of the filenames. One warning: After using ":cd" the full path name will be used for reading and writing files. On some networked file systems this may cause problems. The result of using the full path name is that the file names currently in use will remain referring to the same file. Example: If you have a file a:test and a directory a:vim the commands ":e test" ":cd vim" ":w" will overwrite the file a:test and not write a:vim/test. But if you do ":w test" the file a:vim/test will be written, because you gave a new file name and did not refer to a file name before the ":cd". *:filename* Note for systems other than Unix and MS-DOS: When using a command that accepts a single file name (like ":edit file") spaces in the file name are allowed, but trailing spaces are ignored. This is useful on systems that allow file names with embedded spaces (like the Amiga). Example: The command ":e Long File Name " will edit the file "Long File Name". When using a command that accepts more than one file name (like ":next file1 file2") embedded spaces must be escaped with a backslash. On Unix you can also use backticks in the file name, for example: :e `find . -name ver\\*.c -print` The backslashes before the star are required to prevent "ver*.c" to be expanded by the shell before executing the find program. You can use the ":e!" command if you messed up the buffer and want to start all over again. The ":e" command is only useful if you have changed the current filename. Note that ":e file" will fail if there are changes in the current buffer, also when the 'autowrite' option is on. This is illogical, because with other commands (e.g., ":next") the current buffer would be written and abandoned, but this behaviour is compatible with Vi. If you encounter this problem, you can use CTRL-^ to jump to the file, because the alternate file name is set to the argument of the ":e" command. *:+cmd* The [+cmd] can be used to position the cursor in the newly opened file: + Start at the last line. +{num} Start at line {num}. +/{pat} Start at first line containing {pat}. {pat} must not contain any spaces. +{command} Execute {command} after opening the new file. {command} is an Ex command. It must not contain spaces. *textmode_io* When reading a file when the 'textmode' option is off (default for non-MS-DOS) the character is interpreted as end-of-line. If 'textmode' is on (default for MS-DOS), is also interpreted as end-of-line. Also see |textmode_read|. When writing a file when the 'textmode' option is off a character is used to separate lines. When the 'textmode' option is on is used. Also see |textmode_write|. You can read a file with 'textmode' set and write it with 'textmode' reset. This will replace all pairs by . If you read a file with 'textmode' reset and write with 'textmode' set, all characters will be replaced with . If you start editing a new file and the 'textauto' option is on (which is the default), Vim will try to detect whether the lines in the file are separated by a single (as used on Unix and Amiga) or by a pair (MS-DOS). Only when ALL lines end in the 'textmode' option is set, otherwise it is reset. If the 'textmode' option is set on non-MS-DOS systems the message "[textmode]" is shown to remind you that something unusual is happening. On MS-DOS systems you get the message "[notextmode]" if the 'textmode' option is not set. If the 'textauto' option is off and 'textmode' is on, but while reading a file some lines did not end in , "[CR missing]" will be included in the file message. Before editing binary, executable or Vim script files you should set the 'textmode' and 'textauto' options off. With 'textmode' on you risk that single characters are unexpectedly replaced with . A simple way to do this is by starting Vim with the "-b" option. 5.3 The argument list *argument_list* If you give more than one filename when starting Vim, this list is remembered as the argument list. Do not confuse this with the file list, which you can see with the ":files" command |:files|. The argument list was already present in Vi, the file list is new in Vim. The file names in the argument list will also be present in the file list (unless they were deleted with ":bdel"). You can use the argument list with the following commands: *:ar* *:args* :ar[gs] Print the argument list, with the current file in square brackets. *:argu* *:argument* :[count]argu[ment] [count] [+cmd] Edit file [count] in the argument list, unless changes have been made and the 'autowrite' option is off. {Vi: no such command} :[count]argu[ment]! [count] [+cmd] Edit file [count] in the argument list, discard any changes to the current buffer. {Vi: no such command} *:n* *:next* :[count]n[ext] [+cmd] Edit [count] next file, unless changes have been made and the 'autowrite' option is off {Vi: no count}. :[count]n[ext]! [+cmd] Edit [count] next file, discard any changes to the buffer {Vi: no count}. :ar[gs] [+cmd] {arglist} :n[ext] [+cmd] {arglist} Define {arglist} as the new argument list and edit the first one, unless changes have been made and the 'autowrite' option is off. :ar[gs]! [+cmd] {arglist} :n[ext]! [+cmd] {arglist} *:next_f* Define {arglist} as the new argument list and edit the first one. Discard any changes to the buffer. :[count]N[ext] [count] [+cmd] *:Next* *:N* Edit [count] previous file in argument list, unless changes have been made and the 'autowrite' option is off {Vi: no count}. :[count]N[ext]! [count] [+cmd] Edit [count] previous file in argument list. Discard any changes to the buffer {Vi: no count}. :[count]prev[ious] [count] [+cmd] *:prev* *:previous* Same as :Next {Vi: only in some versions} *:rew* *:rewind* :rew[ind] [+cmd] Start editing the first file in the argument list, unless changes have been made and the 'autowrite' option is off. :rew[ind]! [+cmd] Start editing the first file in the argument list. Discard any changes to the buffer. *:la* *:last* :la[st] [+cmd] Start editing the last file in the argument list, unless changes have been made and the 'autowrite' option is off. {not in Vi} :la[st]! [+cmd] Start editing the last file in the argument list. Discard any changes to the buffer. {not in Vi} *:wn* *:wnext* :[count]wn[ext] [+cmd] Write current file and start editing the [count] next file. {not in Vi} :[count]wn[ext] [+cmd] {file} Write current file to {file} and start editing the [count] next file, unless {file} already exists and the 'writeany' option is off. {not in Vi} :[count]wn[ext]! [+cmd] {file} Write current file to {file} and start editing the [count] next file. {not in Vi} :[count]wN[ext][!] [+cmd] [file] *:wN* *:wNext* :[count]wp[revous][!] [+cmd] [file] *:wp* *:wprevious* Same as :wnext, but go to previous file instead of next. {not in Vi} The [count] in the commands above defaults to one. For some commands it is possible to use two counts. The last one (rightmost one) is used. For [+cmd] see 5.2 |edit_a_file|. The wildcards in the argument list are expanded and the filenames are sorted. Thus you can use the command "vim *.c" to edit all the C files. From within Vim the command ":n *.c" does the same. On Unix you can also use backticks, for example: :n `find . -name \\*.c -print` The backslashes before the star are required to prevent "*.c" to be expanded by the shell before executing the find program. *arglist_quit* You are protected from leaving Vim if you have not been editing the last file in the argument list. This prevents you from forgetting that you were editing one out of several files. To exit anyway try to exit twice. If there are changes in the current buffer this will fail. You can exit anyway, and save any changes, with the ":wq!" command. To lose any changes use the ":q!" command. When there is an argument list you can see which file you are editing in the title of the window (if there is one and 'title' is on) and with the file message you get with the "CTRL-G" command. You will see something like (file 4 of 11) If 'shortmess' contains 'f' it will be (4 of 11) If you are not really editing the file at the current position in the argument list it will be (file (4) of 11) This means that you are position 4 in the argument list, but not editing the fourth file in the argument list. This happens when you do ":e file". 5.4 Writing and quitting *write_quit* *save_file* *:w* *:write* :[range]w[rite][!] Write the specified lines to the current file. *:w_f* *:write_f* :[range]w[rite] {file} Write the specified lines to {file}, unless it already exists and the 'writeany' option is off. *:w!* :[range]w[rite]! {file} Write the specified lines to {file}. Overwrite an existing file. *:w_a* *:write_a* :[range]w[rite][!] >> Append the specified lines to the current file. :[range]w[rite][!] >> {file} Append the specified lines to {file}. '!' forces the write even if file does not exist. *:w_c* *:write_c* :[range]w[rite] !{cmd} Execute {cmd} with [range] lines as standard input (note the space in front of the '!'). {cmd} is executed like with ":!{cmd}", any '!' is replaced with the previous command |:!|. The default [range] for the ":w" command is the whole buffer (1,$). If a file name is give with ":w" it becomes the alternate file. This can be used when the write fails and you want to try again later with ":w #". *:q* *:quit* :q[uit] Quit, unless changes have been made or not editing the last file in the argument list. :q[uit]! Quit always, without writing. :cq Quit always, without writing, and return an error code. Used for Manx's QuickFix mode (see 5.5 |quickfix|). *:wq* :wq Write the current file and exit (unless editing the last file in the argument list or the file is read-only). :wq! Write the current file and exit. :wq {file} Write to {file}. Exit if not editing the last file in the argument list. :wq! {file} Write to {file} and exit. :[range]wq[!] [file] Same as above, but only write the lines in [range]. *:x* *:xit* :[range]x[it][!] [file] Like ":wq", but write only when changes have been made. *:exi* *:exit* :[range]exi[t][!] [file] Same as :xit. *ZZ* ZZ Write current file, if modified, and exit (same as ":x"). (Note: If there are several windows for the current file, the file is written if it was modified and the window is closed). *ZQ* ZQ Quit current file and exit (same as ":q!"). (Note: If there are several windows for the current file, only the window is closed). *timestamp* Vim remembers the timestamp of the file when you start editing it. When you write a file the timestamp is checked. If the file has been changed since you started editing it, Vim will ask you if you really want to overwrite the file: WARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!! Do you really want to write to it (y/n)? If you hit 'y' Vim will continue writing the file. If you hit 'n' the write is aborted. If you used ":wq" or "ZZ" Vim will not exit, you will get another chance to write the file. The message would normally mean that somebody has written to the file after the edit session started. This could be another person, in which case you probably want to check if your changes to the file and the changes from the other person should be merged. Write the file under another name and check for differences (the "diff" program can be used for this). It is also possible that you modified the file yourself, from another edit session or with another command (e.g., a filter command). Then you will know which version of the file you want to keep. *backup* If you write to an existing file (but do not append) while the 'backup', 'writebackup' or 'patchmode' option is on, a backup of the original file is made. On Unix systems the file is copied, on other systems the file is renamed. After the file has been successfully written and when the 'writebackup' option is on and the 'backup' option is off, the backup file is deleted. When the 'patchmode' option is on the backup file may be renamed. *backup_table* 'backup' 'writebackup' action off off no backup made off on backup current file, deleted afterwards (default) on off delete old backup, backup current file on on delete old backup, backup current file When the 'backup' option is on, an old backup file (with the same name as the new backup file) will be deleted. If 'backup' is not set, but 'writebackup' is set, an existing backup file will not be deleted. The backup file that is made while the file is being written will have a different name. The directories given with the 'backupdir' option is used to put the backup file in. (default: same directory as the written file). On Unix systems: When you write to an existing file, that file is truncated and then filled with the new text. This means that protection bits, owner and symbolic links are unmodified. The backup file however, is a new file, owned by the user who edited the file. The group of the backup is set to the group of the original file. If this fails, the protection bits for the group are made the same as for others. If the creation of a backup file fails, the write is not done. If you want to write anyway add a '!' to the command. *write_fail* If the writing of the new file fails, you have to be careful not to lose your changes AND the original file. If there is no backup file and writing the new file failed, you have already lost the original file! DON'T EXIT VIM UNTIL YOU WRITE OUT THE FILE! If a backup was made, it is put back in place of the original file (if possible). If you exit Vim, and lose the changes you made, the original file will mostly still be there. If putting back the original file fails, there will be an error message telling you that you lost the original file. *textmode_write* If the 'textmode' option is on is used for end-of-line. This is default for MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2. On other systems the message "[textmode]" is shown to remind you that an usual end-of-line marker was used. If the 'textmode' is not set NL is used for end-of-line. On MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2 the message "[notextmode]" is shown. See also |textmode_io| and the 'textmode' and 'textauto' options. 5.5 Using the QuickFix mode *quickfix* Vim has a special mode to speedup the edit-compile-edit cycle. This is inspired by the quickfix option of the Manx's Aztec C compiler on the Amiga. The idea is to save the error messages from the compiler in a file and use Vim to jump to the errors one by one. You can then examine each problem and fix it, without having to remember all the error messages. If you are using Manx's Aztec C compiler on the Amiga you should do the following: - Set the CCEDIT environment variable with the command mset "CCEDIT=vim -e" - Compile with the -qf option. If the compiler finds any errors, Vim is started and the cursor is positioned on the first error. The error message will be displayed on the last line. You can go to other errors with the commands mentioned below. You can fix the errors and write the file(s). - If you exit Vim normally the compiler will re-compile the same file. If you exit with the :cq command, the compiler will terminate. Do this if you cannot fix the error, or if another file needs to be compiled first. If you are using another compiler you should save the error messages in a file and start Vim with "vim -e filename". An easy way to do this is with the ":make" command (see below). The 'errorformat' option should be set to match the error messages from your compiler (see below). The following commands can be used if you are in QuickFix mode: *:cc* :cc[!] [nr] Display error [nr]. If [nr] is omitted, the same error is displayed again. Without [!] this doesn't work when jumping to another buffer, the current buffer has been changed, there is the only window for the buffer and both 'hidden' and 'autowrite' are off. When jumping to another buffer with [!] any changes to the current buffer are lost, unless 'hidden' is set or there is another window for this buffer. {not in Vi} *:cn* *:cnext* :[count]cn[ext][!] Display the [count] next error in the list that includes a file name. If there are no file names at all, go the the [count] next error. See |:cc| for [!]. {not in Vi} :[count]cN[ext][!] *:cp* *:cprevious* *:cN* *:cNext* :[count]cp[revious][!] Display the [count] previous error in the list that includes a file name. If there are no file names at all, go the the [count] previous error. See |:cc| for [!]. {not in Vi} *:cq* *:cquit* :cq[uit] Quit Vim with an error code, so that the compiler will not compile the same file again. {not in Vi} *:cf* *:cfile* :cf[ile][!] [errorfile] Read the error file and jump to the first error. This is done automatically when Vim is started with the -e option. You can use this command when you keep Vim running while compiling. If you give the name of the errorfile, the 'errorfile' option will be set to [errorfile]. See |:cc| for [!]. {not in Vi} *:cl* *:clist* :cl[ist] List all errors that inlcude a file name. {not in Vi} :cl[ist]! List all errors. {not in Vi} *:mak* *:make* :mak[e] [arguments] 1. If the 'autowrite' option is on, write any changed buffers 2. Any existing 'errorfile' is deleted. 3. The program given with the 'makeprg' option is started (default "make") with the optional [arguments] and the output is saved in 'errorfile' (for Unix it is also echoed on the screen). 4. The 'errorfile' is then read and the first error is jumped to. 5. The 'errorfile' is deleted. {not in Vi} The name of the file can be set with the 'errorfile' option. The default is "AztecC.Err" for the Amiga and "errors.vim" for other systems. The format of the file from the Aztec compiler is: filename>linenumber:columnnumber:errortype:errornumber:errormessage filename name of the file in which the error was detected linenumber line number where the error was detected columnnumber column number where the error was detected errortype type of the error, normally a single 'E' or 'W' errornumber number of the error (for lookup in the manual) errormessage description of the error *errorformat* Another compiler is likely to use a different format. You should set the 'errorformat' option to a scanf-like string that describes the format. First, you need to know how scanf works. Look in the documentation of your C compiler. Vim will understand eight conversion characters. Others are invalid. %f file name (finds a string) %l line number (finds a number) %c column number (finds a number) %t error type (finds a single character) %n error number (finds a number) %m error message (finds a string) %* any scanf non-assignable conversion %% the single '%' character Examples: %f>%l:%c:%t:%n:%m" for the AztecC.Err file %f:%l:\ %t%*[^0123456789]%n:\ %m for Manx/Aztec C error messages (scanf() doesn't understand [0-9]) %f\ %l\ %t%*[^0-9]%n:\ %m for SAS C \"%f\"\\,%*[^0-9]%l:\ %m for generic C compilers %f:%l:\ %m for GCC %f(%l)\ :\ %*[^:]:\ %m old SCO C compiler (pre-OS5) %f(%l)\ :\ %t%*[^0-9]%n:\ %m idem, with error type and number %f:%l:\ %m,In\ file\ included\ from\ %f:%l:,\^I\^Ifrom\ %f:%l%m for GCC, with some extras Note the backslash in front of a space and double quote. It is required for the :set command. There are two backslashes in front of a comma, one for the :set command and one to avoid recognizing the comma as a separator of error formats. The "%f" and "%m" conversions have to detect the end of the string. They should be followed by a character that cannot be in the string. Everything up to that character is included in the string. Be careful: "%f%l" will include everything up to the first '%' in the file name. If the "%f" or "%m" is at the end, everything up to the end of the line is included. To be able to detect output from several compilers, several format patterns may be put in 'errorformat', separated by commas (note: blanks after the comma are ignored). The first pattern that has a complete match is used. If no match is found, matching parts from the last one will be used, although the file name is removed and the error message is set to the whole message. If there is a pattern that may match output from several compilers (but not in a right way), put it after one that is more restrictive. To include a comma in a pattern precede it with a backslash (you have to type two in a set command). To include a backslash itself give two backslashes (you have to type four in a set command). If a line is detected that does not completely match the 'errorformat', the whole line is put in the error message and the entry is marked "not valid" These lines are skipped with the ":cn" and ":cp" commands (unless there is no valid line at all). You can use ":cl!" to display all the error messages. If the error format does not contain a file name Vim cannot switch to the correct file. You will have to do this by hand. If you have a compiler that produces error messages that do not fit in the format string, you could write a program that translates the error messages into this format. You can use this program with the ":make" command by changing the 'makeprg' option. For example: ":set mp=make\ \\\|&\ error_filter". The backslashes before the pipe character are required to avoid it to be recognized as a command separator. The backslash before each space is required for the set command. *:make_makeprg* The ":make" command executes the command given with the 'makeprg' option. This is done by passing the command to the shell given with the 'shell' option. This works almost like typing ":!{makeprg} [arguments] {shellpipe} {errorfile}". {makeprg} is the string given with the 'makeprg' option. Any command can be used, not just "make". Characters '%' and '#' are expanded as usual on a command line. You can use "%<" to insert the current filename without extension, for example ":set makeprg=make\ %<.o". [arguments] is anything that is typed after ":make". {shellpipe} is the 'shellpipe' option. {errorfile} is the 'errorfile' option. The 'shellpipe' option defaults to ">" for the Amiga, MS-DOS and Win32. This means that the output of the compiler is saved in a file and not shown on the screen directly. For Unix "| tee" is used. The compiler output is shown on the screen and saved in a file the same time. Depending on the shell used "|& tee" or "2>&1| tee" is the default, so stderr output will be included. There are some restrictions to the Quickfix mode on the Amiga. The compiler only writes the first 25 errors to the errorfile (Manx's documentation does not say how to get more). If you want to find the others, you will have to fix a few errors and exit the editor. After recompiling, up to 25 remaining errors will be found. On the Amiga, if Vim was started from the compiler, the :sh and :! commands will not work, because Vim is then running in the same process as the compiler and these two commands may guru the machine then. If you insert or delete lines, mostly the correct error location is still found because hidden marks are used (Manx's Z editor does not do this). Sometimes, when the mark has been deleted for some reason, the message "line changed" is shown to warn you that the error location may not be correct. If you quit Vim and start again the marks are lost and the error locations may not be correct anymore. 5.6 Editing binary files *edit_binary* Although Vim was made to edit text files, it is possible to edit binary files. The "-b" Vim argument (b for binary) sets some options for editing binary files ('binary' on, 'textwidth' to 0, 'textmode' and 'textauto' off, 'modeline' off, 'expandtab' off). Setting the 'binary' option has the same effect. Don't forget to do this before reading the file. There are a few things to remember when editing binary files: - When editing executable files the number of characters must not change. Use only the "R" or "r" command to change text. Do not delete characters with "x" or by backspacing. - Set the 'textwidth' option to 0. Otherwise lines will unexpectedly be split in two. - When there are not many end-of-line characters, the lines will become very long. If you want to edit a line that does not fit on the screen reset the 'wrap' option. Horizontal scrolling is used then. If a line becomes too long (more than about 32767 characters on the Amiga, much more on 32-bit systems, see |limits|) you cannot edit that line. The line will be split when reading the file. It is also possible that you get an "out of memory" error when reading the file. - Make sure the 'textmode' and 'textauto' options are off before loading the file. In 'textmode' both and are considered to end a line and when the file is written the will be replaced with . The 'modelines' option should also be off, because there may be a string like ":vi:" in the file that would give unpredictable results. - characters are shown on the screen as ^@. You can enter them with "CTRL-V CTRL-@" or "CTRL-V 000" {Vi cannot handle characters in the file} - To insert a character in the file split up a line. When writing the buffer to a file a will be written for the end of line. - Vim normally appends an end-of-line character at the end of the file if there is none. Setting the 'binary' option prevents this. If you want to add the final end-of-line, set the 'endofline' option. You can also read the value of this option to see if there was an end-of-line character for the last line (you cannot see this in the text). 5.7 Automatic commands *autocommand* You can specify commands to be executed automatically for when reading or writing a file, when entering or leaving a buffer or window, and when exiting Vim. For example, 'cindent' can be set for files matching *.c, and unset otherwise. Autocommands can be used to edit compressed files. These commands are normally put in your .vimrc or .exrc file. {All this is not in Vi} WARNING: Using autocommands is very powerful, but may lead to unexpected side effects. Be careful not to destroy your text. - It's a good idea to first do some testing on a copy of a file first. For example: If you use autocommands to decompress a file when starting to edit it, make sure that the autocommands for compressing when writing work correctly. - Be prepared for an error halfway through (e.g., disk full). Vim will mostly be able to undo the changes to the buffer, but you may have to clean up the changes to other files by hand (e.g., compress a file that has been decompressed). - If the BufRead* events allow you to edit a compressed file, the FileRead* events should do the same (to be able to do recovery in some rare cases). It's a good idea to use the same autocommands for the File* and Buf* events when possible. The autocommand feature is only included if Vim has been compiled with AUTOCMD defined. If the output of ":version" contains "+autocmd" it is included (this is the default), if it contains "-autocmd" then the autocommand feature doesn't work. Note: This command cannot be followed by another command, since any '|' is considered part of the command. *:au* *:autocmd* :au[tocmd] {event} {pat} {cmd} Add {cmd} to the list of commands that will be automatically executed on {event} for a file matching {pat}. It is not added if it is already there (as may happen when .vimrc is sourced again). The order of entering {cmd} and {pat} is important. :au[tocmd] {event} {pat} Show the auto-commands associated with {event} and {pat}. :au[tocmd] * {pat} Show the auto-commands associated with {pat} for all events. :au[tocmd] {event} Show all auto-commands for {event}. :au[tocmd] Show all auto-commands. :au[tocmd]! {event} {pat} {cmd} Remove all auto-commands associated with {event} and {pat}, and add the command {cmd}. :au[tocmd]! {event} {pat} Remove all auto-commands associated with {event} and {pat}. :au[tocmd]! * {pat} Remove all auto-commands associated with {pat} for all events. :au[tocmd]! {event} Remove ALL auto-commands for {event}. :au[tocmd]! Remove ALL auto-commands. *:do* *:doautocmd* :do[autocmd] {event} [fname] Apply the autocommands matching [fname] (default: current file name) for {event} to the current buffer. This can be used when the current file name does not match the right pattern, after changing settings, or to execute autocommands for a certain event. *autocommand-events* These events are recognized. Case is ignored, for example "BUFread" and "bufread" can be used instead of "BufRead". *BufNewFile* BufNewFile When starting to edit a file that doesn't exist. Can be used to read in a skeleton file. *BufReadPre* BufReadPre When starting to edit a new buffer, before reading the file into the buffer. Not used when the file doesn't exist. *BufRead* *BufReadPost* BufRead or BufReadPost When starting to edit a new buffer, after reading the file into the buffer, before executing the modelines. This does NOT work for ":r file". Not used when the file doesn't exist. *FileReadPre* FileReadPre Before reading a file with a ":read" command. *FileReadPost* FileReadPost After reading a file with a ":read" command. Note that the '[ and '] marks are set to the first and last line of the read, this can be used to operate on the just read lines. *FilterReadPre* FilterReadPre Before reading a file from a filter command. The file name of the current buffer is used to match with the pattern, not the name of the temporary file that is the output of the filter command. *FilterReadPost* FilterReadPost After reading a file from a filter command. Like FilterReadPre, the file name of the current buffer is used. *BufWrite* *BufWritePre* BufWrite or BufWritePre Before writing the whole buffer to a file. *BufWritePost* BufWritePost After writing the whole buffer to a file (should undo the commands for BufWritePre). *FileWritePre* FileWritePre Before writing to a file, when not writing the whole buffer. *FileWritePost* FileWritePost After writing to a file, when not writing the whole buffer. *FileAppendPre* FileAppendPre Before appending to a file. *FileAppendPost* FileAppendPost After appending to a file. *FilterWritePre* FilterWritePre Before writing a file for a filter command. The file name of the current buffer is used to match with the pattern, not the name of the temporary file that is the input for the filter command. *FilterWritePost* FilterWritePost After writing a file for a filter command. Like FilterWritePre, the file name of the current buffer is used. *BufEnter* BufEnter After entering a buffer. Useful for setting options for a file type. Also executed when starting to edit a buffer, after the BufReadPost autocommands. *BufLeave* BufLeave Before leaving to another buffer. Also when leaving or closing the current window and the new current window is not for the same buffer. *WinEnter* WinEnter After entering another window. Not done for the first window, when Vim is just started. Useful for setting the window height. If the window is for another buffer, the BufEnter autocommands are executed after the WinEnter autocommands. *WinLeave* WinLeave Before leaving to another window. If the window to be entered is for a different buffer, the BufLeave autocommands are executed before the WinLeave autocommands. *VimLeave* VimLeave Before exiting Vim, just before writing the .viminfo file. There is no VimEnter event, because you can use the .vimrc for that. For READING FILES there are three possible pairs of events, only one pair is used at a time: BufNewFile starting to edit a non-existant file BufReadPre BufReadPost starting to edit an existing file FilterReadPre FilterReadPost read the temp file with filter output FileReadPre FileReadPost any other file read Note that the autocommands for the *ReadPre and *Filter* events are not allowed to change the current buffer. You will get an error message if this happens anyway. This is to prevent the file to be read into the wrong buffer. Before the *ReadPre event the '[ mark is set to the line just above where the new lines will be inserted. Before the *ReadPost event the '[ mark is set to the first line that was just read, the '] mark to the last line. Careful: '[ and '] will change when using commands that change the buffer. "" can be used for the file name that is being read, in commands where a file name is expected (where you can also use "%" for the current file name) |:|. Examples for reading compressed files: :autocmd! BufReadPre,FileReadPre *.gz set bin :autocmd BufReadPost,FileReadPost *.gz '[,']!gunzip :autocmd BufReadPost,FileReadPost *.gz set nobin NOTE: When using the examples given, any existing autocommands for the same event/pattern combination will be removed, because of the '!'. For WRITING FILES there are four possible pairs of events, only one pair is used at a time: BufWritePre BufWritePost writing the whole buffer FilterWritePre FilterWritePost writing to the temp file with filter input FileAppendPre FileAppendPost appending to a file FileWritePre FileWritePost any other file write Note that the *WritePost commands should undo any changes to the buffer that were caused by the *WritePre commands, otherwise writing the file will have the side effect of changing the buffer. Before executing the autocommands, the buffer from where the lines are to be written is temporarily made the current buffer. Unless the autocommands change the current buffer, or delete the previously current buffer, the previously current buffer is made the current buffer again. The *WritePre and *AppendPre autocommands must not delete the buffer from where the lines are to be written. Before executing the *WritePre and *AppendPre autocommands the '[ mark is set to the first line that will be written, the '] mark to the last line. Careful: '[ and '] will change when using commands that change the buffer. "" can be used for the file name that is being written, in commands where a file name is expected (where you can also use "%" for the current file name) |:|. Examples for writing compressed files: :autocmd! BufWritePost,FileWritePost *.gz !mv :r :autocmd BufWritePost,FileWritePost *.gz !gzip :r :autocmd! FileAppendPre *.gz !gunzip :autocmd FileAppendPre *.gz !mv :r :autocmd! FileAppendPost *.gz !mv :r :autocmd FileAppendPost *.gz !gzip :r (":r" is the file name without the extension, see |:_%:|) The commands executed for the BufNewFile, BufRead/BufReadPost, BufWritePost, FileAppendPost and VimLeave events do not set or reset the changed flag of the buffer. When you decompress the buffer with the BufReadPost autocommands, you can still exit with ":q". When you use ":undo" in BufWritePost to undo the changes made by BufWritePre commands, you can still do ":q" (this also makes "ZZ" work). To execute Normal mode commands from an autocommand, use the ":normal" command. Use with care! If the Normal mode command is not finished, the user needs to type characters (e.g., after ":normal m" you need to type a mark name). If you want the buffer not to be modified after changing it, reset the 'modified' option. This makes it possible to exit the buffer with ":q" instead of ":q!". Autocommands do not nest. If you use ":r" or ":w" in an autocommand, the BufRead and BufWrite autocommands are not executed for those commands. It's also not possible to use the ":au" command in an autocommand (that could be a self-modifying command!). There is currently no way to disable the autocommands. If you want to write a file without executing the autocommands for that type of file, write it under another name and rename it with a shell command. Note: When reading a file (with ":read file" or with a filter command) and the last line in the file does not have an end-of-line character, this is remembered. At the next write (with ":write file" or with a filter command), if the same line is written again as the last line in a file AND 'binary' is set, no end-of-line character is written. This makes a filter command on the just read lines write the same file as was read, and makes a write command on just filtered lines write the same file as was read from the filter. For example, another way to write a compressed file: :autocmd FileWritePre *.gz set bin|'[,']!gzip :autocmd FileWritePost *.gz undo|set nobin *autocommand-pattern* Multiple patterns may be given separated by commas. Here are some examples: :autocmd BufRead * set tw=79 nocin ic infercase fo=2croq :autocmd BufRead .letter set tw=72 fo=2tcrq :autocmd BufEnter .letter set dict=/usr/lib/dict/words :autocmd BufLeave .letter set dict= :autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.c,*.h set tw=0 cin noic :autocmd BufEnter *.c,*.h abbr FOR for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)^M{^M}^[O :autocmd BufLeave *.c,*.h unabbr FOR For makefiles (makefile, Makefile, imakefile, makefile.unix, etc.): :autocmd BufEnter ?akefile* set include=^s\=include :autocmd BufLeave ?akefile* set include& To always start editing C files at the first function: :autocmd BufRead *.c,*.h 1;/^{ Without the "1;" above, the search would start from wherever the file was entered, rather than from the start of the file. To read a skeleton file for new C files: :autocmd BufNewFile *.c 0r ~/.skeleton.c :autocmd BufNewFile *.h 0r ~/.skeleton.h To insert the current date and time in a *.html file when writing it: :autocmd BufWritePre,FileWritePre *.html ks|1,20g/Last modification: /normal f:lD:read !date^MkJ's (to insert the ^M type CTRL-V CTRL-M) You need to have a line "Last modification: " in the first 20 lines of the file for this to work. The (and anything in the same line after it) will be replaced with the current date and time. Explanation: ks mark current position with mark 's' 1,20g/pattern/ find lines that contain the pattern normal f: find the ':' lD delete the old date and time !date^M read the current date and time into the next line kJ Join the date and time with the previous line 's return the cursor to the old position When entering :autocmd on the command line, completion of events and command names may be done (with , CTRL-D, etc.) where appropriate. All matching auto-commands will be executed in the order that they were specified. It is recommended that your first auto-command be used for all files by using "*" as the file pattern. This means that you can define defaults you like here for any settings, and if there is another matching auto-command it will override these. But if there is no other matching auto-command, then at least your default settings are recovered (if entering this file from another for which auto-commands did match). Note that "*" will also match files starting with ".", unlike Unix shells. Normally the file pattern is tested for a match against just the tail part of the file name (without its leading directory path), but if a path separator character (eg '/' on Unix) appears in the pattern, then it will be tested against the full file name. For example: :autocmd BufRead */vim/src/* set wrap Note that using ~ in a file name (for home directory) doesn't work. Use a pattern that matches the full path name, for example "*home/user/.cshrc". 6. Cursor motions *cursor_motions* ================= These commands move the cursor position. If the new position is off of the screen, the screen is scrolled to show the cursor (see also 'scrolljump' and 'scrolloff' options). *operator* The motion commands can be used after an operator command, to have the command operate on the text that was moved over. That is the text between the cursor position before and after the motion. Operators are generally used to delete or change text. The following operators are available: |c| c change |d| d delete |y| y yank into register (does not change the text) |~| ~ swap case (only if 'tildeop' is set) |g~| g~ swap case |gu| gu make lower case |gU| gU make upper case |!| ! filter through an external program |=| = filter through 'equalprg' or C-indenting if empty |Q| Q text formatting (obsolete) |gq| gq text formatting |>| > shift right |<| < shift left If the motion includes a count and the operator also had a count before it, the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w" deletes six words. The operator either affects whole lines, or the characters between the start and end position. Generally, motions that move between lines affect lines (are linewise), and motions that move within a line affect characters. However, there are some exceptions. A character motion is either inclusive or exclusive. When inclusive, the start and end position of the motion are included in the operation. When exclusive, the last character towards the end of the buffer is not included. Linewise motions always include the start and end position. Which motions are linewise, inclusive or exclusive is mentioned below. There are however, two general exceptions: 1. If the motion is exclusive and the end of the motion is in column 1, the end of the motion is moved to the end of the previous line and the motion becomes inclusive. Example: "}" ends at the first line after a paragraph, but "V}" will not include that line. 2. If the motion is exclusive, the end of the motion is in column 1 and the start of the motion was at or before the first non-blank in the line, the motion becomes linewise. Example: If a paragraph begins with some blanks and you do "d}" while standing on the first non-blank, all the lines of the paragraph are deleted, including the blanks. If you do a put now, the deleted lines will be inserted below the cursor position. Instead of first giving the operator and then a motion you can use Visual mode: mark the start of the text with "v", move the cursor to the end of the text that is to be affected and then hit the operator. The text between the start and the cursor position is highlighted, so you can see what text will be operated upon. This allows much more freedom, but requires more key strokes and has limited redo functionality. See the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|. If you want to know where you are in the file use the "CTRL-G" command |CTRL-G| or the "g CTRL-G command |g_CTRL-G|. If you set the 'ruler' option, the cursor position is continuously shown in the status line (which slows down Vim a little). NOTE: Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because they are always right under their fingers. Beginners often prefer the arrow keys, because they do not know what the hjkl keys do. The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking at the keyboard. Think of j as an arrow pointing downwards. 6.1 Left-right motions *left_right_motions* h or *h* or ** CTRL-H or *CTRL-H* ** [count] characters to the left (exclusive). Note: If you prefer to delete a character, use the mapping: :map CTRL-V X (to enter "CTRL-V" type the CTRL-V key, followed by the key) See |:fixdel| if the key does not do what you want. l or *l* or ** ** [count] characters to the right (exclusive). *0* 0 To the first character of the line (exclusive). When moving up or down, stay in same screen column (if possible). ** To the first character of the line (exclusive). When moving up or down, stay in same text column (if possible). Works like "1|", which differs from "0" when the line starts with a . {not in Vi} *^* ^ To the first non-blank character of the line (exclusive). *$* ** $ or To the end of line and [count - 1] lines downward (inclusive). *g0* *g* g0 or g When lines wrap ('wrap on): To the first character of the screen line (exclusive). Differs from "0" when a line is wider than the screen. When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost character of the current line that is on the screen. Differs from "0" when the first character of the line is not on the screen. {not in Vi} *g^* g^ When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first non-blank character of the screen line (exclusive). Differs from "^" when a line is wider than the screen. When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost non-blank character of the current line that is on the screen. Differs from "^" when the first non-blank character of the line is not on the screen. {not in Vi} *g$* *g* g$ or g When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the last character of the screen line and [count - 1] screen lines downward (inclusive). Differs from "$" when a line is wider than the screen. When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the righmost character of the current line that is visible on the screen. Differs from "$" when the last character of the line is not on the screen or when a count is used. {not in Vi} *bar* | To screen column [count] in the current line (exclusive). *f* f{char} To [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the right. The cursor is placed on {char} (inclusive). *F* F{char} To the [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the left. The cursor is placed on {char} (inclusive). *t* t{char} Till before [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the right. The cursor is placed on the character left of {char} (inclusive). *T* T{char} Till after [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the left. The cursor is placed on the character right of {char} (inclusive). *;* ; Repeat latest f, t, F or T [count] times. *,* , Repeat latest f, t, F or T in opposite direction [count] times. These commands move the cursor to the specified column in the current line. They stop at the first column and at the end of the line, except "$", which may move to one of the next lines. See 'whichwrap' option to make some of the commands move accross line boundaries. 6.2 Up-down motions *up_down_motions* k or *k* or ** *CTRL-P* CTRL-P [count] lines upward (linewise). j or *j* or ** CTRL-J or *CTRL-J* or ** *CTRL-N* CTRL-N [count] lines downward (linewise). gk or *gk* *g* g [count] display lines upward (exclusive). Differs from 'k' when lines wrap. {not in Vi} gj or *gj* *g* g [count] display lines downward (exclusive). Differs from 'j' when lines wrap. {not in Vi} *-* - [count] lines upward, on the first non-blank character (linewise). + or *+* CTRL-M or *CTRL-M* ** [count] lines downward, on the first non-blank character (linewise). *_* _ [count] - 1 lines downward, on the first non-blank character (linewise). or *G* ** G Goto line [count], default last line, on the first non-blank character (linewise). If 'startofline' not set, keep the same column. or *gg* ** gg Goto line [count], default first line, on the first non-blank character (linewise). If 'startofline' not set, keep the same column. :[range] Set the cursor on the (last) specified line number (cannot be used with an operator). *N%* {count}% Go to {count} percentage in the file, on the first non-blank in the line (linewise). To compute the new line number this formula is used: {count} * number-of-lines / 100. See also 'startofline' option. {not in Vi} These commands move to the specified line. They stop when reaching the first or the last line. The first two commands put the cursor in the same column (if possible) as it was after the last command that changed the column, except after the "$" command, then the cursor will be put on the last character of the line. 6.3 Word motions *word_motions* or ** *w* w [count] words forward (exclusive). *W* W [count] WORDS forward (exclusive). *e* e Forward to the end of word [count] (inclusive). *E* E Forward to the end of WORD [count] (inclusive). or ** *b* b [count] words backward (exclusive). *B* B [count] WORDS backward (exclusive). *ge* ge Backward to the end of word [count] (inclusive). *gE* gE Backward to the end of WORD [count] (inclusive). These commands move over words or WORDS. *word* A word consists of a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, or a sequence of other non-blank characters, separated with white space (spaces, tabs, end of line). This can be changed with the 'iskeyword' option. *WORD* A WORD consists of a sequence of non-blank characters, separated with white space. An empty line is also considered to be a word and a WORD. Special case: "cw" and "cW" are treated like "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is on a non-blank. This is because "cw" is interpreted as change-word, and a word does not include the following white space. {Vi: "cw" when on a blank followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks} Another special case: When using the "w" motion in combination with an operator and the last word moved over is at the end of a line, the end of that word becomes the end of the operated text, not the first word in the next line. The original Vi implementation of "e" is buggy. For example, the "e" command will stop on the first character of a line if the previous line was empty. But when you use "2e" this does not happen. In Vim "ee" and "2e" are the same, which is more logical. However, this causes a small incompatibility between Vi and Vim. 6.4 Text object motions *object_motions* *(* ( [count] sentences backward (exclusive). *)* ) [count] sentences forward (exclusive). *{* { [count] paragraphs backward (exclusive). *}* } [count] paragraphs forward (exclusive). *]]* ]] [count] sections forward or to the next '{' in the first column. When used after an operator, then the '}' in the first column. (linewise). *][* ][ [count] sections forward or to the next '}' in the first column (linewise). *[[* [[ [count] sections backward or to the previous '{' in the first column (linewise). *[]* [] [count] sections backward or to the previous '}' in the first column (linewise). These commands move over three kinds of text objects. *sentence* A sentence is defined as ending at a '.', '!' or '?' followed by either the end of a line, or by a space. {Vi: two spaces} Any number of closing ')', ']', '"' and ''' characters my appear after the '.', '!' or '?' before the spaces or end of line. A paragraph and section boundary is also a sentence boundary. *paragraph* A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of paragraph macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 'paragraphs' option. The default is "IPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbp", which corresponds to the macros ".IP", ".LP", etc. (These are nroff macros, so the dot must be in the first column). A section boundary is also a paragraph boundary. Note that this does not include a '{' or '}' in the first column. *section* A section begins after a form-feed () in the first column and at each of a set of section macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 'sections' option. The default is "SHNHH HUnhsh". The "]" and "[" commands stop at the '{' or <}" in the first column. This is useful to find the start or end of a function in a C program. Note that the first character of the command determines the search direction and the second character the type of brace found. 6.5 Text object selection *object_select* *v_a* a select [count] words (see |word|). {not in Vi} *v_A* A select [count] WORDS (see |WORD|). {not in Vi} *v_s* s select [count] sentences (see |sentence|). {not in Vi} *v_p* p select [count] paragraphs (see |paragraph|). {not in Vi} *v_S* S select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" to the matching ')' (see |[(|). {not in Vi} *v_P* P select [count] blocks, from "[count] [{" to the matching '}' (see |[{|). {not in Vi} These object selection commands can only be used in Visual mode and after an operator. When used after an operator: For non-block objects: The operator applies to the object and the white space after the object. If there is no white space after the object or when the cursor was in the white space before the object, the white space before the object is included. For a block object: The operator applies to the block excluding the surrounding braces. If the cursor was on one of the braces (or on the indent before '{' or '}) they are included. When used in Visual mode: When start and end of the Visual area are the same (just after typing "v"): One object is selected, the same as for using an operator. When start and end of the Visual area are not the same: For non-block objects the area is extended by one object or the white space up to the next object. The direction in which this happens depends on which side of the Visual area the cursor is. For the block objects the block is extended one level outwards. For illustration, here is a list of delete commands, grouped from small to big objects. Note that for a single character and a whole line the existing vi movement commands are used. "dl" delete character (alias: "x") |dl| "da" delete word *da* "dA" delete WORD (see |WORD|) *dA* "dd" delete line |dd| "ds" delete sentence *ds* "dS" delete '(' ')' block *dS* "dp" delete paragraph *dp* "dP" delete '{' '}' block *dP* Note the difference between using a movement command and an object. The movement command operates from here (cursor position) to where the movement takes us. When using an object the whole object is operated upon, no matter where on the object the cursor is. For example, compare "dw" and "da": "dw" deletes from the cursor position to the start of the next word, "da" deletes the word under the cursor and the space after or before it. 6.6 Pattern searches *pattern_searches* */* /{pattern}[/] Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of {pattern} (exclusive). /{pattern}/{offset} Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of {pattern} and go {offset} lines up or down (see below). (linewise). */* / Search forward for the [count]'th latest used pattern with latest used {offset}. //{offset} Search forward for the [count]'th latest used pattern with new {offset}. If {offset} is empty no offset is used. *?* ?{pattern}[?] Search backward for the [count]'th previous occurrence of {pattern} (exclusive). ?{pattern}?{offset} Search backward for the [count]'th previous occurrence of {pattern} and go {offset} lines up or down (see below) (linewise). *?* ? Search backward for the [count]'th latest used pattern with latest used {offset}. ??{offset} Search backward for the [count]'th latest used pattern with new {offset}. If {offset} is empty no offset is used. *n* n Repeat the latest "/" or "?" [count] times. {Vi: no count} *N* N Repeat the latest "/" or "?" [count] times in opposite direction. {Vi: no count} *star* * Search forward for the [count]'th occurrence of the word nearest to the cursor. The word used for the search is the first of: 1. the keyword under the cursor |'iskeyword'| 2. the first keyword after the cursor, in the current line 3. the non-blank word under the cursor 4. the first non-blank word after the cursor, in the current line Only whole keywords are searched for, like with the command "/\". (exclusive) {not in Vi} *#* # Same as "*", but search backward. The English pound sign (character 163) also works. If the "#" key works as backspace, try using "stty erase " before starting Vim ( is CTRL-H or a real backspace). {not in Vi} *gstar* g* Like "*", but don't put "\<" and "\>" around the word. This makes the search also find matches that are not a whole word. {not in Vi} *g#* g# Like "#", but don't put "\<" and "\>" around the word. This makes the search also find matches that are not a whole word. {not in Vi} *gd* gd Goto local Declaration. When the cursor is on a local variable, this command will jump to its declaration. First a search is made for the end of the previous function, just like "[]". If it is not found the search stops in line 1. From this position a search is made for the keyword under the cursor, like with "*", but lines that look like a comment are ignored (see 'comments' option). Note that this is not guaranteed to work, Vim does not really check the syntax, it only searches for a match with the keyword. If included files also need to be searched use the commands listed in |include_search|. {not in Vi} *gD* gD Goto global Declaration. When the cursor is on a global variable that is defined in the file, this command will jump to its declaration. This works just like "gd", except that the search for the keyword always starts in line 1. {not in Vi} *CTRL-C* CTRL-C Interrupt current (search) command. While typing the search pattern the current match will be shown if the 'incsearch' option is on. Remember that you still have to finish the search command with to actually position the cursor at the displayed match. Or use to abandon the search. These commands search for the specified pattern. With "/" and "?" an additional offset may be given. There are two types of offsets: line offsets and character offsets. {the character offsets are not in Vi} *search_offset* The offset gives the cursor position relative to the found match: [num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1 +[num] [num] lines downwards, in column 1 -[num] [num] lines upwards, in column 1 e[+num] [num] characters to the right of the end of the match e[-num] [num] characters to the left of the end of the match s[+num] [num] characters to the right of the start of the match s[-num] [num] characters to the left of the start of the match b[+num] [num] characters to the right of the start (begin) of the match b[-num] [num] characters to the left of the start (begin) of the match If a '-' or '+' is given but [num] is omitted, a count of one will be used. When including an offset with 'e', the search becomes inclusive (the character the cursor lands on is included in operations). Examples: pattern cursor position /test/+1 one line below "test", in column 1 /test/e on the last t of "test" /test/s+2 on the 's' of "test" /test/b-3 three characters before "test" If one of these commands is used after an operator, the characters between the cursor position before and after the search is affected. However, if a line offset is given, the whole lines between the two cursor positions are affected. *//;* A very special offset is ';' followed by another search command. For example: /test 1/;/test /test.*/+1;?ing? The first one first finds the next occurence of "test 1", and then the first occurence of "test" after that. This is like executing two search commands after each other, except that: - It can be used as a single motion command after an operator. - The direction for a following "n" or "N" command comes from the first search command. - When an error occurs the cursor is not moved at all. The last used and are remembered. They can be used to repeat the search, possibly in another direction or with another count. Note that two patterns are remembered: one for 'normal' search commands and one for the substitute command ":s". Each time an empty is given, the previously used is used. In Vi the ":tag" command sets the last search pattern when the tag is searched for. In Vim this is not done, the previous search pattern is still remembered, unless the 't' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. The search pattern is always put in the search history. If the 'wrapscan' option is on (which is the default), searches wrap around the end of the buffer. If 'wrapscan' is not set, the backward search stops at the beginning and the forward search stops at the end of the buffer. If 'wrapscan' is set and the pattern was not found the error message "pattern not found" is given, and the cursor will not be moved. If 'wrapscan' is not set the message becomes "search hit BOTTOM without match" when searching forward, or "search hit TOP without match" when searching backward. If wrapscan is set and the search wraps around the end of the file the message "search hit TOP, continuing at BOTTOM" or "search hit BOTTOM, continuing at TOP" is given when searching backwards or forwards respectively. This can be switched off by setting the 's' flag in the 'shortmess' option. The highlight method 'w' is used for this message (default: standout). *search_range* You cannot limit the search command "/" to a certain range of lines. A trick to do this anyway is to use the ":substitute" command with the 'c' flag. Example: :.,300s/Pattern//gc This command will search from the cursor position until line 300 for "Pattern". At the match, you will be asked to type a character. Type 'q' to stop at this match, type 'n' to find the next match. The "*", "#", "g*" and "g#" commands look for a word near the cursor in this order, the first one that is found is used: - The keyword currently under the cursor. - The first keyword to the right of the cursor, in the same line. - The WORD currently under the cursor. - The first WORD to the right of the cursor, in the same line. The keyword may only contain letters and characters in 'iskeyword'. The WORD may contain any non-blanks (s and/or s). Note that if you type with ten fingers, the characters are easy to remember: the "#" is under your left hand middle finger (search to the left and up) and the "*" is under your right hand middle finger (search to the right and down). The definition of a pattern: *search_pattern* Patterns may contain special characters, depending on the setting of the 'magic' option. */bar* */\bar* 1. A pattern is one or more branches, separated by "\|". It matches anything that matches one of the branches. Example: "foo\|beep" matches "foo" and "beep". 2. A branch is one or more pieces, concatenated. It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc. Example: "foo[0-9]beep", first match "foo", then a digit and then "beep". 3. A piece is an atom, possibly followed by: magic nomagic */star* */\star* * \* matches 0 or more of the preceding atom */\+* \+ \+ matches 1 or more of the preceding atom {not in Vi} */\=* \= \= matches 0 or 1 of the preceding atom {not in Vi} Examples: .* .\* matches anything, also empty string ^.\+$ ^.\+$ matches any non-empty line foo\= foo\= matches "fo" and "foo" 4. An atom can be: - One of these five: magic nomagic ^ ^ at beginning of pattern, matches start of line */^* $ $ at end of pattern or in front of "\|", */$* matches end of line . \. matches any single character */.* */\.* \< \< matches the beginning of a word */\<* \> \> matches the end of a word */\>* \i \i matches any identifier character (see */\i* 'isident' option) {not in Vi} \I \I like "\i", but excluding digits {not in Vi} */\I* \k \k matches any keyword character (see */\k* 'iskeyword' option) {not in Vi} \K \K like "\k", but excluding digits {not in Vi} */\K* \f \f matches any file name character (see */\f* 'isfname' option) {not in Vi} \F \F like "\f", but excluding digits {not in Vi} */\F* \p \p matches any printable character (see */\p* 'isprint' option) {not in Vi} \P \P like "\p", but excluding digits {not in Vi} */\P* \e \e */\e* \t \t */\t* \r \r */\r* \b \b */\b* ~ \~ matches the last given substitute string */~* */\~* \(\) \(\) A pattern enclosed by escaped parentheses */\(\)* (e.g., "\(^a\)") matches that pattern x x A single character, with no special meaning, matches itself \x \x A backslash followed by a single character, */\* with no special meaning, matches the single character [] \[] A range. This is a sequence of characters */[]* enclosed in "[]" or "\[]". It matches any */\[]* single character from the sequence. If the sequence begins with "^", it matches any single character NOT in the sequence. If two characters in the sequence are separated by '-', this is shorthand for the full list of ASCII characters between them. E.g., "[0-9]" matches any decimal digit. To include a literal "]" in the sequence, make it the first character (following a possible "^"). E.g., "[]xyz]" or "[^]xyz]". To include a literal '-', make it the first or last character. If the 'ignorecase' option is on, the case of letters is ignored. It is impossible to have a pattern that contains a line break. Examples: ^beep( Probably the start of the C function "beep". [a-zA-Z]$ Any alphabetic character at the end of a line. \<\I\i or \(^\|[^a-zA-Z0-9_]\)[a-zA-Z_]\+[a-zA-Z0-9_]* A C identifier (will stop in front of it). \(\.$\|\. \) A period followed by end-of-line or a space. Note that "\(\. \|\.$\)" does not do the same, because '$' is not end-of-line in front of '\)'. This was done to remain Vi-compatible. [.!?][])"']*\($\|[ ]\) A search pattern that finds the end of a sentence, with almost the same definition as the ")" command. Technical detail: characters in the file are stored as in memory. In the display they are shown as "^@". The translation is done when reading and writing files. To match a with a search pattern you can just enter CTRL-@ or "CTRL-V 000". This is probably just what you expect. Internally the character is replaced with a in the search pattern. What is unusual is that typing CTRL-V CTRL-J also inserts a , thus also searches for a in the file. {Vi cannot handle characters in the file at all} 6.7 Various motions *various_motions* *m* m Set mark at cursor position (does not move the cursor, this is not a motion command). *:ma* *:mark* :[range]ma[rk] Set mark at last line number in [range], column 0. Default is cursor line. *:k* :[range]k Same as :mark, but the space before the mark name can be omitted. *'* *'a* ' To the first non-blank character on the line with mark (linewise). *'A* *'0* ' To the first non-blank character on the line with mark in the correct file (linewise when in same file, not a motion command when in other file). {not in Vi} *`* *`a* ` To the mark (exclusive). *`A* *`0* ` To the mark in the correct file (exclusive when in same file, not a motion command when in other file). {not in Vi} *:marks* :marks List all the current marks (not a motion command). {not in Vi} :marks {arg} List the marks that are mentioned in {arg} (not a motion command). For example: :marks aB to list marks 'a' and 'B'. {not in Vi} A mark is not visible in any way. It is just a position in the file that is remembered. Do not confuse marks with named registers, they are totally unrelated. 'a - 'z lowercase marks, valid within one file 'A - 'Z uppercase marks, also called file marks, valid between files '0 - '9 numbered marks, set from .viminfo file Lowercase marks 'a to 'z are remembered as long as the file remains in the buffer list. If you remove the file from the buffer list, change a character in a line or delete a line that contains a mark, that mark is erased. Lowercase marks can be used in combination with operators. For example: "d't" deletes the lines from the cursor position to mark 't'. Hint: Use mark 't' for Top, 'b' for Bottom, etc.. Lowercase marks are restored when using undo and redo. Uppercase marks 'A to 'Z include the file name. {Vi: no uppercase marks} You can use them to jump from file to file. You can only use an uppercase mark with an operator if the mark is in the current file. The line number of the mark remains correct, even if you insert/delete lines or edit another file for a moment. When the 'viminfo' option is not empty, uppercase marks are kept in the .viminfo file. See |viminfo_file_marks|. Numbered marks '0 to '9 are quite different. They can not be set directly. They are only present when using a viminfo file |viminfo_file|. Basically '0 is the location of the cursor when you last exited Vim, '1 the last but one time, etc. See |viminfo_file_marks|. *'[* '[ To the first non-blank character on the first line of the previously operated, inserted or putted text. {not in Vi} *`[* `[ To the first character of the previously operated, inserted or putted text. {not in Vi} *']* '] To the first non-blank character on the last line of the previously operated, inserted or putted text. {not in Vi} *`]* `] To the last character of the previously operated, inserted or putted text. {not in Vi} After executing an operator the Cursor is put at the beginning of the text that was operated upon. After a put command ("p" or "P") the cursor is sometimes placed at the first inserted line and sometimes on the last inserted character. The four commands above put the cursor at either end. Example: After yanking 10 lines you want to go to the last one of them: "10Y']". After inserting several lines with the "p" command you want to jump to the lowest inserted line: "p']". This also works for text that has been inserted. Note: After deleting text, the start and end positions are the same, except when using blockwise Visual mode. These commands do not work when no operator or put command has been used yet in the current file. *'<* '< To the first non-blank character on the first line of the last selected Visual area. {not in Vi}. *`<* `< To the first character of the last selected Visual area. {not in Vi}. *'>* '> To the first non-blank character on the last line of the last selected Visual area. {not in Vi}. *`>* `> To the last character of the last selected Visual area. {not in Vi}. *''* '' To the first non-blank character of the line where the cursor was before the latest jump (linewise). *``* `` To the position before latest jump (exclusive). *'"* '" To the first non-blank character of the line where the cursor was the last time the current buffer was exited (linewise). {not in Vi}. *`"* `" To the cursor position when last exiting the current buffer (exclusive). {not in Vi}. A "jump" is one of the following commands: "'", "`", "G", "/", "?", "n", "N", "%", "(", ")", "[[", "]]", "{", "}", ":s", ":tag", "L", "M", "H" and the commands that start editing a new file. If you make the cursor "jump" with one of these commands, the position of the cursor before the jump is remembered. You can return to that position with the "''" and "``" command, unless the line containing that position was changed or deleted. *CTRL-O* CTRL-O Go to [count] Older cursor position in jump list (not a motion command). {not in Vi} or *CTRL-I* ** CTRL-I Go to [count] newer cursor position in jump list (not a motion command). {not in Vi} *:ju* *:jumps* :ju[mps] Print the jump list (not a motion command). {not in Vi} *jumplist* Jumps are remembered in a jump list. With the CTRL-O and CTRL-I command you can go to cursor positions before older jumps, and back again. Thus you can move up and down the list. For example, after three jump commands you have this jump list: jump line file 1 1 -current- 2 70 -current- 3 1154 -current- > You are currently in line 1167. If you then use the CTRL-O command, the cursor is put in line 1154. This results in: jump line file 1 1 -current- 2 70 -current- > 3 1154 -current- 4 1167 -current- The pointer will be set at the last used jump position. The next CTRL-O command will use the entry above it, the next CTRL-I command will use the entry below it. If the pointer is below the last entry, this indicates that you did not use a CTRL-I or CTRL-O before. In this case the CTRL-O command will cause the cursor position to be added to the jump list, so you can get back to the position before the CTRL-O. In this case this is line 1167. With more CTRL-O commands you will go to lines 70 and 1. If you use CTRL-I you can go back to 1154 and 1167 again. If you use a jump command, the current line number is inserted at the end of the jump list. If the same line was already in the jump list, it is removed. The result is that when repeating CTRL-O you will get back to old positions only once. After the CTRL-O command that got you into line 1154 you could give another jump command (e.g., "G"). The jump list would then become: jump line file 1 1 -current- 2 70 -current- 3 1167 -current- 4 1154 -current- > The line numbers will be adjusted for deleted and inserted lines. This fails if you stop editing a file without writing, like with ":n!". *%* % Find the next item in this line after or under the cursor and jump to its match (inclusive). Items can be: ([{}]) parenthesis or (curly/square) brackets /* */ start or end of C-style comment #if, #ifdef, #else, #elif, #endif C preprocessor conditionals Parens and braces preceded with a backslash are ignored. When the '%' character is not present in 'cpoptions', parens and braces inside quotes are ignored, unless the number of parens/braces in a line is uneven and this line and the previous one does not end in a backslash. No count is allowed ({count}% jumps to a line {count} percentage down the file). Using '%' on #if/#else/#endif makes the movement linewise. *[(* [( go to [count] previous unmatched '('. {not in Vi} *[{* [{ go to [count] previous unmatched '{'. {not in Vi} *])* ]) go to [count] next unmatched ')'. {not in Vi} *]}* ]} go to [count] next unmatched '}'. {not in Vi} The above four commands can be used to go to the start or end of the current code block. It is like doing "%" on the '(', ')', '{' or '}' at the other end of the code block, but you can do this from anywhere in the code block. Very useful for C programs. Example: When standing on "case x:", "[{" will bring you back to the switch statement. *[#* [# go to [count] previous unmatched "#if" or "#else". {not in Vi} *]#* ]# go to [count] next unmatched "#else" or "#endif". {not in Vi} These two commands work in C programs that contain #if/#else/#endif constructs. It brings you to the start or end of the #if/#else/#endif where the current line is included. You can then use "%" to go to the matching line. *[star* *[/* [* or [/ go to [count] previous start of a C comment "/*". {not in Vi} *]star* *]/* ]* or ]/ go to [count] next end of a C comment "*/". {not in Vi} *H* H To line [count] from top (Home) of screen (default: first line on the screen) on the first non-blank character (linewise). See also 'startofline' option. Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option. *M* M To Middle line of screen, on the first non-blank character (linewise). See also 'startofline' option. *L* L To line [count] from bottom of screen (default: Last line on the screen) on the first non-blank character (linewise). See also 'startofline' option. Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option. Moves to the position on the screen where the mouse click is (inclusive). See also ||. If the position is in a status line, that window is made the active window and the cursor is not moved. {not in Vi} 7. Scrolling *scrolling* ============ Move edit window (the part of the buffer that you see) downwards (this means that more lines downwards in the text buffer are seen): *CTRL-E* CTRL-E Scroll window [count] lines downwards in the buffer. Mnemonic: Extra lines. *CTRL-D* CTRL-D Scroll window Downwards in the buffer. The number of lines comes from the 'scroll' option (default: half a screen). If [count] given, first set 'scroll' option to [count]. The cursor is moved the same number of lines down in the file (if possible; when lines wrap and when hitting the end of the file there may be a difference). When the cursor is on the last line of the buffer nothing happens and a beep is produced. See also 'startofline' option. {difference from vi: Vim scrolls 'scroll' screen lines, instead of file lines; makes a difference when lines wrap} or ** or ** *CTRL-F* CTRL-F Scroll window [count] pages Forwards (downwards) in the buffer. See also 'startofline' option. Move edit window (the part of the buffer that you see) upwards (this means that more lines upwards in the text buffer are seen): *CTRL-Y* CTRL-Y Scroll window [count] lines upwards in the buffer. *CTRL-U* CTRL-U Scroll window Upwards in the buffer. The number of lines comes from the 'scroll' option (default: half a screen). If [count] given, first set the 'scroll' option to [count]. The cursor is moved the same number of lines up in the file (if possible; when lines wrap and when hitting the end of the file there may be a difference). When the cursor is on the first line of the buffer nothing happens and a beep is produced. See also 'startofline' option. {difference from vi: Vim scrolls 'scroll' screen lines, instead of file lines; makes a difference when lines wrap} or ** or ** *CTRL-B* CTRL-B Scroll window [count] pages Backwards (upwards) in the buffer. See also 'startofline' option. Window repositioning: *z* *z* z Redraw, line [count] at top of window (default cursor line). Put cursor at first non-blank in the line. *zt* zt Like "z", but leave the cursor in the same column. {not in Vi} *zN* z{height} Redraw, make window {height} lines tall. This is useful to make the number of lines small when screen updating is very slow. Cannot make the height more than the physical screen height. *z.* z. Redraw, line [count] at center of window (default cursor line). Put cursor at first non-blank in the line. *zz* zz Like "z.", but leave the cursor in the same column. Careful: If caps-lock is on, this commands becomes "ZZ": write buffer and exit! {not in Vi} *z-* z- Redraw, line [count] at bottom of window (default cursor line). Put cursor at first non-blank in the line. *zb* zb Like "z-", but leave the cursor in the same column. {not in Vi} These commands move the contents of the window. If the cursor position is moved off of the window, the cursor is moved onto the window (with 'scrolloff' screen lines around it). A page is the number of lines in the window minus two. The mnemonics for these commands may be a bit confusing. Remember that the commands refer to moving the window upwards or downwards in the buffer. When the window moves upwards in the buffer, the text in the window moves downwards on your screen. z or *zl* *z* zl Scroll the screen [count] characters to the left. This only works when 'wrap' is off. {not in Vi} z or *zh* *z* zh Scroll the screen [count] characters to the right. This only works when 'wrap' is off. {not in Vi} For these two commands the cursor follows the screen. If the character that the cursor is on is moved off the screen, the cursor is moved to the closest character that is on the screen. The value of 'sidescroll' is not used. *zs* zs Scroll the screen horizontally to position the cursor at the start (left side) of the screen. This only works when 'wrap' is off. {not in Vi} *ze* ze Scroll the screen horizontally to position the cursor at the end (right side) of the screen. This only works when 'wrap' is off. {not in Vi} For these two commands the cursor is not moved in the text, only the text scrolls on the screen. 8. Tags and special searches *tags_and_searches* ============================ 8.1 Tags *tag_commands* *:ta* *:tag* :ta[g][!] {ident} Jump to the definition of {ident}, using the information in the tags file. Put {ident} in the tag stack. See below for [!]. g *g* ** *CTRL-]* CTRL-] ":ta" to the keyword under or after cursor. Put the keyword in the tag stack. {Vi: identifier after the cursor} *v_CTRL-]* {Visual}CTRL-] ":ta" to the text that is highlighted. {not in Vi} g *g* ** *CTRL-T* CTRL-T Jump to [count] older entry in the tag stack (default 1). {not in Vi} *:po* *:pop* :[count]po[p][!] Jump to [count] older entry in tag stack (default 1). See below for [!]. {not in Vi} :[count]ta[g][!] Jump to [count] newer entry in tag stack (default 1). See below for [!]. {not in Vi} *:tags* :tags Show the contents of the tag stack. The active entry is marked with a '>'. {not in Vi} A tag is an identifier that appears in the "tags" file. It is a sort of label that can be jumped to. For example: In C programs each function name can be used as a tag. With the ":tag" command the cursor will be positioned on the tag. With the CTRL-] command, the keyword on which the cursor is standing is used as the tag. If the cursor is not on a keyword, the first keyword to the right of the cursor is used. *tag_priority* When there are multiple matches for a tag, this priority is used: 1. The first matching static tag with a full matching tag for the current file. 2. The first matching global tag with a full matching tag. 3. The first matching static tag with a full matching tag for another file. 4. The first matching static tag with an ignore-case matching tag for the current file. 5. The first matching global tag with an ignore-case matching tag. 6. The first matching static tag with an ignore-case matching tag for another file. *static_tag* A static tag is a tag that is defined for a specific file. In a C program this could be a static function. In Vi jumping to a tag sets the current search pattern. This means that the "n" command after jumping to a tag does not search for the same pattern that it did before jumping to the tag. Vim does not do this as we consider it to be a bug. You can still find the tag search pattern in the search history. If you really want the old Vi behaviour, set the 't' flag in 'cpoptions'. If the tag is in the current file this will always work. Otherwise the performed actions depend on whether the current file was changed, whether a ! is added to the command and on the 'autowrite' option: tag in file autowrite current file changed ! option action ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- yes x x x goto tag no no x x read other file, goto tag no yes yes x abandon current file, read other file, goto tag no yes no on write current file, read other file, goto tag no yes no off fail ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - If the tag is in the current file, the command will always work. - If the tag is in another file and the current file was not changed, the other file will be made the current file and read into the buffer. - If the tag is in another file, the current file was changed and a ! is added to the command, the changes to the current file are lost, the other file will be made the current file and read into the buffer. - If the tag is in another file, the current file was changed and the 'autowrite' option is on, the current file will be written, the other file will be made the current file and read into the buffer. - If the tag is in another file, the current file was changed and the 'autowrite' option is off, the command will fail. If you want to save the changes, use the ":w" command and then use ":tag" without an argument. This works because the tag is put on the stack anyway. If you want to lose the changes you can use the ":tag!" command. The ":tag" command works very well for C programs. If you see a call to a function and wonder what that function does, position the cursor inside of the function name and hit CTRL-]. This will bring you to the function definition. An easy way back is with the CTRL-T command. Also read about the tag stack below. A tags file can be created with the external command 'ctags'. It will contain a tag for each function. Some versions of 'ctags' will also make a tag for each "#defined" macro. The lines in the tags file should have this format: {tag}{separator}{filename}{separator}{command} {tag} the identifier {separator} one or more or space characters {filename} the file that contains the definition of {tag} {command} the Ex command that positions the cursor on the tag. The identifier normally is the name of a function, but it can be any identifier. There is one special form for local (static) functions: {filename}:{identifier}. Some ctags programs make use of this to separate local (static) functions from global functions. (Detail: Vim compares only the last part of the filename and ignores any path before it). *tag_search* The command can be any Ex command, but normally it is a search command like "/^main(argc, argv)" If it is a search command, and the search fails, another try is done ignoring case. If that fails too, a search is done for: "^main[ \t]*(" (the tag with '^' prepended and "[ \t]*(" appended). When using function names, this will find the function name when it is in column 0. This will help when the arguments to the function have changed since the tags file was made. If this search also fails another search is done with: "^[#a-zA-Z_].*main[ \t]*(" This means: A line starting with '#' or an identifier and containing the tag followed by white space and a '('. This will find macro names and function names with a type prepended. {the extra searches are not in Vi}. Note that Vim forbids some commands, for security reasons. This works like using the 'secure' option for exrc/vimrc files in the current directory. See |trojan_horse|. {this security prevention is not present in Vi}. In Vi the ":tag" command sets the last search pattern when the tag is searched for. In Vim this is not done, the previous search pattern is still remembered, unless the 't' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. The search pattern is always put in the search history. *emacs_tags* Emacs style tag files are supported if Vim was compiled with EMACS_TAGS defined. Check the output of ":version", if it contains "+emacs_tags" then it was. Sorry, there is no explanation about Emacs tag files here, it is only supported for backwards compatibility :-). *tags_option* The 'tags' option is a list of file names. Each of these files is searched for the tag. This can be used to use a different tags file than the default file "tags". It can also be used to access a common tags file. The next file in the list is not used when: - A matching static tag for the current buffer has been found. - A matching global tag has been found. This also depends on the 'ignorecase' option. If it is off, and the tags file only has a match without matching case, the next tags file is searched for a match with matching case. If no tag with matching case is found, the first match without matching case is used. If 'ignorecase' is on, and a matching global tag with or without matching case is found, this one is used, no further tags files are searched. When a tag file name starts with "./", the '.' is replaced with the path of the current file. This makes it possible to use a tags file in the directory where the current file is (no matter what the current directory is). The idea of using "./" is that you can define which tag file is searched first: In the current directory ("tags,./tags") or in the directory of the current file ("./tags,tags"). For example: :set tags=./tags,tags,/home/user/commontags In this example the tag will first be searched for in the file "tags" in the directory where the current file is. Next the "tags" file in the current directory. If it is not found there, then the file "/home/user/commontags" will be searched for the tag. Instead of the comma a space may be used. Then a backslash is required for the space to be included in the string option: :set tags=tags\ /home/user/commontags To include a space in a file name use three backslashes. To include a comma in a file name use two backslashes. For example, use: :set tags=tag\\\ file,/home/user/common\\,tags for the files "tag file" and "/home/user/common,tags". The 'tags' option will have the value "tag\ file,/home/user/common\,tags". If the 'tagrelative' option is on (which is the default) and using a tag file in another directory, file names in that tag file are relative to the directory where the tag file is. *tagstack* The tags that you use are remembered in the tag stack. You can print this stack with the ":tags" command. The result looks like this: # TO tag FROM line in file 1 main 1 harddisk2:text/vim/test > 2 FuncA 58 -current- 3 FuncC 357 harddisk2:text/vim/src/amiga.c This list shows the tags that you jumped to and the cursor position before that jump. The older tags are at the top, the newer at the bottom. The '>' points to the active entry. This is the tag that will be used by the next ":tag" command. The CTRL-T and ":pop" command will use the position above the active entry. The line number and file name are remembered to be able to get back to where you were before the tag command. The line number will be correct, also when deleting/inserting lines, unless this was done by another program (e.g. another instance of Vim). You can jump to previously used tags with several commands. Some examples: ":pop" or CTRL-T to position before previous tag {count}CTRL-T to position before {count} older tag ":tag" to newer tag ":0tag" to last used tag The most obvious way to use this is while browsing through the call graph of a program. Consider the following call graph: main ---> FuncA ---> FuncC ---> FuncB (Explanation: main calls FuncA and FuncB; FuncA calls FuncC). You can get from main to FuncA by using CTRL-] on the call to FuncA. Then you can CTRL-] to get to FuncC. If you now want to go back to main you can use CTRL-T twice. Then you can CTRL-] to FuncB. If you issue a ":ta {ident}" or CTRL-] command, this tag is inserted at the current position in the stack. If the stack was full (it can hold up to 20 entries), the oldest entry is deleted and the older entries shift one position up (their index number is decremented by one). If the last used entry was not at the bottom, the entries below the last used one are deleted. This means that an old branch in the call graph is lost. After the commands explained above the tag stack will look like this: # TO tag FROM line in file 1 main 1 harddisk2:text/vim/test 2 FuncB 59 harddisk2:text/vim/src/main.c > 8.2 Include file searches *include_search* These commands look for a string in the current file and in all encountered included files (recursively). This can be used to find the definition of a variable, function or macro. If you only want to search in the current buffer, use the commands listed at |pattern_searches|. When a line is encountered that includes another file, that file is searched before continuing in the current buffer. Files included by included files are also searched. When an include file could not be found it is silently ignored. Use the ":checkpath" command to discover which files could not be found, possibly your 'path' option is not set up correctly. Note: the included file is searched, not a buffer that may be editing that file. Only for the current file the lines in the buffer are used. The string can be any keyword or a defined macro. For the keyword any match will be found. For defined macros only lines that match with the 'define' option will be found. The default is "\^#[ \t]*define", which is for C programs. Also, when a match is found for a defined macro, the displaying of lines continues with the next line when a line ends in a backslash. The commands that start with "[" start searching from the start of the current file. The commands that start with "]" start at the current cursor position. The 'include' option is used to define a line that includes another file. The default is "\^#[ \t]*include", which is for C programs. Note: Vim does not recognize C syntax, if the 'include' option matches a line inside "#ifdef/#endif" or inside a comment, it is searched anyway. The 'isfname' option is used to recognize the file name that comes after the matched pattern. The 'path' option is used to find the directory for the include files that do not have an absolute path. The 'comments' option is used for the commands that display a single line or jump to a line. It defines patterns that may start a comment. Those lines are ignored for the search, unless [!] is used. One exception: When the line matches the pattern "^# *define" it is not considered to be a comment. *[i* [i Display the first line that contains the keyword under the cursor. The search starts at the beginning of the file. Lines that look like a comment are ignored (see 'comments' option). If a count is given, the count'th matching line is displayed. {not in Vi} *]i* ]i like "[i", but start at the current cursor position. {not in Vi} *:is* *:isearch* :[range]is[earch][!] [count] [/]pattern[/] Like "[i" and "]i", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} *[I* [I Display all lines that contain the keyword under the cursor. File names and line numbers are displayed for the found lines. The search starts at the beginning of the file. {not in Vi} *]I* ]I like "[I", but start at the current cursor position. {not in Vi} *:il* *:ilist* :[range]il[ist][!] [/]pattern[/] Like "[I" and "]I", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} *[_CTRL-I* [ CTRL-I Jump to the first line that contains the keyword under the cursor. The search starts at the beginning of the file. Lines that look like a comment are ignored (see 'comments' option). If a count is given, the count'th matching line is jumped to. {not in Vi} *]_CTRL-I* ] CTRL-I like "[ CTRL-I", but start at the current cursor position. {not in Vi} *:ij* *:ijump* :[range]ij[ump][!] [count] [/]pattern[/] Like "[ CTRL-I" and "] CTRL-I", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} CTRL-W CTRL-I *CTRL-W_CTRL-I* *CTRL-W_i* CTRL-W i Open a new window, with the cursor on the first line that contains the keyword under the cursor. The search starts at the beginning of the file. Lines that look like a comment line are ignored (see 'comments' option). If a count is given, the count'th matching line is jumped to. {not in Vi} *:isp* *:isplit* :[range]isp[lit][!] [count] [/]pattern[/] Like "CTRL-W i" and "CTRL-W i", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} *[d* [d Display the first macro definition that contains the macro under the cursor. The search starts from the beginning of the file. If a count is given, the count'th matching line is displayed. {not in Vi} *]d* ]d like "[d", but start at the current cursor position. {not in Vi} *:ds* *:dsearch* :[range]ds[earch][!] [count] [/]pattern[/] Like "[d" and "]d", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} *[D* [D Display all macro definitions that contain the macro under the cursor. File names and line numbers are displayed for the found lines. The search starts from the beginning of the file. {not in Vi} *]D* ]D like "[D", but start at the current cursor position. {not in Vi} *:dl* *:dlist* :[range]dl[ist][!] [/]pattern[/] Like "[D" and "]D", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} *[_CTRL-D* [ CTRL-D Jump to the first macro definition that contains the keyword under the cursor. The search starts from the beginning of the file. If a count is given, the count'th matching line is jumped to. {not in Vi} *]_CTRL-D* ] CTRL-D like "[ CTRL-D", but start at the current cursor position. {not in Vi} *:dj* *:djump* :[range]dj[ump][!] [count] [/]pattern[/] Like "[ CTRL-D" and "] CTRL-D", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} CTRL-W CTRL-D *CTRL-W_CTRL-D* *CTRL-W_d* CTRL-W d Open a new window, with the cursor on the first macro definition line that contains the keyword under the cursor. The search starts from the beginning of the file. If a count is given, the count'th matching line is jumped to. {not in Vi} *:dsp* *:dsplit* :[range]dsp[lit][!] [count] [/]pattern[/] Like "CTRL-W d", but search in [range] lines (default: whole file). Without [!] lines that are recognized as comments are skipped. Without [/] only whole words are matched, using the pattern "\". {not in Vi} *:che* *:checkpath* :che[ckpath] List all the included files that could not be found. {not in Vi} :che[ckpath]! List all the included files. {not in Vi} 9. Inserting text *inserting* ================= The following commands can be used to insert new text into the buffer. They can all be undone. The non-Ex commands can be repeated with the "." command. *a* a Append text after the cursor [count] times. *A* A Append text at the end of the line [count] times. or *i* *insert* ** i Insert text before the cursor [count] times. *I* I Insert text before the first CHAR on the line [count] times. *gI* gI Insert text in column 1 [count] times. {not in Vi} *o* o Begin a new line below the cursor and insert text, repeat [count] times. {Vi: blank [count] screen lines} *O* O Begin a new line above the cursor and insert text, repeat [count] times. {Vi: blank [count] screen lines} These commands are used to start inserting text. They can be undone and repeated. You can end Insert mode with . See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode_ins_repl| for the other special characters in Insert mode. The effect of [count] takes place after Insert mode is exited. When 'autoindent' is on, the indent for a new line is obtained from the previous line. When 'smartindent' or 'cindent' is on, the indent for a line is automatically adjusted for C programs. 'textwidth' can be set to the maximum width for a line. When a line becomes too long when appending characters a line break is automatically inserted. *:r* *:read* :r[ead] [name] Insert the file [name] (default: current file) below the cursor. :{range}r[ead] [name] Insert the file [name] (default: current file) below the specified line. *:r!* *:read!* :r[ead] !{cmd} Execute {cmd} and insert its standard output below the cursor. A temporary file is used to store the output of the command which is then read into the buffer. 'shellredir' is used to save the output of the command, which can be set to include stderr or not. {cmd} is executed like with ":!{cmd}", any '!' is replaced with the previous command |:!|. These commands insert the contents of a file, or the output of a command, into the buffer. They can be undone. They cannot be repeated with the "." command. They work on a line basis, insertion starts below the line in which the cursor is, or below the specified line. To insert text above the first line use the command ":0r {name}". *textmode_read* The character is recognized as end-of-line marker. If the 'textmode' option is on, a in front of an is ignored and a CTRL-Z at the end of the file is ignored. The 'textmode' option is default on for MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2. If the 'textauto' option is on Vim tries to recognize the type of end-of-line marker (see |textmode_io|). However, the 'textmode' option will not be changed. Only while reading the file the text mode is used or not. On non-MS-DOS, Win32, and OS/2 systems the message "[textmode]" is shown if a file is read in text mode, to remind you that something unusual is done. On MS-DOS, Win32, and OS/2 the message "[notextmode]" is shown if a file is read without text mode. An example on how to use ":r !": :r !uuencode binfile binfile This command reads "binfile", uuencodes it and reads it into the current buffer. Useful when you are editing e-mail and want to include a binary file. 10. Deleting text *deleting* ================= ["x] or ** *x* *dl* ["x]x Delete [count] characters under and after the cursor [into register x] (not linewise). Does the same as "dl". See |:fixdel| if the key does not do what you want. Also see |'whichwrap'|. { not in Vi} *X* *dh* ["x]X Delete [count] characters before the cursor [into register x] (not linewise). Does the same as "dh". Also see |'whichwrap'|. *d* ["x]d{motion} Delete text that is moved over [into register x]. See below for exception. *dd* ["x]dd Delete [count] lines [into register x] (linewise). *D* ["x]D Delete the characters under the cursor until the end of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x]; synonym for d$ (not linewise). {Visual}["x]x or *v_x* *v_d* {Visual}["x]d Delete the highlighted text [into register x] (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} {Visual}["x]X or *v_X* *v_D* {Visual}["x]D Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *:d* *:delete* :[range]d[elete] [x] Delete [range] lines (default: current line) [into register x]. :[range]d[elete] [x] {count} Delete {count} lines, starting with [range] (default: current line |cmdline_ranges|) [into register x]. These commands delete text. They can be repeated with the "." command (except ":d") and undone. Use Visual mode to delete blocks of text. See |registers| for an explanation of registers. An exception for the d{motion} command: If the motion is not linewise, the start and end of the motion are not in the same line and before the start and after the end are only blanks, the delete becomes linewise. This means that the blank line that would remain is also deleted. *J* J Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines. *v_J* {Visual}J Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two lines. {not in Vi} *:j* *:join* :[range]j[oin][!] Join [range] lines. Same as "J", except when [!] is given, then no spaces will be inserted or deleted. When [range] is given and the start and end of the range are equal, nothing happens. Default is to join two lines. :[range]j[oin][!] {count} Join {count} lines, starting with [range] (default: current line |cmdline_ranges|). Same as "J", except when [!] is given, then no spaces will be inserted or deleted. These commands delete the newline between lines. This has the effect of joining them into one line. They can be repeated (except ":j") and undone. One space is inserted in place of the , unless the line ended with a space, or the next line started with a ')'. If the next line has leading white space it is deleted first. If the 'joinspaces' option is on, two spaces are inserted after a period. 11. Changing text *changing* ================= The following commands can be used to change text, that is delete some text and insert something else, with one command. They can all be undone. The non-Ex commands can be repeated with the "." command. 11.1 Delete and insert *delete_insert* *R* R Enter Replace mode: Each character you type replaces an existing character, starting with the character under the cursor. Repeat the entered text [count]-1 times. *c* ["x]c{motion} Delete {motion} text [into register x] and start insert. *cc* ["x]cc Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start insert (linewise). If 'autoindent' is on, preserve the indent of the first line. *C* ["x]C Delete from the cursor position to the end of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x], and start insert. Synonym for c$ (not linewise). *s* ["x]s Delete [count] characters [into register x] and start insert (s stands for Substitute). Synonym for "cl" (not linewise). *S* ["x]S Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start insert. Synonym for "cc" (not linewise). {Visual}["x]c or *v_c* *v_r* {Visual}["x]r Delete the highlighted text [into register x] and start insert (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} {Visual}["x]C or *v_C* *v_R* {Visual}["x]R Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and start insert (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} Notes: - You can end Insert and Replace mode with . - See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode_ins_repl| for the other special characters in these modes. - The effect of [count] takes place after Insert or Replace mode is exited. - When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$', and the change is within one line, the text is not directly deleted, but a '$' is put at the last deleted character. See |registers| for an explanation of registers. Replace mode is just like Insert mode, except that for every character you enter, one character is deleted. If the end of a line is reached, further characters are appended (just like Insert mode). In Replace mode the backspace key restores the original text (if there was any) (see section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode_ins_repl|). *cw* *cW* Special case: "cw" and "cW" are treated like "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is on a non-blank. This is because "cw" is interpreted as change-word, and a word does not include the following white space. {Vi: "cw" when on a blank followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks} 11.2 Simple changes *simple_change* *r* r{char} Replace the character under the cursor with {char}. If {char} is a or the character will be replaced with a line break. Replacing with a real can be done by using CTRL-V . CTRL-V will replace with a . {Vi: CTRL-V still replaces with a line break, cannot replace something with a } If a [count] is given that many characters will be replaced with [count] {char}s. When {char} is a or only one is inserted. "5r" replaces five characters with a single line break; When replacing with a or autoindenting is done. This works just like deleting the characters that are replaced and then doing "i". *~* ~ 'notildeop' option: switch case of the character under the cursor and move the cursor to the right. If a [count] is given do that many characters {Vi: no count} ~{motion} 'tildeop' option: switch case of {motion} text. {Vi: tilde cannot be used as an operator} *g~* g~{motion} switch case of {motion} text. {Not in Vi} *v_~* {Visual}~ switch case of highlighted text (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *v_U* {Visual}U Make highlighted text uppercase (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *gU* gU{motion} Make {motion} text uppercase. {not in Vi} *v_u* {Visual}u Make highlighted text lowercase (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *gu* gu{motion} Make {motion} text lowercase. {not in Vi} *CTRL-A* CTRL-A Add [count] to the number at or after the cursor. {not in Vi} *CTRL-X* CTRL-X Subtract [count] from the number at or after the cursor. {not in Vi} The CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands work for (signed) decimal numbers and unsigned octal and hexadecimal numbers. Numbers starting with '0x' or '0X' are assumed to be hexadecimal. To decide whether the hexadecimal number should be printed uppercase or not, the case of the rightmost letter in the number is considered. If there is no letter in the current number, the previously detected case is used. Numbers starting with a '0' are considered to be octal. Other numbers are decimal and may be preceded with a minus sign. If the cursor is on a number, that one will be used. Otherwise the number right of the cursor will be used. For octal and hexadecimal numbers with leading zeros, the number of characters in the number remains equal (when possible). When doing CTRL-A on "0077" it becomes "0100", CTRL-X on "0x0100" becomes "0x00ff". Note that when there are no leading zeros this does not work, so CTRL-X on "0x100" results in "0xff". Note that decimal numbers with leading zeros are impossible, because they are recognized as octal numbers. The CTRL-A command is very useful in a macro. Example: How to make a numbered list. 1. Create the first entry. The entry should start with a number. 2. qa - start recording into buffer 'a' 3. Y - yank the entry 4. p - put a copy of the entry below the first one 5. CTRL-A - increment the number 6. q - stop recording 7. @a - repeat the yank, put and increment times *<* <{motion} Shift the {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards. *<<* << Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards. *v_<* {Visual}[count]< Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth' leftwards (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *>* >{motion} Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards. *>>* >> Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards. *v_>* {Visual}[count]> Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth' rightwards (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *:<* :[range]< Shift [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' left. Repeat '<' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. :[range]< {count} Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' left, starting with [range] (default current line |cmdline_ranges|). Repeat '<' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. :[range]le[ft] [indent] left align lines in [range]. Sets the indent in the lines to [indent] (default 0). {not in Vi} *:>* :[range]> Shift {count} [range] lines one 'shiftwidth' right. Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. :[range]> {count} Shift {count} lines one 'shiftwidth' right, starting with [range] (default current line |cmdline_ranges|). Repeat '>' for shifting multiple 'shiftwidth's. The ">" and "<" commands are handy for changing the indent within programs. The size of the white space which is inserted or deleted can be set with the 'shiftwidth' option. Normally the 'shiftwidth' option is 8, but you can set it to, say, 3 to make smaller indents. The shift leftwards stops when there is no indent. The shift right does not do anything with empty lines. If the 'shiftround' option is on, the indent is rounded to a multiple of 'shiftwidth'. If the 'smartindent' option is on, or 'cindent' is on and 'cinkeys' contains '#', lines starting with '#' will not be shifted right (they are supposed to be C preprocessor lines that must stay in column 1). When the 'expandtab' option is off (this is the default) s are used as much as possible to make the indent. You can use ">><<" to replace an indent made out of spaces with the same indent made out of s (and a few spaces if necessary). If the 'expandtab' option is on, only spaces are used. Then you can use ">><<" to replace s in the indent by spaces (or use ":retab!"). To move a line several 'shiftwidth's use the Visual mode or the ":" commands. For example: Vjj4> move three lines 4 indents to the right :<<< move current line 3 indents to the left :>> 5 move 5 lines 2 indents to the right :5>> move line 5 2 indents to the right 11.3 Complex changes *complex_change* *!* !{motion}{filter} Filter {motion} text through the external program {filter}. *!!* !!{filter} Filter [count] lines through the external program {filter}. *v_!* {Visual}!{filter} Filter the highlighted lines through the external program {filter} (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} :{range}![!]{filter} [!][arg] *:range!* Filter {range} lines through the external program {filter}. The optional bangs are replaced with the latest given command. The optional [arg] is appended. The output of the filter command is temporaryly saved in a file and then read into the buffer. The 'shellredir' option is used to write the output of the filter in the temporary file. *=* ={motion} Filter {motion} lines through the external program given with the 'equalprg' option. When the 'equalprg' option is empty (this is the default), use the internal formatting function to set the indent of each line |C_indenting|. *==* == Filter [count] lines through the external program given with the 'equalprg' option. When the 'equalprg' option is empty (this is the default), use the internal formatting function |C_indenting|. *v_=* {Visual}= Filter the highlighted lines through the external program given with the 'equalprg' option. When the 'equalprg' option is empty (this is the default), use the internal formatting function |C_indenting|. (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} A filter is a program that accepts text at standard input, changes it in some way, and sends it to standard output. The commands above can be used to send some text through a filter. An example of a filter is "sort", which sorts lines alphabetically. The "indent" program is used to pretty indent C programs (you need a version of indent that works like a filter, not all versions do that). The shell, given with the 'shell' option, is used to execute the command (See also the 'shelltype' option). The filter commands can be redone with ".". There cannot be a comment (with '"') after the ":!" command. *:s* *:substitute* :[range]s[ubstitute]/{pattern}/{string}/[g][c][r][p] [count] For each line in [range] replace {pattern} with {string}. See below for the flags. :[range]s[ubstitute] [g][c][r] [count] :[range]&[g][c][r] [count] *:&* Repeat last :substitute with same search pattern and substitute string. The flags may be different (see below). :[range]~[g][c][r] [count] *:~* Repeat last substitute with same substitute string but with last used search pattern. This is like "&r". See explanation for [r] below. *&* & Synonym for ":s//~/" (repeat last substitute). The arguments that can be given to the substitute commands: [g] All occurrences in the line are replaced. Otherwise only the first occurrence in the line is replaced. If the 'edcompatible' option is on this flag is remembered and toggled each time it is used. It is reset when a new search pattern is given. If the 'gdefault' option is on, this flag is default on, give the [g] to switch it off. [c] Each substitute has to be confirmed. The cursor is positioned on the matching string. You can type: *:s_c* 'y' to substitute this match 'n' to skip this match to skip this match 'a' to substitute this and all remaining matches {not in Vi} 'q' to quit substituting {not in Vi} CTRL-E to scroll the screen up {not in Vi} CTRL-Y to scroll the screen down {not in Vi}. If the 'edcompatible' option is on the [c] flag is remembered and toggled each time it is used. It is reset when a new search pattern is given. [r] When the search pattern is empty use the previously used search pattern instead of the search pattern from the last substitute or ":global". If the last command that did a search was a substitute or ":global" there is no effect. If the last command was a search command, like "/", the pattern from that command is used. [p] Print the line containing the last substitute. [count] That many lines are are searched, starting with the last line number in [range] (default current line |cmdline_ranges|). If the {pattern} for the substitute command is empty, the pattern from the last substitute or ":global" command is used. With the [r] flag the pattern from the last substitute, ":global" or search command is used. For compatibility with Vi these two execptions are allowed: "\/{string}/" and "\?{string}?" do the same as "//{string}/r". "\&{string}&" does the same as "//{string}/". Instead of the '/' which surrounds the pattern and replacement string, you can use any other character, but not an alphanumeric character, '"' or '|' or '#'. This is useful if you want to include a '/' in the search pattern or replacement string. Example: ":s+/+//+" For the definition of a pattern see 6.6, "Pattern searches" |search_pattern|. Some characters in {string} have a special meaning: magic nomagic action & \& replaced with the whole matched pattern \& & replaced with & \0 replaced with the whole matched pattern \1 replaced with the matched pattern in the first pair of () \2 replaced with the matched pattern in the second pair of () .. .. \9 replaced with the matched pattern in the ninth pair of () ~ \~ replaced with the {string} of the previous substitute \~ ~ replaced with ~ \u next character made uppercase \U following characters made uppercase \l next character made lowercase \L following characters made lowercase \e end of /u, /U, /l and /L (NOTE: not !) \E end of /u, /U, /l and /L split line in two at this point \r idem \n \b \t CTRL-V insert a carriage-return (CTRL-M) Examples: :s/a\|b/xxx\0xxx/g modifies "a b" in "xxxaxxx xxxbxxx" :s/\([abc]\)\([efg]\)/\2\1/g modifies "af fa bg" in "fa fa gb" :s/abcde/abc^Mde/ modifies "abcde" in "abc", "de" (two lines) :s/$/^V^M/ modifies "abcde" in "abcde^M" Note: To insert a ^M you have to type CTRL-V . To insert a ^V you have to type CTRL-V CTRL-V. So to insert the ^V^M in the last example you have to type CTRL-V CTRL-V CTRL-V . Because CTRL-V inserts a , it is impossible to insert a CTRL-V just in front of a line break. You will have to split it up in two parts: :s/foo/^Vxxxx/ :s/xxxx/^M/ When using parentheses in combination with '|', like in \([ab]\)\|\([cd]\), either the first or second pattern in parentheses did not match, so either \1 or \2 is empty. Example: :s/\([ab]\)\|\([cd]\)/\1x/g modifies "a b c d" in "ax bx x x" *:ret* *:retab* :[range]ret[ab][!] [new_tabstop] All sequences of white-space containing a tab are replaced with new strings of white-space using the new tabstop value given. If no new tabstop size is given, the current value of 'tabstop' is used. With !, strings of normal spaces will also be replace with tabs where appropriate. With 'expandtab' on, all tabs will be replaced with the appropriate number of spaces. This command sets 'tabstop' to the new value given, and if performed on the whole file, which is default, should not make any visible change. Careful: In a C program a inside a string will also be affected. Use "\t" to avoid this (that's a good habit anyway). {not in Vi} 11.4 Formatting text *formatting* :[range]ce[nter] [width] *:ce* *:center* Center lines in [range] between [width] columns (default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0). {not in Vi} :[range]ri[ght] [width] *:ri* *:right* right align lines in [range] at [width] columns (default 'textwidth' or 80 when 'textwidth' is 0). {not in Vi} *:le* *:left* :[range]le[ft] [indent] left align lines in [range]. Sets the indent in the lines to [indent] (default 0). {not in Vi} gq{motion} *Q* *gq* Q{motion} Format the lines that were moved over. The length of each line will be restricted to the width given with the 'textwidth' option. See below. If the 'textwidth' option is 0, the width of the screen is used (with a maximum of 79). {not in Vi} NOTE: The "Q" command is used in Vi to go to Ex mode. In a future version of Vim this will be made compatible. Use "gq" for formatting now, to avoid problems when upgrading to a newer version of Vim. {Visual}gq *v_Q* *v_gq* {Visual}Q Format the highlighted text. (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} Example: To format the current paragraph use "gqp". After the "gq" command the cursor is left in the line where the motion command would take the cursor. This allows for the formatting to be repeated with ".". This works fine with "gqj" (format current and next line) and "gq}" (format until end of paragraph). Note: When 'formatprg' is set, the cursor is left on the first formatted line (like when using a filter command). If the 'autoindent' option is on, the indent of the first line is used for the following lines. Empty lines are left unchanged (but lines with spaces or tabs are!). The 'formatprg' option can be set to the name of an external program, which will be used instead of the internal function. The 'textwidth' and other options will not be used then. *format_comments* Comments can be formatted in a special way. A comment is recognized by a specific string at the start of the line (ignoring white space). Three types of comments can be used: - Repeating the comment string at the start of each line. An example is the type of comment used in shell scripts, starting with "#". - Only the first line has the comment string, following lines don't. An example is this list with dashes. - Three-piece comments, that have a start string, an end string and optional lines in between. The strings for the start, middle and end are different. An example is the C-style comment: /* * this is a C comment */ The 'comments' option can be set to a comma separated list of parts. Each part defines a type of comment that is recognized. A part consists of: {flags}:{string} {string} is the literal text that must appear. {flags}: n Nested comment. Nesting with mixed parts is allowed. If 'comments' is "n:),n:>" a line starting with "> ) >" is accepted as comment. b Blank (, or end-of-line) required after {string}. f First line has comment only, will not be repeated on next line, but indent is kept (for bullet-lists). s Start of three-piece comment m Middle of a three-piece comment e End of a three-piece comment l Left adjust middle with start or end (default). Only recognized when used together with 's' or 'e'. r Right adjust middle with start or end. Only recognized when used together with 's' or 'e'. When neither 'f', 's', 'm' or 'e' is given, a repeated comment string is assumed. It is possible to have an empty flags field. Blank space in the text before and after the {string} is also included. The {string} in the 'comments' option should not include leading or trailing blanks (although it is allowed, in which case they are required). When one comment leader is part of another, put it after that one. For example, to include both "-" and "->", use :set comments=f:->,f:- A three-piece comment must always be given as start-middle-end, with no other parts in between. An example of a three-piece comment is "sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/" for C-comments. To avoid recognizing "*ptr" the 'b' flag is included for the middle. For three-piece comments the text after the start and middle is checked for the appearance of the end. If it is, the comment will not continue below. The middle part must be present, because otherwise Vim can't recognize the middle lines. Examples: "b:*" Includes lines starting with "*", but not if the "*" is followed by a non-blank. This avoids a pointer dereference like "*str" to be recognized as a comment. "n:>" Includes a line starting with ">", ">>", ">>>", etc. "fb:-" Format a list that starts with "- ". By default, "b:#" is included. This means that a line that starts with "#include" is not recognized as a comment line. But a line that starts with "# define" is recognized. In C code this is good, because somewhere after this a "#endif" is needed. *fo_table* The 'formatoptions' option can be set to influence the way how comments are formatted. It is a string option, that may contain any of these letters. The default is "tcq". Commas can be added for readability. letter meaning when present in 'formatoptions' t Do text autowrapping using textwidth c Do comment autowrapping using textwidth, inserting the current comment leader automatically. r Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting in insert mode. o Automatically insert the current comment leader after hitting 'o' or 'O' in Normal mode. q Allow formatting of comments with "gq" (or "Q", which is obsolete). Note that blank lines, or lines containing only the comment leader will be left untouched. A new paragraph starts after such a line, or when the comment leader changes. 2 When formatting text the indent of the second line of a paragraph is used for the rest of the paragraph. This allows for paragraphs with a different indent for the first line. v Vi-compatible auto wrapping in insert mode: Only break a line at a blank that has been entered during the current insert command. (Note: this is not 100% Vi compatible, Vi has some "unexpected features" or bugs in this area. It uses the screen column instead of the line column) b Like 'v', but only auto wrap if a blank has been entered at or before the wrap margin. If the line was longer than 'textwidth' when the insert started, or no blank was entered in the current insert before reaching 'textwidth', there is no auto wrapping. l Long lines are not broken in insert mode: When a line was longer than 'textwidth' when the insert command started it is not automatically formatted. With 't' and 'c' you can decide when auto-wrapping is done: value action "" no automatic formatting, "gq" can be used for manual formatting "t" automatic formatting of text, not for comments "c" automatic formatting for comments, not for text (good for C code) "tc" automatic formatting for text and comments Note that when 'textwidth' is 0, no formatting is done anyway (but the comment leader is inserted). Note that when 'paste' is on, no formatting is done at all. Note that 'textwidth' can be non-zero even though auto-wrapping never occurs. This is good because it can be used for formatting only in this case (with "gq"). If "/*", "*" and/or "*/" are in the 'comments' variable, then Vim has some built in stuff to treat these types of comments a bit more cleverly. Opening a new line before or after "/*" or "*/" (with 'r' or 'o' present in 'formatoptions') gives the correct start of the line automatically. The same happens with formatting and auto-wrapping. Opening a line after a line starting with "/*" or "*" and containing "*/", will cause no comment leader to be inserted, and the indent of the new line is taken from the line containing the start of the comment. E.g.: /* * Your typical comment. */ The indent on this line is the same as the start of the above comment. All this should be really cool, especially in conjunction with the new :autocmd command to prepare different settings for different types of file. Some examples: for C code: fo="croq" (only format comments) for Mail/news: fo="tcrq" (format all, don't start comment with "o" command) 11.5 Indenting C programs *C_indenting* C programs can be automatically indented. Only the indent is set, no other formatting is done. To format comments see |format_comments|. There are in fact three methods that can be used. 'autoindent' Just takes the indent from the previous line. 'smartindent' Is like 'autoindent' but also recognizes some C syntax to increase/reduce the indent where appropriate. 'cindent' Works more clever than the other two and can be configured to different indenting styles. The rest of this section is about the 'cindent' option. Note that the indenting done with 'cindent' does not work for 100%. Vim is not a C compiler, not all syntax is recognized. Four options are used for C program indenting: 'cindent' When on automatic C program indenting is enabled. 'cinkeys' Keys that trigger reindenting in insert mode. 'cinoptions' For setting your preferred indent style. 'cinwords' Defines keywords that start an extra indent in the next line. If 'lisp' is not on and 'equalprg' is empty, the "=" operator indents using this algorithm rather than calling an external program. See |autocommand| for how to automatically set the 'cindent' option for C code files and reset it for others. *'cinkeys'* *'cink'* The 'cinkeys' option can be set to a string that says when to do indenting. The default is "0{,0},:,0#,!^F,o,O,e". This means that indenting is done when: "0{" typing '{' as the first character in a line "0}" typing '}' as the first character in a line ":" typing ':' anywhere "0#" typing '#' as the first character in a line "!^F" typing CTRL-F, which is not inserted "o" typing a anywhere and for the "o" command (not in insert mode!) "O" for the "O" command (not in insert mode!) "e" typing the second 'e' for an "else" at the start of a line Characters that can be prepended: '!' When the key is preceded with a '!' the key will not be inserted but will just cause the current line to be reindented. This allows you to set a command key for reindenting the current line. By default CTRL-F is used for this. Careful with CTRL-I, you might think that it is a nice command for Indenting, but it is the same as a . '*' When the key is preceded with a '*' the reindenting will be done before inserting the key. If you use "*" this means that the current line will be reindented, before opening a new line. When the key is not preceded with a '!' or '*' the reindenting will be done after inserting the key. So ';' will set the indentation of the line including the ';'. '0' When a zero is used before the key (but after '!' or '*') it will only trigger reindenting if the key is the first character typed in the line. Special key names: <> Angle brackets mean spelled-out names of keys. For example: "", "". '^' Letters preceded by a caret (^) are control characters. For example: "^F" is CTRL-F. 'o' Means to reindent a line for the "o" command and whenever a new line is opened below the current one. This includes hitting in insert mode. 'O' Means to reindent a line for the "O" command. 'e' Means to reindent a line that starts with "else" when an 'e' is inserted. If you really want to reindent when you type 'o', 'O', 'e', '0', '<', '>', '*' or '!', use "", "", "", "<0>", "<<>", "<>>", "<*>" or "", respectively, for those keys. For an emacs-style indent mode, where lines aren't indented every time you press Return but only if you press Tab, I suggest: :set cinkeys=0{,0},:,0#,!,!^F Note: When the indent of the current line was changed manually, cindenting won't be done for any key. This is to avoid re-indenting after you changed the indent by typing , or in the indent, or used CTRL-T or CTRL-D. How the indenting is done can be set with 'cinoptions'. In the list below, "N" represents a number of your choice. It can be negative. When there is an 's' after the number, it is multiplied with 'shiftwidth'. "1s" is 'shiftwidth', "2s" is two times 'shiftwidth', etc. A decimal point is allowed too: "-0.5s" is minus half a 'shiftwidth'. The examples given below assume a 'shiftwidth' of 4. >N Amount added for "normal" indent. Used after a line that should increase the indent (lines starting with "if", an opening brace, etc.). (default 'shiftwidth'). cino= cino=>2 cino=>2s if (cond) if (cond) if (cond) { { { foo; foo; foo; } } } eN Add N to the prevailing indent inside a set of braces if the opening brace at the End of the line (more precise: is not the first character in a line). This is useful if you want a different indent when the '{' is at the start of the line from when '{' is at the end of the line. (default 0). cino= cino=e2 cino=e-2 if (cond) { if (cond) { if (cond) { foo; foo; foo; } } } else else else { { { bar; bar; bar; } } } nN Add N to the prevailing indent for a statement after an "if", "while", etc., if it is Not inside a set of braces. This is useful if you want a different indent when there is no '{' before the statement from when there is a '{' before it. (default 0). cino= cino=n2 cino=n-2 if (cond) if (cond) if (cond) foo; foo; foo; else else else { { { bar; bar; bar; } } } fN The First opening brace of a function or other block is placed in column N. Only for an opening brace that is not inside other braces and is at the start of the line. What comes after the brace is put relative to this brace. (default 0). cino= cino=f.5s cino=f1s func() func() func() { { { int foo; int foo; int foo; {N Opening braces are placed N characters from the prevailing indent. Only for opening braces that are inside other braces. (default 0). cino= cino={.5s cino={1s if (cond) if (cond) if (cond) { { { foo; foo; foo; }N Closing braces are placed N characters from the matching opening brace. (default 0). cino= cino={2,}-0.5s cino=}2 if (cond) if (cond) if (cond) { { { foo; foo; foo; } } } ^N Add N to the prevailing indent inside a set of braces if the opening brace is in column 0. This is used to have a different indent for whole of a function (some may like to set it to a negative number). (default 0). cino= cino=^-2 cino=^-s func() func() func() { { { if (cond) if (cond) if (cond) { { { a = b; a = b; a = b; } } } } } } :N Case labels are placed N characters from the indent of the switch(). (default 'shiftwidth'). cino= cino=:0 switch (x) switch(x) { { case 1: case 1: a = b; a = b; default: default: } } =N Statements after a case label are placed N characters from the indent of the label. (default 'shiftwidth'). cino= cino==10 case 11: case 11: a = a + 1; a = a + 1; b = b + 1; pN Parameter declarations for K&R-style function declarations will be indented N characters from the margin. (default 'shiftwidth'). cino= cino=p0 cino=p2s func(a, b) func(a, b) func(a, b) int a; int a; int a; char b; char b; char b; tN Type for a function declaration will be indented N characters from the margin. (default 'shiftwidth'). cino= cino=t0 cino=t7 int int int func() func() func() +N Continuation lines (lines that spill onto two) are indented N additional characters. (default 'shiftwidth'). cino= cino=+10 a = b + 9 * a = b + 9 * c; c; cN Comment lines after the comment opener, when there is no other text to line up with, are indented N characters from the comment opener. (default 3). See also |format_comments|. cino= cino=c5 /* /* text. text. */ */ (N When in unclosed parentheses, indent N characters from the line with the unclosed parentheses. When N is 0 or the line starts with '(' line up with the unclosed parentheses. (default 'shiftwidth' * 2). cino= cino=(0 if (c1 && (c2 || if (c1 && (c2 || c3)) c3)) foo; foo; if (c1 && if (c1 && (c2 || c3) (c2 || c3) } } )N Unclosed parentheses will be searched for at most N lines away. This is just to limit the time needed to search for parentheses. (default 20 lines). *N Unclosed comments will be searched for at most N lines away. This is just to limit the time needed to search for the start of a comment. (default 30 lines). The defaults, spelled out in full, would be cinoptions=>s,e0,n0,f0,{0,}0,^0,:s,=s,ps,ts,+s,(2s,)20,*30 Lines are put in column 1 if: - It starts with '#' (preprocessor directives), if 'cinkeys' contains '#'. - It starts with a label (a keyword followed by ':', other than "case" and "default"). - Any combination of indentations causes the line to have less than 0 indentation. 12. Copying and moving text *copy_move* =========================== *quote* " Use register for next delete, yank or put (use uppercase character to append with delete and yank) (<.%:> only work with put). *:reg* *:registers* :reg[isters] Display the contents of all numbered and named registers. {not in Vi} :reg[isters] {arg} Display the contents of the numbered and named registers that are mentioned in {arg}. For example: :dis 1a to display registers '1' and 'a'. Spaces are allowed in {arg}. {not in Vi} *:di* *:display* :di[splay] [arg] Same as :registers. {not in Vi} *y* ["x]y{motion} Yank {motion} text [into register x]. *yy* ["x]yy Yank [count] lines [into register x] (linewise). *Y* ["x]Y yank [count] lines [into register x] (synonym for yy, linewise). If you like "Y" to work from the cursor to the end of line (which is more logical, but not Vi-compatible) use ":map Y y$". *v_y* {Visual}["x]y Yank the highlighed text [into register x] (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *v_Y* {Visual}["x]Y Yank the highlighted lines [into register x] (see the chapter on Visual mode |Visual_mode|). {not in Vi} *:y* *:yank* :[range]y[ank] [x] Yank [range] lines [into register x]. :[range]y[ank] [x] {count} Yank {count} lines, starting with last line number in [range] (default: current line |cmdline_ranges|), [into register x]. *p* ["x]p Put the text [from register x] after the cursor [count] times. {Vi: no count} ["x]P or *P* ** ["x] Put the text [from register x] before the cursor [count] times. Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n' or 'a'. {Vi: no count} *:pu* *:put* :[line]pu[t] [x] Put the text [from register x] after [line] (default current line). :[line]pu[t]! [x] Put the text [from register x] before [line] (default current line). ["x]]p or *]p* *]* ["x]] Like "p", but adjust the indent to the current line. Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n' or 'a'. {not in Vi} ["x][P or *[P* ["x]]P or *]P* ["x][p or *[p* *[* ["x][ Like "P", but adjust the indent to the current line. Using the mouse only works when 'mouse' contains 'n' or 'a'. {not in Vi} These commands can be used to copy text from one place to another. This is done by first getting the text into a register with a yank, delete or change command. The register can then be inserted with a put command. All registers are kept when changing files. Thus you can also use this to move text from one file to another (the CTRL-^ command is a quick way to toggle between two files). The put commands can be repeated with "." (except for :put) and undone. If the command that was used to get the text into the register was linewise, the text will be inserted below ("p") or above ("P") the line where the cursor is. Otherwise the text will be inserted after ("p") or before ("P") the cursor. With the ":put" command the text will always be inserted in the next line. You can exchange two characters with the command sequence "xp". You can exchange two lines with the command sequence "ddp". You can exchange two words with the command sequence "deep" (start with the cursor in the blank space before the first word). The "']" or "`]" command can be used after the put command to move the cursor to the end of the inserted text, "'[" or "`[" to move the cursor to the start. If the command that was used to get the text into the register used blockwise Visual mode, the block of text will be inserted before ("P") or after ("p") the cursor column, in the current and next lines. Vim will make the whole block of text start in the same column. Thus the inserted text looks the same as when it was yanked or deleted. Some characters may be replaced with spaces to make this happen. However, if the width of the block is not a multiple of a width and the text after the inserted block contains s, that text may be misaligned. Rationale: In Vi the "y" command followed by a backwards motion would sometimes not move the cursor to the first yanked character, because redisplaying was skipped. In Vim it always moves to the first character, like specified by Posix. There are five types of registers: *registers* - The unnamed register "" *quote_quote* *quotequote* - 10 numbered registers "0 to "9 *quote_number* *quote0* - The small delete register "- *quote_-* *quote-* - 26 named registers "a to "z or "A to "Z *quote_alpha* *quotea* - three read-only registers ":, ". and "% The unnamed register is the register where all text deleted with the "d", "c", "s", "x" commands or copied with the yank "y" command is placed, regardless of whether or not a specific register was used (e.g. "xdd). The contents of this register are used by any put command (p or P) which does not specify a register. Additionally it can be accessed by the name '"'. This means you have to type two double quotes. {Vi: register contents lost when changing files, no '"'} The numbered registers are filled with yank and delete commands. Numbered register 0 is filled with the last yank command, unless another register was specified with ["x]. Numbered register 1 is filled with the text that was deleted by each delete or change command, unless another register was specified or the text is less than one line (text deleted with "x" or "dw" will be put in the small delete register). The contents of register 1 are put in 2, 2 in 3, and so forth. The contents of register 9 are lost. {Vi: numbered register contents are lost when changing files; register 0 does not exist} The small delete register is filled with delete commands that delete less than one line, except when a register was specified with ["x]. The named registers are only filled when you say so. They are named 'a' to 'z' normally. If you use an uppercase letter, the same registers as with the lower case letter is used, but the text is appended to the previous register contents. With a lower case letter the previous contents are lost. The read-only registers are '%', ':' and '.'. They can only be used with the commands "p", "P", ":put" and with CTRL-R. *quote_.* *quote.* ". Contains the last inserted text (the same as what is inserted with the insert mode commands CTRL-A and CTRL-@). Note: this doesn't work with CTRL-R on the command line. It works a bit differently, like inserting the text instead of putting it ('textwidth' and other options affect what is inserted). *quote_%* *quote%* "% Contains the name of the current file. *quote_:* *quote:* ": Contains the last command line. It can be used with "@:", this repeats the last command line. If you use a put command without specifying a register, the register that was last written to is used (this is also the contents of the unnamed register). If you are confused, use the ":dis" command to find out what will be put (all named and numbered registers are displayed; the unnamed register is labelled '"'). The next three commands always work on whole lines. :[range]co[py] {address} *:co* *:copy* Copy the lines given by [range] to below the line given by {address}. *:t* :t Synonym for copy. :[range]m[ove] {address} *:m* *:move* Move the lines given by [range] to below the line given by {address}. 13. Visual mode *Visual_mode* =============== Visual mode is a flexible and easy way to select a piece of text for an operator. It is the only way to select a block of text. {Vi has no Visual mode, the name "visual" is used for Normal mode, to distinguish it from Ex mode} *v* v start Visual mode per character. {not in Vi} *V* V start Visual mode linewise. {not in Vi} *CTRL-V* CTRL-V start Visual mode blockwise. {not in Vi} *v_o* o go to Other end of highlighted text: The current cursor position becomes the start of the highlighted text and the cursor is moved to the Other end of the highlighted text. {not in Vi} *gv* *v_gv* gv Start Visual mode with the same area as the previous area and the same mode. In Visual mode the current and the previous Visual area are exchanged. {not in Vi} ** Set the current cursor position. If Visual mode is active it is stopped. Only when 'mouse' option is contains 'n' or 'a'. If the position is within 'so' lines from the last line on the screen the text is scrolled up. If the position is within 'so' lines from the first line on the screen the text is scrolled down. {not in Vi} ** Start Visual mode if it is not active. The text from the cursor position to the position of the click is highlighted. If Visual mode was already active move the start or end of the highlighted text, which ever is closest, to the position of the click. Only when 'mouse' option contains 'n' or 'a'. {not in Vi} ** This works like a , if it is not a the same position as . In an xterm you won't see the selected area until the button is released. Only when 'mouse' option contains 'n' or 'a'. {not in Vi} To apply an operator on a piece of text: 1. mark the start of the text with "v", "V" or CTRL-V The character under the cursor will be used as the start. 2. move to the end of the text The text from the start of the Visual mode up to and including the character under the cursor is highlighted. 3. hit an operator The highlighted characters will be operated upon. The 'highlight' option can be used to set the display mode to use for highlighting in Visual mode. The highlighted text includes the character under the cursor. On terminals where it is possible to make the cursor invisible the cursor position is also highlighted. On terminals where this is not possible the cursor is displayed normally. If your cursor cannot be made invisible and you want Vim to highlight the character under the cursor anyway, you could set the 't_cv' and 't_ci' options to something harmless, for example: :set t_cv=^[^[ t_ci=^[^[ With "v" the text before the start position and after the end position will not be highlighted. However, All uppercase and non-alpha operators, except "~", will work on whole lines anyway. See the list of operators below. *visual_block* With CTRL-V (blockwise Visual mode) the highlighted text will be a rectangle between start position and the cursor. However, some operators work on whole lines anyway (see the list below). The change and substitute operators will delete the highlighted text and then start insertion at the top left position. When the "$" command is used with blockwise Visual mode, the right end of the highlighted text will be determined by the longest highlighted line. This stops when a motion command is used that does not move straight up or down. If you use , click the left mouse button or use any command that does a jump to another buffer while in Visual mode, the highlighting stops and no text is affected. Also when you hit "v" in characterwise Visual mode, "CTRL-V" in blockwise Visual mode or "V" in linewise Visual mode. If you hit CTRL-Z the highlighting stops and the editor is suspended or a new shell is started |CTRL-Z|. new mode after typing: *v_v* *v_CTRL-V* *v_V* old mode "v" "CTRL-V" "V" Normal Visual blockwise Visual linewise Visual Visual Normal blockwise Visual linewise Visual blockwise Visual Visual Normal linewise Visual linewise Visual Visual blockwise Visual Normal For moving the end of the block many commands can be used, but you cannot use Ex commands, commands that make changes or abandon the file. Commands (starting with) ".pPiIaAO&", CTRL-^, "Z", CTRL-], CTRL-T, CTRL-R, CTRL-I and CTRL-O cause a beep and Visual mode continues. If Visual mode is not active and the "v", "V" or CTRL-V is preceded with a count, the size of the previously highlighted area is used for a start. You can then move the end of the highlighted area and give an operator. The type of the old area is used (character, line or blockwise). - Linewise Visual mode: The number of lines is multiplied with the count. - Blockwise Visual mode: The number of lines and columns is multiplied with the count. - Normal Visual mode within one line: The number of characters is multiplied with the count. - Normal Visual mode with several lines: The number of lines is multiplied with the count, in the last line the same number of characters is used as in the last line in the previously highlighted area. The start of the text is the Cursor position. If the "$" command was used as one of the last commands to extend the highlighted text, the area will be extended to the rightmost column of the longest line. If you want to highlight exactly the same area as the last time, you can use "gv" |gv| |v_gv|. The operators that can be used are: ~ switch case |v_tilde| d delete |v_d| c change |v_c| y yank |v_y| > shift right (1)(*) |v_>| < shift left (1)(*) |v_<| ! filter through external command (1) |v_!| = filter through 'equalprg' option command (1) |v_=| Q format lines to 'textwidth' length (1)(obsolete)|v_Q| gq format lines to 'textwidth' length (1) |v_gq| The objects that can be used are: a word |v_a| A WORD (see |WORD|) |v_A| s sentence |v_s| p paragraph |v_p| P block |v_P| Additionally the following commands can be used: : start ex command for highlighted lines (1) |v_:| r change |v_r| C change (2) |v_C| R change (2) |v_R| x delete |v_x| D delete (2) |v_D| X delete (2) |v_X| Y yank (2) |v_Y| J join (1) |v_J| U make uppercase |v_U| u make lowercase |v_u| ^] find tag |v_CTRL-]| (1): always whole lines, see |:visual_example| (2): whole lines when not using CTRL-V (*): in a future a blockwise shift will move the block only, not whole lines. Note that the ":vmap" command can be used to specifically map keys in Visual mode. If you want to give a register name using the """ command, do this just before typing the operator character: "v{move around}"xd". If you want to give a count to the command, do this just before typing the operator character: "v{move around}3>" (move lines 3 indents to the right). *repeat_Visual* When repeating a Visual mode operator, the operator will be applied to the same amount of text as the last time: - Linewise Visual mode: The same number of lines. - Blockwise Visual mode: The same number of lines and columns. - Normal Visual mode within one line: The same number of characters. - Normal Visual mode with several lines: The same number of lines, in the last line the same number of characters as in the last line the last time. The start of the text is the Cursor position. If the "$" command was used as one of the last commands to extend the highlighted text, the repeating will be applied up to the rightmost column of the longest line. *:visual_example* Currently the ":" command works on whole lines only. When you select part of a line, doing something like ":!date" will replace the whole line. If you want only part of the line to be replaced you will have to make a mapping for it. In a future release ":" may work on partial lines. Here is an example, to replace the selected text with the output of "date": :vmap _a a`\!!datekJJ (In the <> notation |<>|, when typing it you should type it literally; you need to remove the 'B' and '<' flags from 'cpoptions') What this does is: stop Visual mode a break the line after the Visual area `\< jump to the start of the Visual area i break the line before the Visual area !!date filter the Visual text through date kJJ Join the lines again 14. Various commands *various* ==================== *CTRL-L* CTRL-L Clear and redraw the screen. *N* When entering a number: Remove the last digit. Note: if you like to use for this, add this mapping to your .vimrc: :map CTRL-V CTRL-V See |:fixdel| if your key does not do what you want. :as[cii] or *ga* *:as* *:ascii* ga Print the ascii value of the character under the cursor in decimal, hexadecimal and octal. For example, when the cursor is on a 'R': 82, Hex 52, Octal 122 When the character is a non-standard ASCII character, but printable according to the 'isprint' option, the non-printable version is also given. When the character is larger than 127, the form is also printed. For example: <~A> 129, Hex 81, Octal 201

<|~> 254, Hex fe, Octal 376 (where

is a special character) The character in a file is stored internally as , but it will be shown as: <^@> 0, Hex 00, Octal 000 Mnemonic: Get Ascii value. {not in Vi} *:p* *:print* :[range]p[rint] Print [range] lines (default current line). :[range]p[rint] {count} Print {count} lines, starting with [range] (default current line |cmdline_ranges|). *:l* *:list* :[range]l[ist] [count] Same as :print, but display unprintable characters with '^'. *:nu* *:number* :[range]nu[mber] [count] Same as :print, but precede each line with its line number. (See also 'highlight' option). *:#* :[range]# [count] synonym for :number. *:=* := Print the cursor line number. :norm[al][!] {commands} *:norm* *:normal* Execute Normal mode commands {commands}. This makes it possible to execute normal mode commands typed on the command line. {commands} is executed like it is typed. For undo all commands are undone together. If the [!] is given, mappings will not be used. If {commands} does not finish a command, more characters need to be typed. Mostly useful for autocommands. This command cannot be followed by another command, since any '|' is considered part of the command. {not in vi} *:sh* *:shell* :sh[ell] Escape to a shell (name from 'shell' option). *:!cmd* *:!* :!{cmd} Execute {cmd} with the shell. See also the 'shell' and 'shelltype' option. Any '!' in {cmd} is replaced with the previous external command (see also 'cpoptions'). But not when there is a backslash before the '!', then that backslash is removed. Example: ":!ls" followed by ":!echo ! \! \\!" executes "echo ls ! \!". Also see |shell_window|. *:!!* :!! Repeat last ":!{cmd}". *:ve* *:version* :ve[rsion] Print the version number of the editor. If the compiler used understands "__DATE__" the compilation date is mentioned. Otherwise a fixed release-date is shown. The following lines contain information about which options were defined when Vim was compiled. :ve[rsion] {nr} Set the version number to {nr}. Used in .vimrc files. When omitted Vim will give a warning message. If {nr} is higher than the current Vim version this will result in an error message. {not in Vi} :if *:if* *:endif* :endif Every Ex command in between the ":if" and ":endif" is ignored. These two commands are just to allow for future expansions in a backwards compatible way. Nesting is allowed. In Vim version 5 you are expected to be able to do something like :if version >= "5.0" : version-5-specific-command :endif {not in Vi} *K* K Run a program to lookup the keyword under the cursor. The name of the program is given with the 'keywordprg' (kp) option (default is "man"). The keyword is formed of letters, numbers and the characters in 'iskeyword'. The keyword under or right of the cursor is used. The same can be done with the command ":!{program} {keyword}". There is an example of a program to use in the tools directory of Vim. It is called 'ref' and does a simple spelling check. If 'keywordprg' is empty, the ":help" command is used. {not in Vi} *v_K* {Visual}K Like "K", but use the visually highlighted text for the keyword. Only works when the highlighted text is not more than one line. {not in Vi} [N]gs *gs* *:sl* *:sleep* :[N]sl[eep] [N] Do nothing for [N] seconds. Can be interrupted with CTRL-C (CTRL-break on MS-DOS). "gs" stands for "goto sleep". While sleeping the cursor is positioned in the text (if visible). {not in Vi} 15. Repeating commands *repeating* ====================== 15.1 Single repeats *single_repeat* *.* . Repeat last change with count replaced with [count]. Simple changes can be repeated with the "." command. Without a count, the count of the last change is used. If you enter a count, it will replace the last one. If the last change included a specification of a numbered register, the register number will be incremented. See the section on undo and redo for an example how to use this |undo_redo|. Note that when repeating a command that used a Visual selection, the same SIZE of area is used, see |repeat_Visual|. *@:* @: Repeat last command line [count] times. 15.2 Multiple repeats *multi_repeat* *:g* *:global* :[range]g[lobal]/{pattern}/[cmd] Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the lines within [range] where {pattern} matches. :[range]g[lobal]!/{pattern}/[cmd] Execute the Ex command [cmd] (default ":p") on the lines within [range] where {pattern} does NOT match. *:v* *:vglobal* :[range]v[global]/{pattern}/[cmd] Same as :g!. The global commands work by first scanning through the [range] lines and marking each line where a match occurs. In a second scan the [cmd] is executed for each marked line with its line number prepended. If a line is changed or deleted its mark disappears. The default for [range] is the whole buffer (1,$). Use "CTRL-C" to interrupt the command. If an error message is given for a line the global command aborts. To repeat a non-Ex command, you will have to put the command in a file and use "source!". For example: :g/pat/so! scriptfile Make sure that the scriptfile ends with a whole command, otherwise Vim will wait for you to type the rest of the command for each match. The screen will not have been updated, so you don't know what you are doing. The undo/redo command will undo/redo the whole global command at once. The previous context mark will only be set once (with "''" you go back to where the cursor was before the global command). The global command sets both the last used search pattern and the last used substitute pattern (this is vi compatible). This makes it easy to globally replace a string: :g/pat/s//PAT/g This replaces all occurences of "pat" with "PAT". The same can be done with: :%s/pat/PAT/g Which is two characters shorter! 15.3 Complex repeats *complex_repeat* *q* q<0-9a-zA-Z"> Record typed characters into register <0-9a-zA-Z"> (uppercase to append). The 'q' command is disabled while executing a register. {Vi: no recording} q Stops recording. (Implementation note: The 'q' that stops recording is not stored in the register, unless it was the result of a mapping) {Vi: no recording} *@* @<0-9a-z".> Execute the contents of register <0-9a-z".> [count] times. Note that register '%' (name of the current file) cannot be used. See also |@:|. {Vi: only named registers} *@@* @@ Repeat the previous @<0-9a-z":> [count] times. *:@* :[addr]@<0-9a-z"> Execute the contents of register <0-9a-z"> as an Ex command. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is current line). When the last line in the register does not have a it will be added automatically when the 'e' flag is present in 'cpoptions'. {Vi: only in some versions} Future: Will execute the register for each line in the address range. :[addr]@: Repeat last command line [count] times. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is current line). {Vi: only in some versions} *:@@* :[addr]@@ Repeat the previous :@<0-9a-z">. First set cursor at line [addr] (default is current line). {Vi: only in some versions} *:so* *:source* :so[urce] {file} Read Ex commands from {file}. :so[urce]! {file} Read Vim commands from {file}. {not in Vi} All commands and command sequences can be repeated by putting them in a named register and then executing it. There are two ways to get the commands in the register: - Use the record command "q". You type the commands once, and while they are being executed they are stored in a register. Easy, because you can see what you are doing. If you make a mistake, 'put' the register into the file, edit the command sequence, and then delete it into the register again. You can continue recording by appending to the register (use an uppercase letter). - Delete or yank the command sequence into the register. Often used command sequences can be put under a function key with the ':map' command. An alternative is to put the commands in a file, and execute them with the ':source!' command. Useful for long command sequences. Can be combined with the ':map' command to put complicated commands under a function key. The ':source' command reads Ex commands from a file line by line. You will have to type any needed keyboard input. The ':source!' command reads from a script file character by character, interpreting each character as if you typed it. Example: When you give the ":!ls" command you are asked to "hit return to continue". If you ':source' a file with the line "!ls" in it, you will have to type the return yourself. But if you ':source!' a file with the line ":!ls" in it, the next characters from that file are read until a is found. You will not have to type yourself, unless ":!ls" was the last line in the file. It is possible to put ':source[!]' commands in the script file, so you can make a top-down hierarchy of script files. The ':source' command can be nested as deep as the number of files that can be opened at one time (about 15). The ':source!' command can be nested up to 15 levels deep. In script files terminal-dependent key codes are represented by terminal-independent two character codes. This means that they can be used in the same way on different kinds of terminals. The first character of a key code is 0x80 or 128, shown on the screen as "~@". The second one can be found in the list |key_notation|. Any of these codes can also be entered with CTRL-V followed by the three digit decimal code. This does NOT work for the termcap codes, these can only be used in mappings. *:source_crnl* MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: Files that are read with ":source" normally have - line separators. These always work. If you are using a file with line separators (for example, a file made on Unix), this will be recognized if you have 'textauto' on and the first line does not end in a . This fails if the first line has something like ":map :help^M", where "^M" is a . If the first line ends in a , but following ones don't, you will get an error message, because the from the first lines will be lost. 16. Undo and redo *undo_redo* ================= or *undo* ** *u* u Undo [count] changes. {Vi: only one level} *:u* *:undo* :u[ndo] Undo one change. {Vi: only one level} *CTRL-R* CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. {Vi: redraw screen} *:red* *:redo* :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. {Vi: no redo} *U* U Undo all latest changes on one line. {Vi: while not moved off of it} The last changes are remembered. You can go back in time with the "u" command. You can then go forward again with the 'CTRL-R' command. If you make a new change after the "u" command, the 'CTRL-R' will not be possible anymore. The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option. If it is zero, the old fashioned Vi undo is present: one level of undo and undo undoes itself. If it is negative no undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory. The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a "u" command undos a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may be confusing. Try it out to get used to it. When all changes have been undone the buffer is not considered to be changed. Vim can then be exit with ":q" instead of ":q!". {this is not in Vi} The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p' also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'. If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted. Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with '"1P....'. If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the 'u.' until you got what you want. 17. Key mapping *key_mapping* =============== There are commands to enter new mappings, remove mappings and list mappings: :map {lhs} {rhs} *:map* :nm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:nm* *:nmap* :vm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:vm* *:vmap* :map! {lhs} {rhs} *:map!* :im[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:im* *:imap* :cm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:cm* *:cmap* Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes where the map command applies. :no[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:no* *:noremap* :nn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} *:nn* *:nnoremap* :vn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} *:vn* *:vnoremap* :no[remap]! {lhs} {rhs} *:no!* *:noremap!* :ino[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:ino* *:inoremap* :cno[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:cno* *:cnoremap* Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes where the map command applies. Disallow mapping of {rhs}. {not in Vi} :unm[ap] {lhs} *:unm* *:unmap* :nun[map] {lhs} *:nun* *:nunmap* :vu[nmap] {lhs} *:vu* *:vunmap* :unm[ap]! {lhs} *:unm!* *:unmap!* :iu[nmap] {lhs} *:iu* *:iunmap* :cu[nmap] {lhs} *:cu* *:cunmap* Remove the mapping of {lhs} for the modes where the map command applies. :mapc[lear] *:mapc* *:mapclear* :nmapc[lear] *:nmapc* *:nmapclear* :vmapc[lear] *:vmapc* *:vmapclear* :mapc[lear]! *:mapc!* *:mapclear!* :imapc[lear] *:imapc* *:imapclear* :cmapc[lear] *:cmapc* *:cmapclear* Remove all mappings for the modes where the map command applies. {not in Vi} :map :nm[ap] :vm[ap] :map! :im[ap] :cm[ap] List all key mappings for the modes where the map command applies. :map {lhs} *:map_l* :nm[ap] {lhs} *:nmap_l* :vm[ap] {lhs} *:vmap_l* :map! {lhs} *:map_l!* :im[ap] {lhs} *:imap_l* :cm[ap] {lhs} *:cmap_l* List the key mappings for the key sequences starting with {lhs} in the modes where the map command applies. {not in Vi} These commands are used to map a key or key sequence to a string of characters. You can use this to put command sequences under function keys, translate one key into another, etc. See the "Options" chapter below for how to save and restore the current mapping |options|. There are four sets of mappings - For Insert mode. These are also used in Replace mode. - For Command-line mode: When entering a ":" or "/" command. - For Normal mode: When typing commands. - For Visual mode: When typing commands while the Visual area is highlighted. Overview of which map command works in which mode: commands: modes: Normal Visual Insert Command-line :map :noremap :unmap :mapclear X X . . :nmap :nnoremap :nunmap :nmapclear X . . . :vmap :vnoremap :vunmap :vmapclear . X . . :map! :noremap! :unmap! :mapclear! . . X X :imap :inoremap :iunmap :imapclear . . X . :cmap :cnoremap :cunmap :cmapclear . . . X The original Vi did not have separate mappings for Normal/Visual mode and Insert/Command-line mode. Therefore the ":map" and ":map!" commands enter and display mappings for both. In Vim you can use the ":nmap", "vmap", ":cmap" and ":imap" commands to enter mappings for each mode separately. When listing mappings the character in column 1 is char mode Normal and Visual n Normal v Visual ! Insert and Command-line i Insert c Command-line Note: When using mappings for Visual mode, you can use the '<' mark, which is the start of the last selected Visual area |'<|. Everything from the first non-blank after {lhs} up to the end of the line (or '|') is considered to be part of {rhs}. This allows the {rhs} to end with a space. *map_backslash* Note that only CTRL-V is mentioned here as a special character for mappings and abbreviations. When 'cpoptions' does not contain 'B', a backslash can also be used like CTRL-V. The <> notation can be fully used then |<>|. But you cannot use "" like CTRL-V to escape the special meaning of what follows. *map_space_in_lhs* To include a space in {lhs} precede it with a CTRL-V (type two CTRL-Vs for each space). *map_space_in_rhs* If you want a {rhs} that starts with a space, precede {rhs} with a single CTRL-V (you have to type CTRL-V two times). *map_empty_rhs* You can create an empty {rhs} by typing nothing after a single CTRL-V (you have to type CTRL-V two times). Unfortunately, you cannot do this in a vimrc file. It is not possible to put a comment after this command, because the '"' character is considered to be part of the {rhs}. *map_bar* Since the '|' character is used to separate a map command from the next command, you will have to do something special to include a '|' in {rhs}. There are three methods: use works when example '<' is not in 'cpoptions' :map _l :!ls more^M \| 'b' is not in 'cpoptions' :map _l :!ls \| more^M ^V| always, in Vim and Vi :map _l :!ls ^V| more^M (here ^V stands for CTRL-V; to get one CTRL-V you have to type it twice; you cannot use the <> notation "" here). All three work when you use the default setting for 'cpoptions'. When 'b' is present in 'cpoptions', "\|" will be recognized as a mapping ending in a '\' and then another command. This is Vi compatible, but unlogical when compared to other commands. To avoid mapping of the characters you type in insert or Command-line mode, type a CTRL-V first. The mapping in Insert mode is disabled if the 'paste' option is on. Note that when an error is enountered (that causes an error message) the rest of the mapping is not executed. This is Vi-compatible. Note that the second character (argument) of the commands @zZtTfF[]rm'`"v and CTRL-X is not mapped. This was done to be able to use all the named registers and marks, even when the command with the same name has been mapped. Some examples (given as you type them; e.g., the "^V" is CTRL-V which you type, but will not show up on the screen): :map g /foo^V^Mcwbar^V^[ (replace next "foo" with "bar") :map! qq quadrillion questions Vim will compare what you type with the start of a mapped sequence. If there is an incomplete match, it will get more characters until there either is a complete match or until there is no match at all. Example: If you map! "qq", the first 'q' will not appear on the screen until you type another character. This is because Vim cannot know if the next character will be a 'q' or not. If the 'timeout' option is on (which is the default) Vim will only wait for one second (or as long as specified with the 'timeoutlen' option). After that it assumes that the 'q' is to be interpreted as such. If type slowly, or your system is slow, reset the 'timeout' option. Then you might want to set the 'ttimeout' option. See the "Options" chapter |options|. *recursive_mapping* If you include the {lhs} in the {rhs} you have a recursive mapping. When {lhs} is typed, it will be replaced with {rhs}. When the {lhs} which is included in {rhs} is encountered it will be replaced with {rhs}, and so on. This makes it possible to repeat a command an infinite number of times. The only problem is that the only way to stop this is by causing an error. The macros to solve a maze uses this, look there for an example. There is one exception: If the {rhs} starts with {lhs}, the first character is not mapped again (this is Vi compatible). For example: :map ab abcd will execute the "a" command and insert "bcd" in the text. The "ab" in the {rhs} will not be mapped again. If you want to exchange the meaning of two keys you should use the :noremap command. For example: :noremap k j :noremap j k This will exchange the cursor up and down commands. With the normal :map command, when the 'remap' option is on, mapping takes place until the text is found not to be a part of a {lhs}. For example, if you use: :map x y :map y x Vim will replace x with y, and then y with x, etc. When this has happened 'maxmapdepth' times (default 1000), Vim will give the error message "recursive mapping". See the file "index" for keys that are not used and thus can be mapped without losing any builtin function. I suggest you use function keys, and meta-keys. If you are prepared to lose a command that you hardly ever use you can make mappings that start with '_' or '-'. You can also use ":help ^D" to find out if a key is used for some command. ( is the specific key you want to find out about, ^D is CTRL-D). If you include an undo command inside a mapped sequence, this will bring the text back in the state before executing the macro. This is compatible with the original Vi, as long as there is only one undo command in the mapped sequence (having two undo commands in a mapped sequence did not make sense in the original Vi, you would get back the text before the first undo). There are three ways to map a special key: 1. The Vi-compatible method: Map the key code. Often this is a sequence that starts with . To enter a mapping like this you type ":map " and then you have to type CTRL-V before hitting the function key. Note that when the key code for the key is in the termcap (the t_ options), it will automatically be translated into the internal code and become the second way of mapping (unless the 'k' flag is included in 'cpoptions'). 2. The second method is to use the internal code for the function key. To enter such a mapping type CTRL-K and then hit the function key, or use the form "#1", "#2", .. "#9", "#0", "", "", "", etc. (see table of keys |key_notation|, all keys from can be used). The first ten function keys can be defined in two ways: Just the number, like "#2", and with "", like "". Both stand for function key 2. "#0" refers to function key 10, defined with option 't_f10', which may be function key zero on some keyboards. The <> form cannot be used when 'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag. 3. Use the termcap entry, with the form , where "xx" is the name of the termcap entry. Any string entry can be used. For example: :map G Maps function key 13 to "G". This does not work if 'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag. The advantage of the second and third method is that the mapping will work on different terminals without modification (the function key will be translated into the same internal code or the actual key code, no matter what terminal you are using. The termcap must be correct for this to work, and you must use the same mappings). DETAIL: Vim first checks if a sequence from the keyboard is mapped. If it isn't the terminal key codes are tried (see section 20.2 |terminal_options|). If a terminal code is found it is replaced with the internal code. Then the check for a mapping is done again (so you can map an internal code to something else). What is written into the script file depends on what is recognized. If the terminal key code was recognized as a mapping the key code itself is written to the script file. If it was recognized as a terminal code the internal code is written to the script file. 18. Recovery after a crash *crash_recovery* ========================== You have spent several hours typing in that text that has to be finished next morning, and then disaster strikes: Your computer crashes. DON'T PANIC! You can recover most of your changes from the files that Vim uses to store the contents of the file. Mostly you can recover your work with one command: vim -r filename 18.1 The swap file *swap_file* Vim stores the things you changed in a swap file. Using the original file you started from plus the swap file you can mostly recover your work. You can see the name of the current swap file being used with the command: :sw[apname] *:sw* *:swapname* The name of the swap file is normally the same as the file you are editing, with the extension ".swp". On MS-DOS and Win32 machines and when the 'shortname' option is on, any '.' in the original file name is replaced with '_'. If this file already exists (e.g., when you are recovering from a crash) a warning is given and another extension is used, ".swo", ".swn", etc. An existing file will never be overwritten. The swap file is deleted as soon as Vim stops editing the file. Technical: The replacement of '.' with '_' is done to avoid problems with MS-DOS compatible filesystems (e.g., crossdos, multidos). If Vim is able to detect that the file is on an MS-DOS-like filesystem, a flag is set that has the same effect as the 'shortname' option. This flag is reset when you start editing another file. If the ".swp" filename already exists, the last character is decremented until there is no file with that name or ".swa" is reached. In the last case, no swap file is created. By setting the 'directory' option you can place the swap file in another place than where the edited file is. Advantages: - You will not pollute the directories with ".swp" files. - When the 'directory' is on another partition, reduce the risk of damaging the file system where the file is (in a crash). Disadvantages: - You can get name collisions from files with the same name but in different directories (although Vim tries to avoid that by comparing the path name). This will result in bogus ATTENTION warning messages. - When you use your home directory, and somebody else tries to edit the same file, he will not see your swap file and will not get the ATTENTION waring message. On the Amiga you can also use a recoverable ram disk, but there is no 100% guarantee that this works. Putting swap files in a normal ram disk (like RAM: on the Amiga) or in a place that is cleared when rebooting (like /tmp on Unix) makes no sense, you will lose the swap file in a crash. If you want to put swap files in a fixed place, put a command resembling the following ones in your .vimrc: :set dir=dh2:tmp (for Amiga) :set dir=~/tmp (for Unix) :set dir=c:\\tmp (for MS-DOS and Win32) This is also very handy when editing files on floppy. Of course you will have to create that "tmp" directory for this to work! When starting to edit a file, Vim checks if a swap file already exists for that file. If there is one, you will get a message indicating that something is wrong: ATTENTION Found a swap file by the name "../doc/vim_ref.txt.swp" dated: Thu May 16 11:46:31 1996 file name: ~mool/vim/vim/doc/vim_ref.txt host name: Kibaale user name: mool process ID: 211 (still running) While opening file "../doc/vim_ref.txt" dated: Wed May 15 21:38:40 1996 You are to take one of two actions: 1. Quit editing this file, because another edit session is active on this file. Continuing to edit will result in two versions of the same file. The one that is written last will overwrite the other one, resulting in loss of changes. The text "(still running)" indicates that the process editing this file runs on the same computer (Unix only). When working over a network you will not see this message, because the process will be running on another computer. 2. Recover a previously crashed edit session. See below |recovery|. Vim cannot always detect that a swap file already exists for a file. This is the case when the other edit session puts the swap files in another directory or when the path name for the file is different when editing it on different machines. The swap file is updated after typing 200 characters or when you have not typed anything for four seconds. This only happens if the buffer was changed, not when you only moved around. The reason why it is not kept up to date all the time is that this would slow down normal work too much. You can change the 200 character count with the 'updatecount' option. You can set the time with the 'updatetime' option. The time is given in milliseconds. After writing to the swap file Vim syncs the file to disk. This takes some time, especially on busy Unix systems. If you don't want this you can set the 'swapsync' option to an empty string. The risk of loosing work becomes bigger though. On some non-Unix systems (MS-DOS, Amiga) the swap file won't be written at all. If the writing to the swap file is not wanted, it can be switched off by setting the 'updatecount' option to 0. The same is done when starting Vim with the "-n" option. Writing can be switched back on by setting the 'updatecount' option to non-zero. Swap files will be created for all buffers when doing this. But when setting 'updatecount' to zero, the existing swap files will not be removed, it will only affect files that will be opened after this. If you want to make sure that your changes are in the swap file use this command: *:pre* *:preserve* :pre[serve] Write all text for all buffers into swap file. The original file is no longer needed for recovery. {Vi: emergency exit} A Vim swap file can be recognized by the first six characters: "b0VIM ". After that comes the version number, e.g., "3.0". 18.2 Recovery *recovery* In most cases recovery is quite easy: Start Vim on the same file you were editing when the crash happened, with the "-r" option added. Vim will read the ".swp" file and may read bits and pieces of the original file. Example: vim -r vim_ref.txt If you were editing without a file name, give an empty string as argument: vim -r "" If there are several swap files that look they may be the one you want to use, a list is given of these swap files and you are requested to enter the number of the one you want to use. In case you don't know which one to use, just try them one by one and check the resulting files if they are what you expected. If you know which swap file needs to be used, you can recover by giving the swap file name. Vim will then find out the name of the original file from the swap file. Example: Vim -r vim_ref.txt.swo This is also handy when the swap file is in another directory than expected. If this still does not work, see what file names Vim reports and rename the files accordingly. Check the 'directory' option to see where Vim may have put the swap file. Another way to do recovery is to start Vim and use the ":recover" command. This is easy when you start Vim to edit a file and you get the "ATTENTION: Found a swap file ..." message. In this case the single command ":recover" will do the work. You can also give the name of the file or the swap file to the recover command: *:rec* *:recover* :rec[over] [file] Try to recover [file] from the swap file. If [file] is not given use the file name for the current buffer. The current contents of the buffer are lost. This command fails if the buffer was modified. :rec[over]! [file] Like ":recover", but any changes in the current buffer are lost. Vim has some intelligence about what to do if the swap file is corrupt in some way. If Vim has doubt about what it found, it will give an error message and insert lines with "???" in the text. If you see an error message while recovering, search in the file for "???" to see what is wrong. You may want to cut and paste to get the text you need. Be sure that the recovery was successful before overwriting the original file or deleting the swap file. It is good practice to write the recovered file elsewhere and run 'diff' to find out if the changes you want are in the recovered file. Once you are sure the recovery is ok delete the swap file. Otherwise, you will continue to get warning messages that the ".swp" file already exists. {Vi: recovers in another way and sends mail if there is something to recover} 19. Options *options* =========== Vi has a number of internal variables and switches which can be set to achieve special effects. These options come in three forms: toggle can only be on or off *toggle* number has a numeric value string has a string value 19.1 Setting options *set_option* *:se* *:set* :se[t] Show all options that differ from their default value. :se[t] all Show all but terminal options. :se[t] termcap Show all terminal options. :se[t] {option}? Show value of {option}. :se[t] {option} Toggle option: set, switch it on. Number option: show value. String option: show value. :se[t] no{option} Toggle option: Reset, switch it off. :se[t] {option}! or :se[t] inv{option} Toggle option: Invert value. {not in Vi} :se[t] {option}& Reset option to its default value. {not in Vi} :se[t] {option}={value} or :se[t] {option}:{value} Set string or number option to {value}. For numeric options the value can be given in decimal, hex (preceded with 0x) or octal (preceded with '0') (hex and octal are only available for machines which have the strtol() function). The old value can be inserted by typing (or whatever the value of 'wildchar' is). See 4.4.2 |cmdline_completion|. See |option_backslash| for using backslashes in {value}. *:fix* *:fixdel* :fix[del] Set the value of 't_kD': 't_kb' is 't_kD' becomes CTRL-? CTRL-H not CTRL-? CTRL-? (CTRL-? is 0177 octal, 0x7f hex) {not in Vi} If your delete key terminal code is wrong, but the code for backspace is allright, you can put this in your .vimrc: :fixdel This works no matter what the actual code for backspace is. If the backspace key terminal code is wrong you can use this: :set t_kb=^V :fixdel Where "^V" is CTRL-V and "" is the backspace key. This will only work for terminals with the same code for the backspace key, you cannot use this in your .vimrc unless the code for backspace is the same on all your systems. If your key sends a strange key sequence (not CTRL-? or CTRL-H) you cannot use ":fixdel". Then use: :set t_kD=^V Where "^V" is CTRL-V and "" is the delete key. This will only work on systems with the same terminal codes for delete. Note about Linux: By default the backspace key produces CTRL-?, which is wrong. You can fix it by putting this line in your rc.local: echo "keycode 14 = BackSpace" | loadkeys The {option} arguments to ":set" may be repeated. For example: ":set ai nosi sw=3 ts=3". If you make an error in one of the arguments an error message will be given and the text up to the next space will be skipped. Thus following arguments will be processed. For {option} the form "t_xx" may be used to set a termcap option. This will override the value from the termcap. You can then use it in a mapping. If the "xx" part contains special characters, use the form: :set =^[Ot The listing from ":set" looks different from Vi. Long string options are put at the end of the list. The number of options is quite large. The output of "set all" probably does not fit on the screen, causing Vim to give the "--more--" message. See the 'more' option. *:set_env* Environment variables in most string options will be expanded. If the environment variable exists the '$' and the following environment variable name is replaced with its value. If it does not exist the '$' and the name are not modified. Any non-id character (not a letter, digit or '_') may follow the environment variable name. That character and what follows is appended to the value of the environment variable. Examples: :set term=$TERM.new :set path=/usr/$INCLUDE,$HOME/include,. Using "~" is like using "$HOME", but it is only recognized at the start of an option and after a space or comma. *option_backslash* To include white space in a string option value it has to be preceded with a backslash. To include a backslash you have to use two. Effectively this means that the number of backslashes in an option value is halved (rounded down). A few examples: :set tags=tags\ /usr/tags results in "tags /usr/tags" :set tags=tags\\,file results in "tags\,file" :set tags=tags\\\ file results in "tags\ file" For MS-DOS and WIN32 backslashes in file names are mostly not removed. More precise: For options that expect a file name (those where environment variables are expanded) a backslash before a normal file name character is not removed. But a backslash before a special character (space, backslash, comma, etc.) is used like explained above. 19.2 Automatically setting options *auto_setting* Besides changing options with the ":set" command, there are three alternatives to set options automatically for one or more files: 1. When starting Vim initializations are read from various places. See |initialization|. Most of them are performed for all editing sessions, and some of them depend on the directory where Vim is started. 2. If you start editing a new file, the automatic commands are executed. This can be used to set options for files matching a particular pattern and many other things. See the section "Automatic commands" |autocommand|. 3. If you start editing a new file, and the 'modeline' option is on, a number of lines at the beginning and end of the file are checked for modelines. This is explained here. *modeline* There are two forms of modelines. The first form: [text]{white}{vi:|vim:|ex:}[white]{options} [text] any text or empty {white} at least one white space ( or ) {vi:|vim:|ex:} the string "vi:", "vim:" or "ex:" [white] optional white space {options} a list of option settings, separated with white space or ':', where each part between ':' is the argument for a ":set" command Example: " vi:noai:sw=3 ts=6" The second form (this is compatible with some versions of Vi): [text]{white}{vi:|vim:|ex:}[white]set {options}:[text] [text] any text or empty {white} at least one white space ( or ) {vi:|vim:|ex:} the string "vi:", "vim:" or "ex:" [white] optional white space set the string "set " (note the space) {options} a list of options, separated with white space, which is the argument for a ":set" command : a colon [text] any text or empty Example: "/* vim: set ai tw=75: */" The white space before {vi:|vim:|ex:} is required. This minimizes the chance that a normal word like "lex:" is caught. There is one exception: "vi:" and "vim:" can also be at the start of the line (for compatibility with version 3.0). Using "ex:" at the start of the line will be ignored (this could be short for "example:"). The number of lines that are checked can be set with the 'modelines' option. If 'modeline' is off or 'modelines' is 0 no lines are checked. Note that for the first form all of the rest of the line is used, thus a line like: "/* vi:ts=4: */" will give an error message for the trailing "*/". This line is OK: "/* vi:set ts=4: */" If an error is detected the rest of the line is skipped. If you want to include a ':' in a set command precede it with a '\'. No other commands than "set" are supported, for security reasons (somebody might create a trojan horse text file with modelines). 19.3 Saving settings *save_settings* *:mk* *:mkexrc* :mk[exrc] [file] Write current key mappings and changed options to [file] (default ".exrc" in the current directory), unless it already exists. {not in Vi} :mk[exrc]! [file] Always write current key mappings and changed options to [file] (default ".exrc" in the current directory). {not in Vi} *:mkv* *:mkvimrc* :mkv[imrc][!] [file] Like as :mkexrc, but default is ".vimrc" in the current directory. The ":version" command is also written to the file. {not in Vi} These commands will write ":map" and ":set" commands to a file, in such a way that when these commands are executed, the current key mappings and options will be set to the same values. The options 'columns', 'endofline', 'lines', 'modified', 'scroll', 'term' and 'ttyfast' are not included, because these are terminal or file dependent. Note that the options 'binary', 'textmode', 'paste' and 'readonly' are included, this might not always be what you want. A common method is to use a default ".vimrc" file, make some modifications with ":map" and ":set" commands and write the modified file. First read the default ".vimrc" in with a command like ":source ~piet/.vimrc.Cprogs", change the settings and then save them in the current directory with ":mkvimrc!". If you want to make this file your default .vimrc, move it to your home directory (on Unix), s: (Amiga) or $VIM directory (MS-DOS). You could also use autocommands |autocommand| and/or modelines |modeline|. 19.4 Options summary *option_summary* In the list below all the options are mentioned with their full name and some with an abbreviation between parens. Both forms may be used. In this document when an option that can be toggled is "set" that means that ":set option" is entered. When an option is "reset", ":set nooption" is used. Most options are the same in all windows and buffers. There are a few that are specific to how the text is presented in a window. These can be set to a different value in each window. For example the 'list' option can be set in one window and reset in another for the same text, giving both types of view at the same time. There are a few options that are specific to a certain file. These can have a different value for each file or buffer. For example the 'textwith' option can be 78 for a normal text file and 0 for a C program. global one option for all buffers and windows local to window each window has its own copy of this option local to buffer each buffer has its own copy of this option When creating a new window the option values from the currently active window are used as a default value for the window-specific options. For the buffer-specific options this depends on the 's' and 'S' flags in the 'cpoptions' option. If 's' in included (which is the default) the values for buffer options are copied from the currently active buffer when a buffer is first entered. If 'S' is present the options are copied each time the buffer is entered, this is almost like having global options. If 's' and 'S' are not present, the options are copied from the currently active buffer when the buffer is created. A jump table for the options with a short description can be found at |X_op|. *'aleph'* *'al'* aleph (al) number (default 128 for MS-DOS, 224 otherwise) global {not in Vi} {This option applies only if Vim was compiled with RIGHTLEFT defined} The ASCII code for the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The routine that maps the keyboard in Hebrew mode, both in Insert mode (when hkmap is set) and on the command line (when hitting CTRL-_) outputs the Hebrew characters in the range [aleph..aleph+26]. aleph=128 applies to PC code, and aleph=224 applies to ISO 8859-8. See |vim_rlh.txt|. *'autoindent'* *'ai'* *'noautoindent'* *'noai'* autoindent (ai) toggle (default off) local to buffer Copy indent from current line when starting a new line (typing in Insert mode or when using the "o" or "O" command). If you do not type anything on the new line except and then type or , the indent is deleted again. When autoindent is on, formatting (with the "gq" command or when you reach 'textwidth' in Insert mode) uses the indentation of the first line. When 'smartindent' or 'cindent' is on the indent is changed in specific cases. The 'autoindent' option is reset when the 'paste' option is set. {small difference from Vi: After the indent is deleted when typing or , the cursor position when moving up or down is after the deleted indent; Vi puts the cursor somewhere in the deleted indent}. *'autowrite'* *'aw'* *'noautowrite'* *'noaw'* autowrite (aw) toggle (default off) global Write the contents of the file, if it has been modified, on each :next, :rewind, :previous, :stop, :suspend, :tag, :!, :make, CTRL-] and CTRL-^ command; and when a CTRL-O, CTRL-I, ', or ` command takes one to another file. *'backspace'* *'bs'* backspace (bs) number (default 0) global {not in Vi} Influences the working of , , CTRL-W and CTRL-U in Insert mode. If set to 0 Vi compatible backspacing is used. When 1 allow backspacing over newlines. When larger than 1 allow backspacing over the start of insert. In the last case CTRL-W and CTRL-U stop once at the start of insert. See |:fixdel| if your or key does not do what you want. *'backup'* *'bk'* *'nobackup'* *'nobk'* backup (bk) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Make a backup before overwriting a file. Leave it around after the file has been successfully written. If you do not want to keep the backup file, but you do want a backup while the file is being written, reset this option and set the 'writebackup' option (this is the default). If you do not want a backup file at all reset both options (use this if your file system is almost full). See the table in section 5.4 for more explanations |backup_table|. *'backupdir'* *'bdir'* backupdir (bdir) string (default for Amiga: ".,t:", for MS-DOS and Win32: ".,c:/tmp,c:/temp" for Unix: ".,~/tmp,~/") global {not in Vi} List of directories for the backup file, separated with commas. - The backup file will be created in the first directory in the list where this is possible. - Empty means that no backup file will be created ('patchmode' is impossible!). - A directory "." means to put the backup file in the same directory as the edited file. - A directory starting with "./" (or ".\" for MS-DOS et.al.) means to put the backup file relative to where the edited file is. The leading "." is replaced with the path name of the edited file. - Spaces after the comma are ignored, other spaces are considered part of the directory name. To have a space at the start of a directory name, precede it with a backslash. - To include a comma in a directory name precede it with a backslash. - A directory name may end in an '/'. - Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. - Careful with '\' characters, type one before a space, type two to get one in the option (see |option_backslash|), for example: :set bdir=c:\\tmp,\ dir\\,with\\,commas,\\\ dir\ with\ spaces - For backwards compatibility with Vim version 3.0 a '>' at the start of the option is removed. See also 'backup' and 'writebackup' options. *'backupext'* *'bex'* backupext (bex) string (default "~") global {not in Vi} String which is appended to a file name to make the name of the backup file. The default is quite unusual, because this avoids accidently overwriting existing files with a backup file. You might prefer using ".bak", but make sure that you don't have files with ".bak" that you want to keep. *'binary'* *'bin'* *'nobinary'* *'nobin'* binary (bin) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} This option should be set before editing a binary file. You can also use the "-b" Vim argument. When this option is switched on a few options will be changed (also when it already was on): 'textwidth' will be set to 0 'wrapmargin' will be set to 0 'modeline' will be off 'textmode' will be off 'textauto' will be off 'expandtab' will be off NOTE: When you start editing a(nother) file while the 'bin' option is on, settings from the modelines or autocommands may change the settings again (e.g., 'textwidth'), causing trouble when editing. You might want to set 'bin' again when the file has been loaded. The previous values of these options are remembered and restored when 'bin' is switched fron on to off. Each buffer has its own set of saved option values, except for 'textauto', which is global. When writing a file the end-of-line for the last line is only written if there was one in the original file (normally Vim appends an end-of-line to the last line if there is none; this would make the file longer). See the 'endofline' option. *'bioskey'* *'biosk'* *'nobioskey'* *'nobiosk'* bioskey (biosk) toggle (default on) global {not in Vi} {Only for MS-DOS} When on the bios is called to obtain a keyboard character. This works better to detect CTRL-C, but only works for the console. When using a terminal over a serial port reset this option. *'breakat'* *'brk'* breakat (brk) string (default " ^I!@*-+_;:,./?") global {not in Vi} This option lets you choose which characters might cause a line break if 'linebreak' is on. *'cindent'* *'cin'* *'nocindent'* *'nocin'* cindent (cin) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} {Only present when compiled with CINDENT enabled, ":version" says "+cindent" instead of "-cindent"} Enables automatic C program indenting See 'cinkeys' to set the keys that trigger reindenting in insert mode and 'cinoptions' to set your preferred indent style. If 'lisp' is not on and 'equalprg' is empty, the "=" operator indents using this algorithm rather than calling an external program. See |C_indenting|. This option is switched off when 'paste' is set. When you don't like the way 'cindent' works, try the 'smartindent' option. cinkeys (cink) string (default "0{,0},:,0#,!^F,o,O,e") local to buffer {not in Vi} {Only present when compiled with CINDENT enabled} A list of keys that, when typed in insert mode, cause reindenting of the current line. Only happens if 'cindent' is on. See |C_indenting|. *'cinoptions'* *'cino'* cinoptions (cino) string (default "") local to buffer {not in Vi} {Only present when compiled with CINDENT enabled} The 'cinoptions' affect the way 'cindent' reindents lines in a C program. See |C_indenting|. *'cinwords'* *'cinw'* cinwords (cinw) string (default "if,else,while,do,for,switch") local to buffer {not in Vi} {Only present when compiled with CINDENT or SMARTINDENT enabled} These keywords start an extra indent in the next line when 'smartindent' or 'cindent' is set. For 'cindent' this is only done at an appropriate place (inside {}). *'cmdheight'* *'ch'* cmdheight (ch) number (default 1) global {not in Vi} Number of lines to use for the command line. If you are annoyed by "Hit return ..." caused by long messages, set this option to a larger value. *'columns'* *'co'* columns (co) number (default 80 or terminal width) global {not in Vi} Number of columns of the screen. Normally this is set by the terminal initialization and does not have to be set by hand. *'comments'* *'com'* comments (com) string (default "sr:/*,mb:*,el:*/,://,b:#,:%,:XCOMM,n:>,fb:-") local to buffer {not in Vi} A comma separated list of patterns that can start a comment line. See |format_comments|. See |option_backslash| about using backslashes to insert a space. *'compatible'* *'cp'* *'nocompatible'* *'nocp'* compatible (cp) toggle (default off, on when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined, ":version" shows "+compatible") global {not in Vi} At the moment this option is set, several other options will be set or reset to make Vim Vi-compatible. Switching this option off has no effect. See also 'cpoptions'. option new value effect backspace 0 normal backspace backup off no backup file cindent off no C code indentation cpoptions "bBcefFkmorsStwx$!%<" vi-compatible flags digraph off no digraphs esckeys off no -keys in Insert mode expandtab off tabs not expanded to spaces formatoptions "vt" Vi compatible formatting gdefault off no default 'g' flag for ":s" history 0 no commandline history insertmode off do not start in Insert mode iskeyword "@,48-57,_" keywords contain alphanumeric characters and '_' joinspaces on insert 2 spaces after period modeline off no modelines more off no pauses in listings revins off no reverse insert ruler off no ruler scrolljump 1 no jump scroll scrolloff 0 no scroll offset shiftround off indent not rounded to shiftwidth showcmd off command characters not shown showmode off current mode not shown smartcase off no automatic ignore case switch smartindent off no smart indentation smarttab off no smart tab size startofline on goto startofline with some commands textauto off no automatic textmode detection textwidth 0 no automatic line wrap tildeop off tilde is not an operator ttimeout off no terminal timeout undolevels 0 no multilevel undo updatecount 0 no swap file whichwrap "" left-right movements don't wrap wildchar CTRL-E only when the current value is use CTRL-E for cmdline completion writebackup off no backup file written *'cpoptions'* *'cpo'* cpoptions (cpo) string (default "BceFs", unless compiled with COMPATIBLE defined, then all flags are included) global {not in Vi} Sequence of characters. When a character is present this indicates vi-compatible behaviour. This is used for things where not being vi-compatible is mostly or sometimes preferred. 'cpoptions' stands for 'compatibleoptions'. Commas can be added for readability. contains behaviour b "\|" in a ":map" command is recognized as the end of the map command. The '\' is included in the mapping, the text after the '|' is interpreted as the next command. Use a CTRL-V instead of a backslash to include the '|' in the mapping. Applies to all mapping, abbreviation, menu and autocmd commands. See also |map_bar|. B A backslash has no special meaning in mappings, abbreviations and the "to" part of the menu commands. Remove this flag to be able to use a backslash like a CTRL-V. This flag must be removed to be able to fully use the <> notation. For example, the command ":map X \" results in X being mapped to: 'B' included: "\^[" (^[ is a real ) 'B' excluded: "" (5 characters) ('<' excluded in both cases) < Disable the recognition of special key codes in <> form in mappings, abbreviations, and the "to" part of menu commands. For example, the command ":map X " results in X being mapped to: '<' included: "" (5 characters) '<' excluded: "^I" (^I is a real ) Also see the 'k' flag below. c Searching continues at the end of any match at the cursor position. When not present searching continues one character from the cursor position. With 'c' "abababababab" only gets three matches when repeating "/abab", without 'c' there are five matches. e When executing a register with ":@r", always add a to the last line, also when the register is not linewise. If this flag is not present, the register is not linewise and the last line does not end in a , then the last line is put on the command line and can be edited before hitting . f When included, a ":read" command with a file name argument will set the file name for the current buffer, if the current buffer doesn't have a file name yet. F When included, a ":write" command with a file name argument will set the file name for the current buffer, if the current buffer doesn't have a file name yet. k Disable the recognition of raw key codes in mappings, abbreviations, and the "to" part of menu commands. For example, if sends ^[OA (where ^[ is ), the command ":map X ^[OA" results in X being mapped to: 'k' included: "^[OA" (3 characters) 'k' excluded: "" (one key code) Also see the '<' flag above. m When included, a showmatch will always wait half a second. When not included, a showmatch will wait half a second or until a character is typed. |'showmatch'| o Line offset to search command is not remembered for next search. r Redo ("." command) uses "/" to repeat a search command, instead of the actually used search string. s Set buffer options when entering the buffer for the first time. This is like it is in Vim version 3.0. And it is the default. If not present the options are set when the buffer is created. S Set buffer options always when entering a buffer (except 'readonly' and 'textmode'). This is the (most) Vi compatible setting. The options are set to the values in the current buffer. When you change an option and go to another buffer, the value is copied. Effectively makes the buffer options global to all buffers. 's' 'S' copy buffer options no no when buffer created yes no when buffer first entered (default) X yes each time when buffer entered (vi comp.) t Search pattern for the tag command is remembered for "n" command. Otherwise Vim only puts the pattern in the history for search pattern, but doesn't change the last used search pattern. w When using "cw" on a blank character, only change one character and not all blanks until the start of the next word. x on the command line executes the command line. The default in Vim is to abandon the command line, because normally aborts a command. |c_| $ When making a change to one line, don't redisplay the line, but put a '$' at the end of the changed text. The changed text will be overwritten when you type the new text. The line is redisplayed if you type any command that moves the cursor from the insertion point. ! When redoing a filter command, use the last used external command, whatever it was. Otherwise the last used -filter- command is used. % Vi-compatible matching is done for the "%" command. Parens inside single and double quotes are also counted, causing a string that contains a paren to disturb the matching. For example, in a line like "if (strcmp("foo(", s))" the first paren does not match the last one. When this flag is not included, parens inside single and double quotes are treated specially. When matching a paren outside of quotes, everything inside quotes is ignored. When matching a paren inside quotes, it will find the matching one (if there is one). This works very well for C programs. *'define'* *'def'* define (def) string (default "^#[ \t]*define") global {not in Vi} Pattern to be used to find a macro definition. It is a search pattern, just like for the "/" command. The default value is for C programs. This option is used for the commands like "[i" and "[d" |include_search|. The 'isident' option is used to recognize the identifier name after the match. See |option_backslash| about inserting backslashes to include a space or backslash. *'dictionary'* *'dict'* dictionary (dict) string (default "") global {not in Vi} List of file names, separated by commas, that are used to lookup words for keyword completion commands |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K|. Each file should contain a list of words, one word per line. To include a comma in a file name precede it with a backslash. Spaces after a comma are ignored, otherwise spaces are included in the file name. See |option_backslash| about using backslashes. *'digraph'* *'dg'* *'nodigraph'* *'nodg'* digraph (dg) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} {Only applies when compiled with DIGRAPHS defined, check with ":version"} Enable the entering of digraphs in Insert mode with {char1} {char2}. See |digraphs|. *'directory'* *'dir'* directory (dir) string (default for Amiga: ".,t:", for MS-DOS and Win32: ".,c:\tmp,c:\temp" for Unix: ".,~/tmp,/tmp") global List of directory names for the swap file, separated with commas. - The swap file will be created in the first directory where this is possible. - Empty means that no swap file will be used (recovery is impossible!). - A directory "." means to put the swap file in the same directory as the edited file. - A directory starting with "./" (or ".\" for MS-DOS et.al.) means to put the swap file relative to where the edited file is. The leading "." is replaced with the path name of the edited file. - Spaces after the comma are ignored, other spaces are considered part of the directory name. To have a space at the start of a directory name, precede it with a backslash. - To include a comma in a directory name precede it with a backslash. - A directory name may end in an ':' or '/'. - Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. - Careful with '\' characters, type one before a space, type two to get one in the option (see |option_backslash|), for example: :set dir=c:\\tmp,\ dir\\,with\\,commas,\\\ dir\ with\ spaces - For backwards compatibility with Vim version 3.0 a '>' at the start of the option is removed. Using "." first in the list is recommended. This means that editing the same file twice will result in a warning. Using "/tmp" on Unix is discouraged, when the system crashes you lose the swap file. That is why a "tmp" directory in your home directory is used first. {Vi: directory to put temp file in, defaults to "/tmp"} *'ed'* *'edcompatible'* *'noed'* *'noedcompatible'* edcompatible (ed) toggle (default off) global Makes the 'g' and 'c' flags of the ":substitute" command to be toggled each time the flag is given. See 11.3 |complex_change|. See also 'gdefault' option. *'endofline'* *'eol'* *'noendofline'* *'noeol'* endofline (eol) toggle (default on) local to buffer {not in Vi} When writing a file and this option is off and the 'binary' option is on, no end of line (newline) character will be written for the last line in the file. This option is automatically set when starting to edit a new file, unless the file does not have an end of line (newline) for the last line in the file, in which case it is reset. Normally you don't have to set or reset this option. When 'binary' is off the value is not used when writing the file. When 'binary' is on it is used to remember the presence of a newline for the last line in the file, so that when you write the file the situation from the original file can be kept. But you can change it when you want to. *'equalalways'* *'ea'* *'noequalalways'* *'noea'* equalalways (ea) toggle (default on) global {not in Vi} When on all the windows are automatically made the same size after splitting or closing a window. When off, splitting a window will reduce the size of the current window and leave the other windows the same. When closing a window the extra lines are given the the window above it. *'equalprg'* *'ep'* equalprg (ep) string (default "") global {not in Vi} External program to use for "=" command. When this option is empty the internal formatting functions are used ('lisp' or 'cindent'). Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'errorbells'* *'eb'* *'noerrorbells'* *'noeb'* errorbells (eb) toggle (default off) global Ring the bell (beep or screen flash) for error messages. This only makes a difference for error messages, the bell will be used always for a lot of errors without a message (e.g., hitting in Normal mode). See 'visualbell' on how to make the bell behave like a beep, screen flash or do nothing. *'errorfile'* *'ef'* errorfile (ef) string (default "AztecC.Err" or "errors.vim") global {not in Vi} Name of the error file for the QuickFix mode (see 5.5 |:make_makeprg|). Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'errorformat'* *'efm'* errorformat (efm) string (default is very long) global {not in Vi} Scanf-like description of the format for the lines in the error file (see 5.5 |errorformat|). *'esckeys'* *'ek'* *'noesckeys'* *'noek'* esckeys (ek) toggle (default on, off when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} Function keys that start with an are recognized in Insert mode. When this option is off, the cursor and function keys cannot be used in Insert mode if they start with an . The advantage of this is that the single is recognized immediately, instead of after one second. Instead of resetting this option, you might want to try changing the values for 'timeoutlen' and 'ttimeoutlen'. *'expandtab'* *'et'* *'noexpandtab'* *'noet'* expandtab (et) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} In Insert mode: Use the appropriate number of spaces to insert a . Spaces are used in indents with the '>' and '<' commands and when 'autoindent' is on. To insert a real tab when 'expandtab' is on, use CTRL-V. See also ":retab" command in 11.3 |:retab| and section 4.3.4 |ins_expandtab|. *'exrc'* *'noexrc'* exrc toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Enables the reading of .vimrc, .exrc and .gvimrc in the current directory. If you switch this option on you should also consider setting the 'secure' option (see 3.4 |initialization|). Using a local .exrc, .vimrc or .gvimrc is a potential security leak, use with care! also see |.vimrc| and |gui_init|. *'formatoptions'* *'fo'* formatoptions (fo) string (default "tcq", "vt" when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) local to buffer {not in Vi} This is a sequence of letters which describes how automatic formatting is to be done. See |fo_table|. When the 'paste' option is on, no formatting is done (like 'formatoptions' is empty). Commas can be inserted for readability. *'formatprg'* *'fp'* formatprg (fp) string (default "") global {not in Vi} The name of an external program that will be used to format the lines selected with the "gq" command. The program must take the input on stdin and produce the output on stdout. The Unix program 'fmt' is such a program. If this option is an empty string, the internal format function will be used |C_indenting|. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'gdefault'* *'gd'* *'nogdefault'* *'nogd'* gdefault (gd) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When on, the ":substitute" flag 'g' is default on. This means that all matches in a line are substituted instead of one. When a 'g' flag is given to a ":substitute" command, this will toggle the substitution of all or one match. See 11.3 |complex_change|. command 'gdefault' on 'gdefault' off :s/// subst. all subst. one :s///g subst. one subst. all :s///gg subst. all subst. one *'guifont'* *'gfn'* guifont (gfn) string (default "") global {not in Vi} {Only available when compiled with GUI enabled} This is a list of fonts which should be tried when starting the GUI version of vim. The fonts are separated with commas. Spaces after a comma are ignored. To include a comma in a font name precede it with a backslash. Setting an option requires an extra backslash before a space and a backslash. See also |option_backslash|. For example: :set guifont=Screen15,\ 7x13,font\\,with\\,commas will make vim try to use the font "Screen15" first, and if it fails it will try to use "7x13" and then "font,with,commas" instead. If none of the fonts can be loaded, vim will try using other resource settings (for X, it will use the Vim.font resource), and finally it will try some builtin default which should always be there ("7x13" in the case of X). The font names given should be "normal" fonts. Vim will try to find the related bold and italic fonts. *'guioptions'* *'go'* guioptions (go) string (default "agmr") global {not in Vi} {Only available when compiled with GUI enabled} This option only has an effect in the GUI version of vim. It is a sequence of letters which describes what components and options of the GUI should be used. Valid letters are as follows: 'a' Autoselect: If present, then whenever VISUAL mode is started, or the Visual area extended, vim tries to become the owner of the windowing system's global selection. This means that the Visually highlighted text is available for pasting into other applications as well as into vim itself. When the Visual mode ends, possibly due to an operation on the text, or when an application wants to paste the selection, the highlighted text is automatically yanked into the <"*> GUI selection register. Thus the selection is still available for pasting into other applications after the VISUAL mode has ended. If not present, then vim won't become the owner of the windowing system's global selection unless explicitly told to by selecting "Cut" or "Copy" etc from the "Edit" menu (which have not been implemented yet!). 'f' Foreground: Don't use fork() to detatch the GUI from the shell where it was started. Use this for programs that wait for the editor to finish (e.g., an e-mail program). Altenatively you can use "gvim -f" or ":gui -f" to start the GUI in the foreground. |gui_fork| 'm' Menu bar is present when 'm' is included. 'g' Grey menu items: Make menu items that are not active grey. If 'g' is not included inactive menu items are not shown at all. 'r' Right-hand scrollbar is present when 'r' is included. 'l' Left-hand scrollbar is present when 'l' is included. 'b' Bottom (horizontal) scrollbar is present when 'b' is included. And yes, you may even have scrollbars on the left AND the right if you really want to :-). See |gui_scrollbars| for more information. *'guipty'* *'noguipty'* guipty toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} {Only available when compiled with GUI enabled} Only in the GUI: If on, an attempt is made to open a pseudo-tty for I/O to/from shell commands. See |gui_pty|. *'helpfile'* *'hf'* helpfile (hf) string (default (Amiga) "vim:vim_help.txt" (MS-DOS, Win32, OS/2) "$VIM/vim_help.txt" (Unix) "/usr/local/lib/vim/vim_help.txt") global {not in Vi} Name of the help file. All help files should be placed together in one directory. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. For example: "$VIM/doc/vim_help.txt". If $VIM is not set, $HOME is also tried. For Unix the default is adjusted at compile time to where the help files are being installed. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'helpheight'* *'hh'* helpheight (hh) number (default 20) global {not in Vi} Minimal initial height of the help window when it is opened with the ":help" command. The initial height of the help window is half of the current window, or (when the 'ea' option is on) the same as other windows. When the height is less than 'helpheight', the height is set to 'helpheight'. Set to zero to disable. *'hidden'* *'hid'* *'nohidden'* *'nohid'* hidden (hid) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When off the current buffer is unloaded when it is abandoned. When on the current buffer becomes hidden when starting to edit another buffer. If the current buffer is also displayed in another window it does not become hidden. The commands that move through the buffer list make the current buffer hidden although the 'hidden' option is off. See also |vim_win.txt|. *'highlight'* *'hl'* highlight (hl) string (default "8b,db,es,mb,Mn,nu,rs,sr,tb,vr,ws") global {not in Vi} This option can be used to set highlighting mode for various occasions. It is a comma separated list of character pairs. The first character in a pair gives the occasion, the second the mode to use for that occasion. The occasions are: 8 Meta & special keys listed with ":map" d directories in CTRL-D listing e error messages m "--More--" message M Mode (e.g., "-- INSERT --") n line number for ":number" and ":#" commands r return to continue message and yes/no questions s status lines t Titles for output from ":set all", ":autocmd" etc. v Visual mode w warning messages The display modes are: r reverse (termcap entry "mr" and "me") i italic (termcap entry "ZH" and "ZR") b bold (termcap entry "md" and "me") s standout (termcap entry "so" and "se") u underline (termcap entry "us" and "ue") n no highlighting The default is used for occasions that are not included. If you want to change what the display modes do, see |colors| for an example. *'history'* *'hi'* history (hi) number (default 20) global {not in Vi} A history of ":" commands, and a history of previous search patterns are remembered. This option decides how many entries may be stored in each of these histories (see |cmdline_editing|). *'hkmap'* *'hk'* *'nohkmap'* *'nohk'* hkmap (kh) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} {Only available if Vim was compiled with RIGHTLEFT defined} When on, the keyboard is mapped for the Hebrew character set. Normally you would use CTRL-_ in insert mode to toggle this option. See |vim_rlh.txt|. *'icon'* *'noicon'* icon toggle (default off, on when title can be restored) global {not in Vi} When on the icon of the window will be set to the name of the file currently being edited. Only the last part of the name is used. Only works if the terminal supports setting window icons (currently only Unix xterm and iris-ansi). When Vim was compiled with HAVE_X11 defined, the original icon will be restored if possible |X11|. *'ignorecase'* *'ic'* *'noignorecase'* *'noic'* ignorecase (ic) toggle (default off) global Ignore case in search patterns. Also used when searching in the tags file. *'include'* *'inc'* include (inc) string (default "^#[ \t]*include") global {not in Vi} Pattern to be used to find an include command. It is a search pattern, just like for the "/" command (See 6.6, "Pattern searches" |search_pattern|). The default value is for C programs. This option is used for the commands "[i", "]I", "[d", etc.. The 'isfname' option is used to recognize the file name that comes after the matched pattern. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'incsearch'* *'is'* *'noincsearch'* *'nois'* incsearch (is) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} While typing a search pattern, show immediately where the so far typed pattern matches. The matched string is highlighted. If the pattern is invalid or not found, nothing is shown. The screen will be updated often, this is only useful on fast terminals. Note that the match will be shown, but the cursor is not actually positioned there. You still need to finish the search command with to move the cursor. *'infercase'* *'inf'* *'noinfercase'* *'noinf'* infercase (inf) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} When doing keyword completion in insert mode |ins_completion|, and 'ignorecase' is also on, the case of the match is adjusted. If the typed text contains a lowercase letter where the match has an upper case letter, the completed part is made lower case. If the typed text has no lower case letters and the match has a lower case letter where the typed text has an upper case letter, and there is a letter before it, the completed part is made uppercase. *'insertmode'* *'im'* *'noinsertmode'* *'noim'* insertmode (im) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Start the edit of a file in Insert mode. Useful if you want to use Vim like a modeless editor (use the cursor keys to move around, use CTRL-O for other commands |i_CTRL-O|). *'isfname'* *'isf'* isfname (isf) string (default for MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: "@,48-57,/,.,-,_,+,,,$,:,\" for AMIGA: "@,48-57,/,.,-,_,+,,,$,:" otherwise: "@,48-57,/,.,-,_,+,,,$,:,~") global {not in Vi} The characters given by this option are included in file names and path names. File names are used for commands like "gf", "[i" and in the tags file. Besides the characters in this option characters that are defined by the C function isalpha() are also always included (this depends on the character set and "locale"). The format of this option is a list of parts, separated with commas. Each part can be a single character number or a range. A range is two character numbers with '-' in between. A character number can be a decimal number between 0 and 255 or the ASCII character itself (does not work for digits). Example: "_,-,128-140,#-43" (include '_' and '-' and the range 128 to 140 and '#' to 43) If a part starts with '^', the following character number or range will be excluded from the option. The option is interpreted from left to right. Put the excluded character after the range where it is included. To include '^' itself use it as the last character of the option or the end of a range. Example: "^a-z,#,^" (exclude 'a' to 'z', include '#' and '^') If the character is '@', all characters where isalpha() returns TRUE are included. Normally these are the characters a to z and A to Z, plus accented characters. To include '@' itself use "@-@". Examples: "@,^a-z" All alphabetic characters, excluding lower case letters. "a-z,A-Z,@-@" All letters plus the '@' character. A comma can be included by using it where a character number is expected. Example: "48-57,,,_" Digits, command and underscore. A comma can be excluded by prepending a '^'. Example: " -~,^,,9" All characters from space to '~', excluding comma, plus . See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'isident'* *'isi'* isident (isi) string (default for MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: "@,48-57,_,128-167,224-235" otherwise: "@,48-57,_,192-255") global {not in Vi} The characters given by this option are included in identifiers. Identifiers are used in recognizing environment variables and after a match of the 'define' option. See 'isfname' for a description of the format of this option. *'iskeyword'* *'isk'* iskeyword (isk) string (default for MS-DOS and Win32: "@,48-57,_,128-167,224-235" otherwise: "@,48-57,_,192-255" but when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined: "@,48-57,_") local to buffer {not in Vi} Keywords are used in searching and recognizing with many commands: "w", "*", "[i", etc. See 'isfname' for a description of the format of this option. For C programs you could use "a-z,A-Z,48-57,_,.,-,>". For a help file it is set to all non-blank printable characters except '*', '"' and '|'. When the 'lisp' option is on the '-' character is always included. *'isprint'* *'isp'* isprint (isp) string (default for MS-DOS and Win32: "@,~-255" otherwise: "@,161-255") global {not in Vi} The characters given by this option are displayed directly on the screen. The characters from space (ascii 32) to '~' (ascii 126) are always displayed directly, even when they are not included in 'isprint' or excluded. See 'isfname' for a description of the format of this option. Non-printable characters are displayed with two characters: 0 - 31 "^@" - "^_" 32 - 126 always single characters 127 "^?" 128 - 159 "~@" - "~_" 160 - 254 "| " - "|~" 255 "~?" *'joinspaces'* *'js'* *'nojoinspaces'* *'nojs'* joinspaces (js) toggle (default on) global {not in Vi} Insert two spaces after a period with a join command. *'keywordprg'* *'kp'* keywordprg (kp) string (default "man") global {not in Vi} Program to use for the "K" command. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. When empty ":help" is used. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'langmap'* *'lmap'* langmap (lmap) string (default "") global {not in Vi} {Only included when Vim was compiled with HAVE_LANGMAP defined (Check ":version" for "+langmap"). This option allows support for keyboards that have a mode for a special language. The idea is that when you are typing text in Insert mode your keyboard is switched in the special language mode, you get different key codes for the special characters. When in command mode the 'langmap' option takes care of translating these special characters to the original meaning of the key. This means you don't have to change the keyboard mode to be able to execute normal mode commands. Example (for greek): *greek* :set langmap=A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,QQ,R,S,T,U,V,WW,X,Y,Z,a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,qq,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z Example (exchanges meaning of z and y for commands): :set langmap=zy,yz,ZY,YZ The 'langmap' option is a list of parts, separated with commas. Each part can be in one of two forms: 1. A list of pairs. Each pair is a "from" character immediately followed by the "to" character. Examples: "aA", "aAbBcC". 2. A list of "from" characters, a semi-colon and a list of "to" characters. Example: "abc;ABC" Example: "aA,fgh;FGH,cCdDeE" Special characters need to be preceded with a backslash. These are ";", ',' and backslash itself. This will allow you to activate vim actions without having to switch back and forth between the languages. Your language characters will be understood as normal vim English characters (according to the langmap mappings) in the following cases: o Normal/Visual mode (commands, buffer/register names, user mappings) o Insert/Replace Mode: Register names after CTRL-R o Insert/Replace Mode: Mappings Characters entered in Command-line mode will NOT be affected by this option. Note that this option can be changed at any time allowing to switch between mappings for different languages/encodings. Use a mapping to avoid having to type it each time! *'laststatus'* *'ls'* laststatus (ls) number (default 1) global {not in Vi} The value of this option influences when the last window will have a status line: 0: never 1: only if there are at least two windows 2: always The screen looks nicer with a status line if you have several windows, but it takes another screen line. *'linebreak'* *'lbr'* *'nolinebreak'* *'nolbr'* linebreak (lbr) toggle (default off) local to window {not in Vi} If on Vim will wrap long lines at a character in 'breakat' rather than at the last character that fits on the screen. Unlike 'wrapmargin' and 'textwidth', this does not insert newline characters in the file, it only affects the way the file is displayed, not its contents. The value of 'showbreak' is used to put in front of wrapped lines. This option is not used when the 'wrap' option is off. Note that characters after a line break are mostly not displayed correctly. *'lines'* lines number (default 24 or terminal height) global Number of lines in the display. Normally you don't need to set this. That is done automatically by the terminal initialization code. When you do set this, and Vim is unable to change the physical number of lines on the display, redisplaying may be wrong. *'lisp'* *'nolisp'* lisp toggle (default off) local to buffer {Only included when compiled with LISPINDENT enabled, ":version" says "+lispindent" instead of "-lispindent"} Lisp mode: When a return is typed in insert mode set the indent for the next line to Lisp standards (well, sort of). Also happens with "cc" or "S". 'autoindent' must also be on for this to work. The '-' character is included in keyword characters. Redefines the "=" operator to use this same indentation algorithm rather than calling an external program if 'equalprg' is empty. This option is reset when 'paste' is set. {Vi: Does it a little bit differently} *'list'* *'nolist'* list toggle (default off) local to window List mode: Show tabs as CTRL-I, show end of line with $. Useful to see the difference between tabs and spaces and for trailing blanks. Note that this will also affect formatting (set with 'textwidth' or 'wrapmargin'). *'magic'* *'nomagic'* magic toggle (default on) global Changes the special characters that can be used in search patterns. See section "Pattern searches" |search_pattern|. *'makeprg'* *'mp'* makeprg (mp) string (default "make") global {not in Vi} Program to use for the ":make" command. See |:make_makeprg|. This option may contain '%' and '#' characters, which are expanded like when used in a command line. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. *'maxmapdepth'* *'mmd'* maxmapdepth (mmd) number (default 1000) global {not in Vi} Maximum number of times a mapping is done without resulting in a character to be used. This normally catches endless mappings, like ":map x y" with ":map y x". It still does not catch ":map g wg", because the 'w' is used before the next mapping is done. See also |key_mapping|. *'maxmem'* *'mm'* maxmem (mm) number (default 512) global {not in Vi} Maximum amount of memory (in Kbyte) to use for one buffer. When this limit is reached allocating extra memory for a buffer will cause other memory to be freed. See also 'maxmemtot'. *'maxmemtot'* *'mmt'* maxmemtot (mmt) number (default 2048, or half the amount of memory available) global {not in Vi} Maximum amount of memory (in Kbyte) to use for all buffers together. See also 'maxmem'. *'modeline'* *'ml'* *'nomodeline'* *'noml'* modeline (ml) toggle (default on, off when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) local to buffer *'modelines'* *'mls'* modelines (mls) number (default 5) global {not in Vi} If 'modeline' is on 'modelines' gives the number of lines that is checked for set commands. If 'modeline' is off or 'modelines' is zero no lines are checked. See 19.1 |modeline|. 'modeline' is reset when 'compatible' is set. *'modified'* *'mod'* *'nomodified'* *'nomod'* modified (mod) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} When on the buffer is considered to be modified. This option is set by every command that makes a change to the buffer. Only the undo command may reset it, when all changes have been undone. *'more'* *'nomore'* more toggle (default on, off when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} Listings pause when the whole screen is filled. Type: or for one more line. for the next page. 'd' for down half a page. 'q' or CTRL-C to stop the listing. ':' to stop the listing and enter a command line. Any other key causes the meaning of the keys to be displayed. When this option is off there are no pauses, the listing continues until finished. When 'compatible' is set this option is reset. Note: The key typed at the "more" prompt is directly obtained from the terminal, it is not mapped and typeahead is ignored. *'mouse'* mouse string (default "", "a" for MS-DOS and Win32) global {not in Vi} Enable the use of the mouse. Only works for certain terminals (MS-DOS, Win32 and xterm). The mouse can be enabled for different modes: n Normal mode v Visual mode i Insert mode c Command-line mode h all previous modes when editing a help file a all previous modes r for "Hit return ..." question Normally you would enable the mouse in all four modes with: :set mouse=a Note: Normal copy/paste in an xterm can still be used by pressing the shift key when the mouse is being used by Vim. See |mouse_using|. *'mousetime'* *'mouset'* mousetime (mouset) number (default 500) global {not in Vi} Only for GUI, MS-DOS, Win32 and Unix with xterm. Defines the maximum time in msec between two mouse clicks for the second click to be recognized as a multi click. *'number'* *'nu'* *'nonumber'* *'nonu'* number (nu) toggle (default off) local to window Print the line number in front of each line. Tip: If you don't like wrapping lines to mix with the line numbers, set the 'showbreak' option to eight spaces: :set showbreak=\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ *'paragraphs'* *'para'* paragraphs (para) string (default "IPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbp") global Specifies the nroff macros that separate paragraphs. These are pairs of two letters (see section 6.4 |object_motions|). *'paste'* *'nopaste'* paste toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Put Vim in Paste mode. This is useful if you want to cut or copy some text from one window and paste it in Vim. This will avoid unexpected effects. When the 'paste' option is switched on (also when it was already on): - mapping in Insert mode is disabled - abbreviations are disabled - 'textwidth' is set to 0 - 'autoindent' is reset - 'smartindent' is reset - 'cindent' is reset - 'lisp' is reset - 'revins' is reset - 'ruler' is reset - 'showmatch' is reset - 'formatoptions' is used like it is empty NOTE: When you start editing another file while the 'paste' option is on, settings from the modelines or autocommands may change the settings again, causing trouble when pasting text. You might want to set the 'paste' option again. When the 'paste' option is reset the mentioned options are restored to the value before the moment 'paste' was switched from off to on. Resetting 'paste' before ever setting it does not have any effect. If you use this often, you could map a function key to the command ":set invpaste^V^M". *'patchmode'* *'pm'* patchmode (pm) string (default "") global {not in Vi} When non-empty the oldest version of a file is kept. This can be used to keep the original version of a file if you are changing files in a source distribution. Only the first time that a file is edited a copy of the original file will be kept. The name of the copy is the name of the original file with the string in the 'patchmode' option appended. This option should start with a dot. Use a string like ".org". 'backupdir' must not be empty for this to work (Detail: The backup file is renamed to the patchmode file after the new file has been succesfully written, that's why it must be possible to write a backup file). If there was no file to be backed up, an empty file is created. *'path'* *'pa'* path (pa) string (default on Unix: ".,/usr/include,," on OS/2: ".,/emx/include,," other systems: ".,,") global {not in Vi} This is a list of directories which will be searched when using the gf, [f, ]f, ^Wf and other commands, provided that the file being searched for has a relative path (not starting with '/'). The directories in the 'path' option may be relative or absolute. - Use commas to separate directory names: :set path=.,/usr/local/include,/usr/include - Spaces can also be used to separate directory names (for backwards compatibility with version 3.0). To have a space in a directory name, precede it with an extra backslash: :set path=.,/dir/with\\ space - To include a comma in a directory name precede it with an extra backslash: :set path=.,/dir/with\\,comma - To search relative to the directory where the current file is use :set path=. - To search in the current directory use an empty string between two commas: :set path=,, - A directory name may end in a ':' or '/'. - Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. - Careful with '\' characters, type two to get one in the option: :set path=.,c:\\include Or just use '/' instead: :set path=.,c:/include Don't forget "." or files won't even be found in the same directory as the file! *'readonly'* *'ro'* *'noreadonly'* *'noro'* readonly (ro) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} If on, writes fail unless you use a '!'. Protects you from accidentally overwriting a file. Default on when Vim is started in view mode ("vim -v") or when the executable is called "view". {not in Vi:} When using the ":view" command the 'readonly' option is set for the newly edited buffer. When using ":w!" the 'readonly' option is reset for the current buffer. *'remap'* *'noremap'* remap toggle (default on) global Allows for mappings to work recursively. If you do not want this for a single entry, use the :noremap[!] command. *'report'* report number (default 2) global Threshold for reporting number of lines changed. When the number of changed lines is more than 'report' a message will be given for most ":" commands. For the ":substitute" command the number of substitutions is used instead of the number of lines. *'restorescreen'* *'rs'* *'norestorescreen'* *'nors'* restorescreen (rs) toggle (default on) global {not in Vi} {Windows 95/NT version only} When set, the screen contents is restored when exiting Vim. This also happens when executing external commands. *'revins'* *'ri'* *'norevins'* *'nori'* revins (ri) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} {only when compiled with RIGHTLEFT defined} Inserting characters in Insert mode will work backwards. See "typing backwards" |ins_reverse|. This option can be toggled with the CTRL-B command in Insert mode. This option is reset when 'compatible' or 'paste' is set. *'rightleft'* *'rl'* *'norightleft'* *'norl'* rightleft (rl) toggle (default off) local to window {not in Vi} {only when compiled with RIGHTLEFT defined} When on, display orientation becomes right-to-left, i.e., character that are stored in the file apear from the right to the left. Using this option, it is possible to edit files for languages that are written from the right to the left such as Hebrew and Arabic. This option is per window, so it is possible to edit mixed files simultaneously, or to view the same file in both ways (this is sometimes usefull when editing Hebrew TeX--XeT files). See |vim_rlh.txt|. *'ruler'* *'ru'* *'noruler'* *'noru'* ruler (ru) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Show the line and column number of the cursor position in the status line, separated by a comma. If there are characters in the line that take two positions on the screen, both the "real" column and the screen column are shown, separated with a dash. For an empty line "0-1" is shown. For an empty buffer the line number will also be zero: "0,0-1". This option is reset when the 'paste' option is set. If you don't want to see the ruler all the time but want to know where you are, use "g CTRL-G" |g_CTRL-G|. *'scroll'* *'scr'* scroll (scr) number (default 'lines' / 2) local to window Number of lines to scroll with CTRL-U and CTRL-D commands. Will be set to half the number of lines in the window when the window size changes. If you give a count to the CTRL-U or CTRL-D command it will be used as the new value for 'scroll'. Reset to 'lines' / 2 with ":set scroll=0". {difference from vi: 'scroll' gives the number of screen lines instead of file lines, makes a difference when lines wrap} *'scrolljump'* *'sj'* scrolljump (sj) number (default 1) global {not in Vi} Minimal number of lines to scroll when the cursor gets off the screen (e.g., with "j"). Not used for scroll commands (e.g., CTRL-E, CTRL-D). Useful if your terminal scrolls very slowly. *'scrolloff'* *'so'* scrolloff (so) number (default 0) global {not in Vi} Minimal number of screen lines to keep above and below the cursor. This will make some context visible around where you are working. If you set it to a very large value (999) the cursor line will always be in the middle of the window (except at the start or end of the file or when long lines wrap). *'sections'* *'sect'* sections (sect) string (default "SHNHH HUnhsh") global Specifies the nroff macros that separate sections. These are pairs of two letters (See section 6.4 |object_motions|). *'secure'* *'nosecure'* secure toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When on, ":autocmd", shell and write commands are not allowed in ".vimrc" and ".exrc" in the current directory and map commands are displayed. Switch it off only if you know that you will not run into problems, or when the 'exrc' option is off. On Unix this option is only used if the ".vimrc" or ".exrc" is not owned by you. This can be dangerous if the systems allows users to do a "chown". You better set 'secure' at the end of your ~/.vimrc then. *'shell'* *'sh'* shell (sh) string (default $SHELL or "sh", MS-DOS and Win32: "command", OS/2: "cmd") global Name of the shell to use for ! and :! commands. When changing the value also check the 'shelltype', 'shellpipe' and 'shellredir' options. It is allowed to give an argument to the command, e.g. "csh -f". See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. *'shellcmdflag'* *'shcf'* shellcmdflag (shcf) string (default: "-c", MS-DOS and Win32, when 'shell' does not contain "sh" somewhere: "/c") global {not in Vi} Flag passed to the shell to execute "!" and ":!" commands; e.g., "bash.exe -c ls" or "command.com /c dir". For the MS-DOS-like systems, the default is set according to the value of 'shell', to reduce the need to set this option by the user. It's not used for OS/2 (EMX figures this out itself). See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. See |win32_shell| for Win32. *'shellpipe'* *'sp'* shellpipe (sp) string (default ">", "| tee", "|& tee" or "2>&1| tee") global {not in Vi} String to be used to put the output of the ":make" command in the error file. See also |:make_makeprg|. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. For the Amiga and MS-DOS the default is ">". The output is directly saved in a file and not echoed to the screen. For Unix the default it "| tee". The stdout of the compiler is saved in a file and echoed to the screen. If the 'shell' option is "csh" or "tcsh" after initializations, the default becomes "|& tee". If the 'shell' option is "sh", "ksh", "zsh" or "bash" the default becomes "2>&1| tee". This means that stderr is also included. The initialization of this option is done after reading the ".vimrc" and the other initializations, so that when the 'shell' option is set there, the 'shellpipe' option changes automatically, unless it was explicitly set before. In the future pipes may be used for filtering and this option will become obsolete (at least for Unix). *'shellquote'* *'shq'* shellquote (shq) string (default: ""; MS-DOS and Win32, when 'shell' contains "sh" somewhere: "\"") global {not in Vi} Quoting character(s) passed to the shell to execute "!" and ":!" commands. This is an empty string by default. Only known to be useful for third-party shells on MS-DOS-like systems, such as the MKS Korn Shell or bash, where it should be "\"". The default is adjusted according the value of 'shell', to reduce the need to set this option by the user. See |win32_shell| for Win32. *'shellredir'* *'srr'* shellredir (srr) string (default ">", ">&" or ">%s 2>&1") global {not in Vi} String to be used to put the output of a filter in a temporary file. See also |:!|. See |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes. The name of the temporary file can be represented by "%s" if necessary (the file name is appended automatically if no %s appears in the value of this option). The default is ">". For Unix, if the 'shell' option is "csh", "tcsh" or "zsh" during initializations, the default becomes ">&". If the 'shell' option is "sh", "ksh" or "bash" the default becomes ">%s 2>&1". This means that stderr is also included. The initialization of this option is done after reading the ".vimrc" and the other initializations, so that when the 'shell' option is set there, the 'shellredir' option changes automatically unless it was explicitly set before. In the future pipes may be used for filtering and this option will become obsolete (at least for Unix). *'shelltype'* *'st'* shelltype (st) number (default 0) global {not in Vi} On the Amiga this option influences the way how the commands work which use a shell. 0 and 1: always use the shell 2 and 3: use the shell only to filter lines 4 and 5: use shell only for ':sh' command When not using the shell, the command is executed directly. 0 and 2: use "shell 'shellcmdflag' cmd" to start external commands 1 and 3: use "shell cmd" to start external commands *'shiftround'* *'sr'* *'noshiftround'* *'nosr'* shiftround (sr) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Round indent to multiple of 'shiftwidth'. Applies to > and < commands. CTRL-T and CTRL-D in Insert mode always round the indent to a multiple of 'shiftwidth' (this is vi compatible). *'shiftwidth'* *'sw'* shiftwidth (sw) number (default 8) local to buffer Number of spaces to use for each step of (auto)indent. *'shortmess'* *'shm'* shortmess (shm) string (default "") global {not in Vi} This option helps to avoid all the "Hit return" messages caused by file messages, for example with CTRL-G, and to avoid some other messages. It is a list of flags: flag meaning when present l use "999L, 888C" instead of "999 lines, 888 characters" m use "[+]" instead of "[Modified]" r use "[RO]" instead of "[readonly]" x use "[tx]" instead of "[textmode]" and "[notx]" instead of "[notextmode]" f use "(3 of 5)" instead of "(file 3 of 5)" i use "[noeol]" instead of "[Incomplete last line]" n use "[New]" instead of "[New File]" w use "[w]" instead of "written" for file write message. a all of the above abbreviations o overwrite message for writing a file with subsequent message for reading a file (useful for ":wn" or when 'autowrite' on) W don't give "written" or "[w]" when writing a file s don't give "search hit BOTTOM, continuing at TOP" or "search hit TOP, continuing at BOTTOM" messages t trunctate file message at the start if it is too long to fit on the command line, "<" will appear in the left most column. This gives you the opportunity to avoid that a change between buffers requires you to hit return, but still gives as useful a message as possible for the space available. To get the whole message that you would have got with 'shm' empty, use ":file!" Useful values: shm= -- No abbreviation of message. shm=a -- Abbreviation, but no loss of information. shm=at -- Abbreviation, and truncate message when necessary. *'shortname'* *'sn'* *'noshortname'* *'nosn'* shortname (sn) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} Filenames are assumed to be 8 characters plus one extension of 3 characters. Multiple dots in file names are not allowed. When this option is on, dots in filenames are replaced with underscores when adding an extension (".~" or ".swp"). This option is not available for MS-DOS and Win32, because then it would always be on. This option is useful when editing files on an MS-DOS compatible filesystem, e.g., messydos or crossdos. *'showbreak'* *'sbr'* showbreak (sbr) string (default "") global {not in Vi} String to put at the start of lines that have been wrapped. Useful values are "> " or "+++ ". Only printable characters are allowed, excluding and comma (in a future version the comma might be used to separate the part that is shown at the end and at the start of a line). *'showcmd'* *'sc'* *'noshowcmd'* *'nosc'* showcmd (sc) toggle (default on, off for Unix) global {not in Vi} Show (partial) command in status line. Set this option off if your terminal is slow. *'showmatch'* *'sm'* *'noshowmatch'* *'nosm'* showmatch (sm) toggle (default off) global When a bracket is inserted, briefly jump to the matching one. The jump is only done if the match can be seen on the screen. A Beep is given if there is no match (no matter if the match can be seen or not). This option is reset when the 'paste' option is set. When the 'm' flag is not included in 'cpoptions', typing a character will immediately move the cursor back to where it belongs. *'showmode'* *'smd'* *'noshowmode'* *'nosmd'* showmode (smd) toggle (default on, off when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global If in Insert, Replace or Visual mode put a message on the last line. Use the 'M' flag in 'highlight' to set the type of highlighting for this message. *'sidescroll'* *'ss'* sidescroll (ss) number (default 0) global {not in Vi} The minimal number of columns to scroll horizontally. Used only when the 'wrap' option is off and the cursor is moved off of the screen. When it is zero the cursor will be put in the middle of the screen. When using a slow terminal set it to a large number or 0. When using a fast terminal use a small number or 1. Not used for "zh" and "zl" commands. *'smartcase'* *'scs'* *'nosmartcase'* *'noscs'* smartcase (scs) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Override the 'ignorecase' option if the search pattern contains upper case characters. Only used when the search pattern is typed and 'ignorecase' option is on. Used for the commands "/", "?", "n", "N", ":g" and ":s". Not used for "*", "#", "gd", tag search, etc.. *'smartindent'* *'si'* *'nosmartindent'* *'nosi'* smartindent (si) toggle (default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} {Only included when compiled with SMARTINDENT defined, check with ":version"} Do smart autoindenting when starting a new line. Works best for C programs, but can also be used for other languages. 'cindent' does something like this, works better in most cases, but is more strict, see |C_indenting|. When 'cindent' is on setting 'si' has no effect. Normally 'autoindent' should also be on when using 'smartindent'. An indent is automatically inserted: - After a line ending in '{'. - After a line starting with a keyword from 'cinwords'. - Before a line starting with '}' (only with the "O" command). When typing '}' as the first character in a new line, that line is given the same indent as the matching '{'. When typing '#' as the first character in a new line, the indent for that line is removed, the '#' is put in the first column. The indent is restored for the next line. If you don't want this, use this mapping: ":inoremap # X^H#", where ^H is entered with CTRL-V CTRL-H. When using the ">>" command, lines starting with '#' are not shifted right. 'smartindent' is reset when the 'paste' option is set. *'smarttab'* *'sta'* *'nosmarttab'* *'nosta'* smarttab (sta) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When on, a in front of a line inserts 'shiftwidth' positions, 'tabstop' in other places. When off a always inserts 'tabstop' positions, 'shiftwidth' is only used for ">>" and the like. See also section 4.3.4 |ins_expandtab|. *'splitbelow'* *'sb'* *'nosplitbelow'* *'nosb'* splitbelow (sb) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When on, spliting a window will put the new window below the current one. *'startofline'* *'sol'* *'nostartofline'* *'nosol'* startofline (sol) toggle (default on) global {not in Vi} When on the commands listed below move the cursor to the first blank of the line. When off the cursor is kept in the same column (if possible). This applies to the commands: CTRL-D, CTRL-U, CTRL-B, CTRL-F, "G", "H", "M", "L", , and to the commands "d", "<<" and ">>" with a linewise operator and with "%" with a count. This option is set when the 'compatible' option is set. *'suffixes'* *'su'* suffixes (su) string (default ".bak,~,.o,.h,.info,.swp") global {not in Vi} Files with these suffixes are ignored when multiple files match a wildcard. See |suffixes|. Commas can be used to separate the suffixes. Spaces after the comma are ignored. A dot is also seen as the start of a suffix. To include a dot or comma in a suffix, precede it with a backslash (see |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes). *'swapsync'* *'sws'* swapsync (sws) string (default "fsync") global {not in Vi} When this option is not empty a swap file is synced to disk after writing to it. This takes some time, especially on busy unix systems. When this option is empty parts of the swap file may be in memory and not written to disk. When the system crashes you may lose more work. On Unix the system does a sync now and then without Vim asking for it, so the disadvantage of setting this option off is small. On some systems the swap file will not be written at all. For a unix system setting it to "sync" will use the sync() call instead of the default fsync(), which may work better on some systems. *'tabstop'* *'ts'* tabstop (ts) number (default 8) local to buffer Number of spaces that a in the file counts for. (See also ":retab" command in 11.3 |:retab|). *'taglength'* *'tl'* taglength (tl) number (default 0) global If non-zero, tags are significant up to this number of characters. *'tagrelative'* *'tr'* *'notagrelative'* *'notr'* tagrelative (tr) toggle (default on, off when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} If on and using a tag file in another directory, file names in that tag file are relative to the directory where the tag file is. When the 'compatible' option is set, this option is reset. *'tags'* *'tag'* tags (tag) string (default "./tags,tags", when compiled with Emacs tags enabled: "./tags,./TAGS,tags,TAGS") global Filenames for the tag command, separated by spaces or commas. To include a space or comma in a filename, precede it with a backslash (see |option_backslash| about including spaces and backslashes). When a file name starts with "./", the '.' is replaced with the path of the current file. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. Also see |tags_option|. When Vim was compiled with EMACS_TAGS defined Emacs-style tag files are also supported. They are automatically recognized. The default value becomes "./tags,./TAGS,tags,TAGS". If ":version" shows "+emacs_tags" then the Emacs tags support is included. {Vi: default is "tags /usr/lib/tags"} *'term'* term string (default is $TERM, if that fails: on Unix: "ansi" on Amiga: "amiga" on MS-DOS: "pcterm" on OS/2: "os2ansi" on Win 32: "win32") global Name of the terminal. Used for choosing the terminal control characters. Environment variables are expanded |:set_env|. For example: :set term=$TERM See |termcap|. *'terse'* *'noterse'* terse toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When set: Add 's' flag to 'shortmess' option (this makes the message for a search that hits the start or end of the file not being displayed). When reset: Remove 's' flag from 'shortmess' option. {Vi shortens a lot of messages} *'textauto'* *'ta'* *'notextauto'* *'nota'* textauto (ta) toggle (default on, off when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} When starting to edit a file a check is done for the line separator. If all lines end in 'textmode' is set, otherwise 'textmode' is reset. When reading a file, the same is done, but this happens like 'textmode' has been set appropriately for that file only, the option is not changed. See |textmode_io|. *'textmode'* *'tx'* *'notextmode'* *'notx'* textmode (tx) toggle (MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2: default on, others: default off) local to buffer {not in Vi} When off, separates lines. When on, separates lines and CTRL-Z at end of file is ignored. Only used when reading and writing files. Set automatically when starting to edit a file and 'textauto' is on. See |textmode_io|. *'textwidth'* *'tw'* textwidth (tw) number (default 0) local to buffer {not in Vi} Maximum width of text that is being inserted. A longer line will be broken after white space to get this width. A zero value disables this. 'textwidth' is set to 0 when the 'paste' option is set. When 'textwidth' is zero, 'wrapmargin' may be used. See also 'formatoptions' and |ins_textwidth|. *'tildeop'* *'top'* *'notildeop'* *'notop'* tildeop (top) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} When on: The tilde command "~" behaves like an operator. *'timeout'* *'to'* *'notimeout'* *'noto'* timeout (to) toggle (default on) global *'ttimeout'* *'nottimeout'* ttimeout toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} These two options together determine the behaviour when part of a mapped key sequence or keyboard code has been received: timeout ttimeout action off off no time out on on or off time out on :mappings and key codes off on time out on key codes If there is no time out, Vim will wait until either the complete mapping or key sequence has been received, or it is clear that there is no mapping or key sequence for the received characters. For example: if you have mapped "vl" and Vim has received 'v', the next character is needed to see if the 'v' is followed by an 'l'. With a time out Vim will wait for about 1 second for the next character to arrive. After that the already received characters are interpreted as single characters. The waiting time can be changed with the 'timeoutlen' option. On slow terminals or very busy systems time out may cause malfunctioning cursor keys. If both options are off, Vim waits forever after an entered if there are key codes that start with . You will have to type twice. If you do not have problems with key codes, but would like to have :mapped key sequences not time out in 1 second, set the ttimeout option and reset the timeout option. *'timeoutlen'* *'tm'* timeoutlen (tm) number (default 1000) global {not in all versions of Vi} *'ttimeoutlen'* *'ttm'* ttimeoutlen (ttm) number (default -1) global {not in Vi} The time in milliseconds that is waited for a key code or mapped key sequence to complete. Normally only 'timeoutlen' is used and 'ttimeoutlen' is -1. When a different timeout value for key codes is desired set 'ttimeoutlen' to a non-negative number. ttimeoutlen mapping delay key code delay < 0 'timeoutlen' 'timeoutlen' >= 0 'timeoutlen' 'ttimeoutlen' The timeout only happens when the 'timeout' and 'ttimeout' options tell so. A useful setting would be :set timeout timeoutlen=3000 ttimeoutlen=100 (time out on mapping after three seconds, time out on key codes after a tenth of a second). *'title'* *'notitle'* title toggle (default off, on when title can be restored) global {not in Vi} When on the title of the window will be set to "VIM - filename", where filename is the name of the file currently being edited. Only works if the terminal supports setting window titles (currently Amiga console, Unix xterm and iris-ansi). *X11* When Vim was compiled with HAVE_X11 defined, the original title will be restored if possible. The output of ":version" will include "+X11" when HAVE_X11 was defined, otherwise it will be "-X11". This also works for the icon name |'icon'|. If the title cannot be restored, it is set to "Thanks for flying Vim". You will have to restore the title outside of Vim then. When using an xterm from a remote machine you can use this command: rsh machine_name xterm -display $DISPLAY & then the WINDOWID environment variable should be inherited and the title of the window should change back to what it should be after exiting Vim (rather than using the "Thanks..." message). *'titlelen'* titlelen number (default 85) global {not in Vi} Gives the percentage of 'columns' to use for the length of the window title. When the title is longer, only the end of the path name is shown. A '>' character is used to indicate this. Using a percentage makes this adapt to the width of the window. But it won't work perfectly, because the actual number of characters available also depends on the font used and other things in the title bar. When 'titlelen' is zero the full path is used. Otherwise, values from 1 to 30000 can be used. *'ttybuiltin'* *'tbi'* *'nottybuiltin'* *'notbi'* ttybuiltin (tbi) toggle (default on) global {not in Vi} When on, the builtin termcaps are searched before the external ones. When off the builtin termcaps are searched after the external ones. When this option is changed, you should set the 'term' option next for the change to take effect, for example: :set notbi term=$TERM See also |termcap|. *'ttyfast'* *'tf'* *'nottyfast'* *'notf'* ttyfast (tf) toggle (default off, on when 'term' is xterm, hpterm, sun-cmd, scren, dtterm or iris-ansi) global {not in Vi} Indicates a fast terminal connection. More characters will be sent to the screen for redrawing, instead of using insert/delete line commands. Improves smoothness of redrawing when there are multiple windows and the terminal does not support a scrolling region. Also enables the extra writing of characters at the end of each screen line for lines that wrap. This helps when using copy/paste with the mouse in an xterm and other terminals. *'ttyscroll'* *'tsl'* ttyscroll (tsl) number (default 999) global Maximum number of lines to scroll the screen. If there are more lines to scroll the window is redrawn. For terminals where scrolling is very slow and redrawing is not slow this can be set to a small number, e.g., 3, to speed up displaying. *'ttytype'* *'tty'* ttytype (tty) string (default from $TERM) global Alias for 'term', see above. *'undolevels'* *'ul'* undolevels (ul) number (default 100, 1000 for Unix and OS/2, 0 when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} Maximum number of changes that can be undone. Set to 0 for Vi compatibility: one level of undo and 'u' undoes itself. Set to a negative number for no undo at all (saves memory). *'updatecount'* *'uc'* updatecount (uc) number (default 200, 0 when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} After typing this many characters the swap file will be written to disk. When zero no swap file will be created at all (see chapter on recovery |crash_recovery|). 'updatecount' is set to zero by starting Vim with the "-n" option, see |starting|. When editing in readonly mode this option will be initialized to 10000. Also see |'swapsync'|. *'updatetime'* *'ut'* updatetime (ut) number (default 4000) global {not in Vi} If this many milliseconds nothing is typed the swap file will be written to disk (see chapter on recovery |crash_recovery|). *'viminfo'* *'vi'* viminfo (vi) string (default "") global {not in Vi} {only included when Vim was compiled with VIMINFO defined, use ":version" to check this} When non-empty, the viminfo file is read upon startup and written when exiting Vim (see |viminfo_file|). The string should be a comma separated list of parameters, each consisting of a single character identifying the particular parameter, followed by a number or string which specifies the value of that parameter. If a particular character is left out, then the default value is used for that parameter. The following is a list characters and their meanings. char value ' Maximum number of previously edited files for which the marks are remembered. This parameter must always be included when 'viminfo' is non-empty. f Whether file marks need to be stored. If zero, file marks ('0 to '9, 'A to 'Z) are not stored. When not present or when non-zero, they are all stored. '0 is used for the current cursor position (when exiting or when doing ":wviminfo"). r Removable media. The argument is a string (up to the next ','). This parameter can be given several times. Each specifies the start of a path for which no marks will be stored. This is to avoid removable media. For MS-DOS you could use "ra:,rb:", for Amiga "rdf0:,rdf1:,rdf2:". Case is ignored. Maximum length is 50 characters. " Maximum number of lines saved for each register. If zero then registers are not saved. If no number given all lines are saved. Dont forget to put a backslash before the ", otherwise it will be recognized as the start of a comment! : Maximum number of items in the command line history to be saved. Default: value of 'history'. / Maximum number of items in the search pattern history to be saved. If non-zero, then the previous search and substitute patterns are also saved. Default: value of 'history'. Example: :set viminfo='50,\"1000,:0 means that marks will be remembered for the last 50 files you edited, contents of registers (up to 1000 lines each) will be remembered, command line history will not be saved, and since '/' is not specified, the default will be used, that is, save all of the search history, and also the previous search and substitute patterns. *'visualbell'* *'vb'* *'novisualbell'* *'novb'* *beep* visualbell (vb) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Use visual bell instead of beeping. The terminal code to display the visual bell is given with 't_vb'. When no beep of flash is wanted, use ":set vb t_vb=". Does not work on the Amiga, you always get a screen flash. Also see 'errorbells'. *'warn'* *'nowarn'* warn toggle (default on) global Give a warning message when a shell command is used while the buffer has been changed. *'weirdinvert'* *'wiv'* *'noweirdinvert'* *'nowiv'* weirdinvert (wiv) toggle (default off) global {not in Vi} Set this option for terminals that have a weird inversion method. Makes the start/end invert code outputted before every character. Slows down terminal I/O a lot, but it makes Visual mode work. *'whichwrap'* *'ww'* whichwrap (ww) string (default "b,s", "" when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} Allow specified keys that move the cursor left/right to wrap to the previous/next line when the cursor is on the first/last character in the line. Concatenate characters to allow this for these keys: char key mode b Normal and Visual s Normal and Visual h "h" Normal and Visual l "l" Normal and Visual < Normal and Visual > Normal and Visual [ Insert and Replace ] Insert and Replace For example: ":set ww=<,>,[,]" allows wrap only when cursor keys are used. When the movement keys are used in combination with a delete or change operator, the newline also counts for a character. This makes "3h" different from "3dh" when the cursor crosses the end of a line. This is also true for "x" and "X", because they do the same as "dl" and "dh". If you use this, you may also want to use the mapping ":map X" to make backspace delete the character in front of the cursor. When 'compatible' is set, 'whichwrap' is set to "". *'wildchar'* *'wc'* wildchar (wc) number (default , CTRL-E when compiled with COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} Character you have to type to start wildcard expansion in the command line. CTRL-E is used when the 'compatible' option is set. The character is not recognized when used inside a macro. Although 'wc' is a number option, you can set it to a special key: ":set wc=". *'winheight'* *'wh'* winheight (wh) number (default 0) global {not in Vi} Minimal number of lines for the current window. If the current window is smaller, its size is increased, at the cost of the height of other windows. Set it to 999 to make the current window always fill the screen. Set it to a small number for normal editing. The height is not adjusted after one of the commands to change the height of the current window. *'wrap'* *'nowrap'* wrap toggle (default on) local to window {not in Vi} When on, lines longer than the width of the window will wrap and displaying continues on the next line. When off lines will not wrap and only part of long lines will be displayed. When the cursor is moved to a part that is not shown, the screen will scroll horizontally (also see 'sidescroll' option and |wrap_off|). If you want to break long lines, see 'textwidth'. *'wrapmargin'* *'wm'* wrapmargin (wm) number (default 0) local to buffer Number of characters from the right window border where wrapping starts. When typing text beyond this limit, a newline will be inserted and inserting continues on the next line. When 'textwidth' is non-zero, this option is not used. See also 'formatoptions' and |ins_textwidth|. {Vi: works differently and less useful} *'wrapscan'* *'ws'* *'nowrapscan'* *'nows'* wrapscan (ws) toggle (default on) global Searches wrap around the end of the file. *'writeany'* *'wa'* *'nowriteany'* *'nowa'* writeany (wa) toggle (default off) global Allows writing to any file with no need for "!" override. *'writebackup'* *'wb'* *'nowritebackup'* *'nowb'* writebackup (wb) toggle (default on, off when compiled with WRITEBACKUP not defined or COMPATIBLE defined) global {not in Vi} Make a backup before overwriting a file. The backup is removed after the file was successfully written, unless the 'backup' option is also on. Reset this option if your file system is almost full. See the table in section 5.4 for another explanation |backup_table|. *'writedelay'* *'wd'* writedelay (wd) number (default 0) global {not in Vi} The number of microseconds to wait for each character sent to the screen. When non-zero, characters are sent to the terminal one by one. For MS-DOS pcterm this does not work. For debugging purposes. 20. Terminal information *terminal_info* ======================== Vim uses information about the terminal you are using to fill the screen and recognize what keys you hit. If this information is not correct the screen may be messed up or keys may not be recognized. The actions which have to be performed on the screen are accomplished by outputting a string of characters. Special keys produce a string of characters. These strings are stored in the terminal options, see section 20.2 |terminal_options|. 20.1 Startup *startup_terminal* When Vim is started a default terminal type is assumed. For the Amiga this is a standard CLI window, for MS-DOS the pc terminal, for Unix an ansi terminal. A few other terminal types are always available, see below |builtin_terms|. You can give the terminal name with the '-T' Vim argument. If it is not given Vim will try to get the name from the TERM environment variable. *termcap* *terminfo* On Unix the terminfo database or termcap file is used. This is referred to as "termcap" in all the documentation. At compile time, when running configure, the choice whether to use terminfo or termcap is done automatically. When running Vim the output of ":version" will show "+terminfo" if terminfo is used. If terminfo is not used "-terminfo" is shown. On non-Unix systems a termcap is only available if Vim was compiled with TERMCAP defined. *builtin_terms* Which builtin terminals are available depends on a few defines in feature.h, which needs to be set at compile time: define output of ":version" terminals builtin NO_BUILTIN_TCAPS -builtin_terms none SOME_BUILTIN_TCAPS +builtin_terms most common ones (default) ALL_BUILTIN_TCAPS ++builtin_terms all available You can see a list of available builtin terminals with ":set term=xxx". If the termcap code is included Vim will try to get the strings for the terminal you are using from the termcap file and the builtin termcaps. Both are always used, if an entry for the terminal you are using is present. Which one is used first depends on the 'ttybuiltin' option: 'ttybuiltin' on 1: builtin termcap 2: external termcap 'ttybuiltin' off 1: external termcap 2: builtin termcap If an option is missing in one of them, it will be obtained from the other one. If an option is present in both, the one first encountered is used. Which external termcap file is used varies from system to system and may depend on the environment variables "TERMCAP" and "TERMPATH". See "man tgetent". For normal editing the terminal will be put into "raw" mode. The strings defined with 't_ti' and 't_ks' will be sent to the terminal. Normally this puts the terminal in a state where the termcap codes are valid and activates the cursor and function keys. When Vim exits the terminal will be put back into the mode it was before Vim started. The strings defined with 't_te' and 't_ke' will be sent to the terminal. On the Amiga with commands that execute an external command (e.g., "!!") the terminal will be put into Normal mode for a moment. This means that you can stop the output to the screen by hitting a printing key. Output resumes when you hit . Some termcap entries are wrong in the sense that after sending 't_ks' the cursor keys send codes different from the codes defined in the termcap. To avoid this you can set 't_ks' (and 't_ke') to empty strings. This must be done during initialization (see 3.4 |initialization|), otherwise its too late. Some termcap entries assume that the highest bit is always reset. For example: The cursor-up entry for the amiga could be ":ku=\EA:". But the Amiga really sends "\233A". This works fine if the highest bit is reset, e.g., when using an Amiga over a serial line. If the cursor keys don't work, try the entry ":ku=\233A:". Some termcap entries have the entry ":ku=\E[A:". But the Amiga really sends "\233A". On output "\E[" and "\233" are often equivalent, on input they aren't. You will have to change the termcap entry, or change the key code with the :set command to fix this. Many cursor key codes start with an . Vim must find out if this a single hit of the key or the start of a cursor key sequence. It waits for a next character to arrive. If it does not arrive within one second a single is assumed. On very slow systems this may fail, causing cursor keys not to work sometimes. If you discover this problem reset the 'timeout' option. Vim will wait for the next character to arrive after an . If you want to enter a single you must type it twice. Resetting the 'esckeys' option avoids this problems in Insert mode, but you lose the possibility to use cursor and function keys in Insert mode. On the Amiga the recognition of window resizing is activated only when the terminal name is "amiga" or "builtin_amiga". Some terminals have confusing codes for the cursor keys. The televideo 925 is such a terminal. It sends a CTRL-H for cursor-left. This would make it impossible to distinguish a backspace and cursor-left. To avoid this problem CTRL-H is never recognized as cursor-left. *vt100_cursor_keys* *xterm_cursor_keys* Other terminals (e.g., vt100 and xterm) have cursor keys that send OA, OB, etc. Unfortunately these are valid commands in insert mode: Stop insert, Open a new line above the new one, start inserting 'A', 'B', etc. Instead of performing these commands Vim will recognize this key sequence as a cursor key movement. To avoid this you could use these settings: :set notimeout " don't timeout on mappings :set ttimeout " do timeout on terminal key codes :set timeoutlen=100 " timemout in 100 msec This requires the keys to be hit withing 100msec. When you type you normally are not that fast. The cursor key codes arrive within 100 msec, so they are still recognized. The default termcap entry for xterm on sun and other platforms does not contain the entry for scroll regions. Add ":cs=\E[%i%d;%dr:" to the xterm entry in /etc/termcap and everything should work. *xterm_end_home_keys* On some systems (at least on FreeBSD with X386 3.1.2) the codes that the and keys send contain a character. To make these keys send the proper key code, add these lines to your ~/.Xdefaults file: *VT100.Translations: #override \n\ Home: string("0x1b") string("[7~") \n\ End: string("0x1b") string("[8~") 20.2 Terminal options *terminal_options* The terminal options can be set just like normal options. But they are not shown with the ":set all" command. Instead use ":set termcap". It is always possible to change individual strings by setting the appropriate option. For example: :set t_ce=^V^[[K (CTRL-V, , [, K) {Vi: no terminal options. You have to exit Vi, edit the termcap entry and try again} The options are listed below. The associated termcap code is always equal to the last two characters of the option name. Two termcap codes are required: Cursor positioning and clear screen. OUTPUT CODES option meaning t_AL add number of blank lines *t_AL* *'t_AL'* t_al add new blank line *t_al* *'t_al'* t_cd clear to end of screen *t_cd* *'t_cd'* t_ce clear to end of line *t_ce* *'t_ce'* t_cl clear screen (required!) *t_cl* *'t_cl'* t_cm cursor motion (required!) *t_cm* *'t_cm'* t_CS if non-empty, cursor relative to scroll region *t_CS* *'t_CS'* t_cs define scrolling region *t_cs* *'t_cs'* t_da if non-empty, lines from above scroll down *t_da* *'t_da'* t_db if non-empty, lines from below scroll up *t_db* *'t_db'* t_DL delete number of lines *t_DL* *'t_DL'* t_dl delete line *t_dl* *'t_dl'* t_ke out of "keypad transmit" mode *t_ke* *'t_ke'* t_ks put terminal in "keypad transmit" mode *t_ks* *'t_ks'* t_md bold mode *t_md* *'t_md'* t_me Normal mode (undoes t_mr and t_md) *t_me* *'t_me'* t_mr reverse (invert) mode *t_mr* *'t_mr'* *t_ms* *'t_ms'* t_ms if non-empty, cursor can be moved in standout/inverse mode t_RI cursor number of chars right *t_RI* *'t_RI'* t_se standout end *t_se* *'t_se'* t_so standout mode *t_so* *'t_so'* t_sr scroll reverse (backward) *t_sr* *'t_sr'* t_te out of "termcap" mode *t_te* *'t_te'* t_ti put terminal in "termcap" mode *t_ti* *'t_ti'* t_ue underline end *t_ue* *'t_ue'* t_us underline mode *t_us* *'t_us'* t_vb visual bell *t_vb* *'t_vb'* t_ve cursor visible *t_ve* *'t_ve'* t_vi cursor invisible *t_vi* *'t_vi'* t_vs cursor very visible *t_vs* *'t_vs'* t_ZH italics mode *t_ZH* *'t_ZH'* t_ZR italics end *t_ZR* *'t_ZR'* KEY CODES Note: Use the <> form if possible option name meaning t_ku arrow up *t_ku* *'t_ku'* t_kd arrow down *t_kd* *'t_kd'* t_kr arrow right *t_kr* *'t_kr'* t_kl arrow left *t_kl* *'t_kl'* shift arrow up shift arrow down t_%i shift arrow right *t_%i* *'t_%i'* t_#4 shift arrow left *t_#4* *'t_#4'* t_k1 function key 1 *t_k1* *'t_k1'* t_k2 function key 2 *t_k2* *'t_k2'* t_k3 function key 3 *t_k3* *'t_k3'* t_k4 function key 4 *t_k4* *'t_k4'* t_k5 function key 5 *t_k5* *'t_k5'* t_k6 function key 6 *t_k6* *'t_k6'* t_k7 function key 7 *t_k7* *'t_k7'* t_k8 function key 8 *t_k8* *'t_k8'* t_k9 function key 9 *t_k9* *'t_k9'* t_k; function key 10 *t_k;* *'t_k;'* t_F1 function key 11 *t_F1* *'t_F1'* t_F2 function key 12 *t_F2* *'t_F2'* shifted function key 2 shifted function key 3 shifted function key 4 shifted function key 5 shifted function key 6 shifted function key 7 shifted function key 8 shifted function key 9 shifted function key 10 shifted function key 11 shifted function key 12 t_%1 help key *t_%1* *'t_%1'* t_&8 undo key *t_&8* *'t_&8'* t_kI insert key *t_kI* *'t_kI'* t_kD delete key *t_kD* *'t_kD'* t_kb backspace key *t_kb* *'t_kb'* t_kh home key *t_kh* *'t_kh'* t_@7 end key *t_@7* *'t_@7'* t_kP page-up key *t_kP* *'t_kP'* t_kN page-down key *t_kN* *'t_kN'* t_K1 keypad home key *t_K1* *'t_K1'* t_K4 keypad end key *t_K4* *'t_K4'* t_K3 keypad page-up key *t_K3* *'t_K3'* t_K5 keypad page-down key *t_K5* *'t_K5'* Note about t_so and t_mr: When the termcap entry "so" is not present the entry for "mr" is used. And vice versa. The same is done for "se" and "me". If your terminal supports both inversion and standout mode, you can see two different modes. If you terminal supports only one of the modes, both will look the same. If inversion or other highlighting does not work correctly, try setting the 'weirdinvert' option. This makes the start-highlight or end-highlight termcap code to be outputted before every character. This slows down terminal I/O a lot, but it makes inversion work on some terminals. Some termcaps do not include an entry for 'cs' (scroll region), although the terminal does support it. For example: xterm on a sun. You can use the builtin_xterm or define t_cs yourself. For example: :set t_cs=^V^[[%i%d;%dr Where ^V is CTRL-V and ^[ is . Unfortunately it is not possible to deduct from the termcap how cursor positioning should be done when using a scrolling region: Relative to the beginning of the screen or relative to the beginning of the scrolling region. Most terminals use the first method. A known exception is the MS-DOS console (pcterm). The 't_CS' option should be set to any string when cursor positioning is relative to the start of the scrolling region. It should be set to an empty string otherwise. It is default "yes" when 'term' is "pcterm". Note for xterm users: The shifted cursor keys normally don't work. You can make them work with the xmodmap command and some mappings in Vim. Give these commands in the xterm: xmodmap -e "keysym Up = Up F13" xmodmap -e "keysym Down = Down F16" xmodmap -e "keysym Left = Left F18" xmodmap -e "keysym Right = Right F19" And use these mappings in Vim: :map :map! :map :map! :map :map! :map :map! Instead of, say, you can use any other command that you want to use the shift-cursor-up key for. (Note: To help people that have a Sun keyboard with left side keys F14 is not used because it is confused with the undo key; F15 is not used, because it does a window-to-front; F17 is not used, because it closes the window. On other systems you can probably use them) 20.3 Window size *window_size* [This is about the size of the whole window Vim is using, not a window that is created with the :split command] If you are running Vim on an Amiga and the terminal name is "amiga" or "builtin_amiga", the amiga-specific window resizing will be enabled. On Unix systems three methods are tried to get the window size: - an ioctl call (TIOCGSIZE or TIOCGWINSZ, depends on your system) - the environment variables "LINES" and "COLUMNS" - from the termcap entries "li" and "co" If everything fails a default size of 24 lines and 80 columns is assumed. If a window-resize signal is received the size will be set again. If the window size is wrong you can use the 'lines' and 'columns' options to set the correct values. One command can be used to set the screen size: *:mod* *:mode* :mod[e] [mode] Without argument this only detects the screen size. With MS-DOS it is possible to switch screen mode. [mode] can be one of these values: "bw40" 40 columns black&white "c40" 40 columns color "bw80" 80 columns black&white "c80" 80 columns color (most people use this) "mono" 80 columns monochrome "c4350" 43 or 50 lines EGA/VGA mode number mode number to use, depends on your video card 20.4 Slow and fast terminals *slow_fast_terminal* *slow_terminal* If you have a fast terminal you may like to set the 'ruler' option. The cursor position is shown in the status line. If you are using horizontal scrolling ('wrap' option off) consider setting 'sidescroll' to a small number. If you have a slow terminal you may want to reset the 'showcmd' option. The command characters will not be shown in the status line. If the terminal scrolls very slowly, set the 'scrolljump' to 5 or so. If the cursor is moved off the screen (e.g., with "j") Vim will scroll 5 lines at a time. Another possibility is to reduce the number of lines that Vim uses with the command "z". If the characters from the terminal are arriving with more than 1 second between them you might want to set the 'timeout' and/or 'ttimeout' option. See the "Options" chapter |options|. If your terminal does not support a scrolling region, but it does support insert/delete line commands, scrolling with multiple windows may make the lines jump up and down. If you don't want this set the 'ttyfast' option. This will redraw the window instead of scroll it. If your terminal scrolls very slowly, but redrawing is not slow, set the 'ttyscroll' option to a small number, e.g., 3. This will make Vim redraw the screen instead of scrolling, when there are more than 3 lines to be scrolled. If you are using Vim over a slow serial line, you might want to try running Vim inside the "screen" program. Screen will optimize the terminal I/O quite a bit. If you are testing termcap options, but you cannot see what is happening, you might want to set the 'writedelay' option. When non-zero, one character is sent to the terminal at a time (does not work for MS-DOS). This makes the screen updating a lot slower, making it possible to see what is happening. *hpterm* When you are using an hpterm you probably run into a few problems. The best thing to do is to use an xterm instead. If you want to use an hpterm for some reason, try (re)setting some options: :set t_sr= :set t_al= :set t_dl= :set ttyfast redraw screen instead of scrolling :set weirdinvert makes highlighting work better, but slows down screen updating a lot 21. Differences from Vi and Ex *vi_differences* ============================== Throughout this document differences between Vim and Vi/Ex are given in curly braces. This chapter only lists what has not been mentioned in previous chapters. Also see |vim_diff.txt| for an overview. 21.1 Missing commands *missing_commands* A large number of the "Ex" commands (the commands that start with a colon) are included. However, there is no Ex mode. These commands are in Vi, but not in Vim. Q {Vi: go to Ex mode} See |pseudo-Q|. :a[ppend] {Vi: append text} *:a* *:append* :c[hange] {Vi: replace lines} *:c* *:change* :i[nsert] {Vi: insert text} *:i* *:insert* :o[pen] {Vi: start editing in open mode}*:o* *:open* :z {Vi: print some lines} *:z* 21.2 Missing options *missing_options* These options are in the Unix Vi, but not in Vim. If you try to set one of them you won't get an error message, but the value is not used and cannot be printed. autoprint (ap) toggle (default on) *'autoprint'* *'ap'* beautify (bf) toggle (default off) *'beautify'* *'bf'* flash (fl) toggle (default ??) *'flash'* *'fl'* graphic (gr) toggle (default off) *'graphic'* *'gr'* hardtabs (ht) number (default 8) *'hardtabs'* *'ht'* number of spaces that a moves on the display mesg toggle (default on) *'mesg'* novice toggle (default ??) *'novice'* open toggle (default on) *'open'* optimize (op) toggle (default off) *'optimize'* *'op'* prompt toggle (default on) *'prompt'* redraw toggle (default off) *'redraw'* slowopen (slow) toggle (default off) *'slowopen'* *'slow'* sourceany toggle (default off) *'sourceany'* tagstack (tgst) toggle (default on) *'tagstack'* *'tgst'* enables the tagstack and ":pop". window (wi) number (default 23) *'window'* *'wi'* w300 number (default 23) *'w300'* w1200 number (default 23) *'w1200'* w9600 number (default 23) *'w9600'* 21.3 Limits *limits* Vim has only a few limits for the files that can be edited {Vi: can not handle characters and characters above 128, has limited line length, many other limits}. Maximum line length On machines with 16-bit ints (Amiga and MS-DOS real mode): 32767, otherwise 2147483647 characters. Longer lines are split. Maximum number of lines 2147483647 lines. Maximum file size Only limited by available disk space for the swap file. Length of a file name Unix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 128 characters. Maximum display width Unix and Win32: 1024 characters, otherwise 255 characters Information for undo and registers are kept in memory, thus when making (big) changes the amount of (virtual) memory available limits the number of undo levels and the text that can be kept in registers. Other things are also kept in memory: Command line history, error messages for Quickfix mode, etc. CONTENTS *reference_contents* *ref* *reference* [Note: The commands for multiple windows and buffers are explained in a different file, see |vim_win.txt|] 1. Introduction |intro| 2. Notation |notation| 3. Starting Vim |starting| 3.1 Vim arguments |vim_arguments| 3.2 Workbench (Amiga only) |workbench| 3.3 Vim window (Amiga only) |amiga_window| 3.4 Initialization |initialization| 3.5 Suspending |suspend| 3.6 The viminfo file |viminfo_file| 4. Modes |vim_modes| 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Switching from mode to mode |mode_switching| 4.3 Insert and Replace mode |mode_ins_repl| 4.3.1 special keys |ins_special_keys| 4.3.2 special special keys |ins_special_special| 4.3.3 'textwidth' option |ins_textwidth| 4.3.4 'expandtab' option |ins_expandtab| 4.3.5 Replace mode |replace_mode| 4.3.6 Insert mode completion |ins_completion| 4.4 Command-line mode |mode_cmdline| 4.4.1 Command line editing |cmdline_editing| 4.4.2 Command line completion |cmdline_completion| 4.4.3 Ex command lines |cmdline_lines| 4.4.4 Ex command line ranges |cmdline_ranges| 4.4.5 Ex special characters |cmdline_special| 4.5 The window contents |window_contents| 4.6 Abbreviations |abbreviations| 4.7 Digraphs |digraphs| 4.8 Using the mouse |mouse_using| 4.9 Online help |online_help| 5. Editing files |edit_files| 5.1 Introduction |edit_intro| 5.2 Editing a file |edit_a_file| 5.3 The argument list |argument_list| 5.4 Writing and quitting |write_quit| 5.5 Using the QuickFix mode |quickfix| 5.6 Editing binary files |edit_binary| 5.7 Automatic commands |autocommand| 6. Cursor motions |cursor_motions| 6.1 Left-right motions |left_right_motions| 6.2 Up-down motions |up_down_motions| 6.3 Word motions |word_motions| 6.4 Text object motions |object_motions| 6.5 Text object selection |object_select| 6.6 Pattern searches |pattern_searches| 6.7 Various motions |various_motions| 7. Scrolling |scrolling| 8. Tags and special searches |tags_and_searches| 8.1 Tags |tag_commands| 8.2 Identifier searches |include_search| 9. Inserting text |inserting| 10. Deleting text |deleting| 11. Changing text |changing| 11.1 Delete and insert |delete_insert| 11.2 Simple changes |simple_change| 11.3 Complex changes |complex_change| 11.4 Formatting text |formatting| 11.5 Formatting C programs |C_indenting| 12. Copying and moving text |copy_move| 13. Visual mode |Visual_mode| 14. Various commands |various| 15. Repeating commands |repeating| 15.1 Single repeats |single_repeat| 15.2 Multiple repeats |multi_repeat| 15.3 Complex repeats |complex_repeat| 16. Undo and redo |undo_redo| 17. Key mapping |key_mapping| 18. Recovery after a crash |crash_recovery| 18.1 The swap file |swap_file| 18.2 Recovery |recovery| 19. Options |options| 19.1 Setting options |set_option| 19.2 Automatically setting options |auto_setting| 19.3 Saving settings |save_settings| 19.4 Options summary |option_summary| 20. Terminal information |terminal_info| 20.1 Startup |startup| 20.2 Terminal options |terminal_options| 20.3 Window size |window_size| 20.4 Slow and fast terminals |slow_fast_terminal| 21. Differences from Vi and Ex |vi_differences| 21.1 Missing commands |missing_commands| 21.2 Missing options |missing_options| 21.3 Limits |limits| vim:tw=78:ts=8:sw=8: 07070100000f13000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081200001ba4000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_rlh.txt*vim_rlh.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 June 11 Right to Left and Hebrew Mapping for Vim *hebrew* ======================================== These functions have been made by Avner Lottem E-mail: lottem@tx.technion.ac.il Phone: +972-4-8307322 Introduction ------------ In order to use right-to-left and Hebrew mapping support, it is necessary to compile Vim with RIGHTLEFT. In right-to-left oriented files the characters appear on the screen from right to left. This kind of file is most useful when writing Hebrew documents using TeX--XeT, troffh, composing faxes or writing Hebrew memos. Logical order files, where direction is encoded for every character (or group of characters) are not supported as this kind of support is out of the scope of a simple addition to an existing editor. Also, no Hebrew commands, prompts and help files were added, the standard Vi interface was maintained. The intension here was to incorporate Hebrew support to an existing modern and live editor, hoping that the Hebrew support will continue to live in subsequent versions. Many other Hebrew supported packages were designed for a particular version of the original (English) software and when it continued developing, the Hebrew version stayed behind. Therefore this particular support to Vim tries to be as simple (and short) as possible, so that it could be incorporated into the official source. Highlights ---------- o Editing left-to-right files as in the original Vim, no change. o Viewing and editing files in right-to-left windows. File orientation is per window, so it is possible to view the same file in right-to-left and left-to-right modes, simultaneously. (This is sometimes useful when editing documents with TeX--XeT.) o Compatibility to the original Vim. Almost all features work in right-to-left mode (see Bugs below). o Changing keyboard mapping and reverse insert modes using a single command. o Backing from reverse insert mode to the correct place in the file (if possible). o No special terminal with right-to-left capabilities is required. The right-to-left changes are completely hardware independent. Only Hebrew font is necessary. The MIT X distribution includes at least two fonts: heb6x13 and heb8x13. Some fonts are on sunsite.unc.edu: /pub/Linux/X11/fonts/hebxfonts-0.2.tgz. More pointers are in the Hebrew HOWTO on sunsite: /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO. To create a Hebrew font for a DOS box under MS-Windows, refer to a hack on tochnapc2.technion.ac.il: /pub/lottem/doswin-0.1.tgz. o ALL enhancements depend on a compilation variable, RIGHTLEFT, so it is possible to compile Vim without this support. o It should be quite easy to adjust this support to handle other right-to left languages, such as Arabic, by simply changing the keyboard mapping according to the character encoding. Change details -------------- + Variables: + rightleft (rl) sets window orientation to right-to-left. + hkmap (hk) sets keyboard mapping to Hebrew, in insert/replace modes. + aleph (al), numeric, holds the decimal code of Aleph, for keyboard mapping. + Encoding: + Under Unix, ISO 8859-8 encoding (Hebrew letters codes: 224-250). + Under MS DOS, PC encoding (Hebrew letters codes: 128-154). These are defaults, that can be overided using the aleph variable. + Vim arguments: + 'vim -H file' starts editing a Hebrew file, i.e. rightleft and hkmap are set. + Keyboard: + CTRL-_ in insert/replace modes toggles revins and hkmap as follows: When in rightleft window, revins+nohkmap are toggled, since English will likely be inserted in this case. When in norightleft window, revins+hkmap are toggled, since Hebrew will likely be inserted in this case. CTRL-_ moves the cursor to the end of the typed text, unlike CTRL-B that leaves the cursor in the same place. + CTRL-_ in command mode only toggles keyboard mapping (see Bugs below). This setting is independent of hkmap variable, which only applies to insert/replace mode. Note: On some keyboards, CTRL-_ is mapped to CTRL-?. + Keyboard mapping while hkmap is set: q w e r t y u i o p The characters in the mapping shown / ' here are for ISO 8859-8. a s d f g h j k l ; ' , z x c v b n m , . / . Bugs ---- o Does not handle CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands (add and subtract) correctly when in rightleft window. o Does not support reverse insert and rightleft modes on the command-line. However, functionality of the editor is not reduced, because it is possible to enter mappings, abbreviations and searches with Hebrew text, typed from the left to the right on the command-line. o Somewhat slower in right-to-left mode, because right-to-left motion is emulated inside Vim, not by the controlling terminal. o Does not support 7 bit terminals. Only a terminal with complete Hebrew English font (without need to send escape sequences to switch between Hebrew and English) is supported. o When the Athena GUI is used, the bottom scrollbar works in the wrong direction. This is difficult to fix. o When both 'rightleft' and 'revins' are on: 'textwidth' does not work. Lines do not wrap at all; you just get a single, long line. Typing backwards *ins_reverse* [for all this RIGHTLEFT must have been defined in feature.h at compile time] If the 'revins' (reverse insert) option is set, inserting happens backwards. This can be used to type Hebrew. When inserting characters the cursor is not moved and the text moves rightwards. A deletes the character under the cursor. CTRL-W and CTRL-U also work in the opposite direction. , CTRL-W and CTRL-U do not stop at the start of insert or end of line, no matter how the 'backspace' option is set. In Insert mode the 'revins' option can be toggled with CTRL-B. There is no reverse replace mode (yet). If the 'showmode' option is set, "-- REVERSE INSERT --" will be shown in the status line when reverse Insert mode is active. Reverse Insert mode can be also entered via CTRL-_, which has some extra functionality: First, keyboard mapping is changed according to the window orientation -- if in a left-to-right window, revins is used to enter Hebrew text, so the keyboard changes to Hebrew (hkmap is set); if in a right-to-left window, revins is used to enter English text, so the keyboard changes to English (hkmap is reset). Second, when exiting revins via CTRL-_, the cursor moves to the end of the typed text (if possible). Pasting when in a rightleft window ---------------------------------- When cutting text with the mouse and pasting it in a rightleft window the text will be reversed, because the characters come from the cut buffer from the left to the right, while inserted in the file from the right to the left. In order to avoid it, toggle revins (by typing CTRL-? or CTRL-_) before pasting. 07070100000f14000081a400000064000000640000000132f508120000ffa5000000200000001b00000000000000000000001700000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_tags! vim_ref.txt /\*!\* !! vim_ref.txt /\*!!\* # vim_ref.txt /\*#\* $ vim_ref.txt /\*$\* % vim_ref.txt /\*%\* & vim_ref.txt /\*&\* ' vim_ref.txt /\*'\* '" vim_ref.txt /\*'"\* '' vim_ref.txt /\*''\* '0 vim_ref.txt /\*'0\* '< vim_ref.txt /\*'<\* '> vim_ref.txt /\*'>\* 'A vim_ref.txt /\*'A\* '[ vim_ref.txt /\*'[\* '] vim_ref.txt /\*']\* 'a vim_ref.txt /\*'a\* 'ai' vim_ref.txt /\*'ai'\* 'al' vim_ref.txt /\*'al'\* 'aleph' vim_ref.txt /\*'aleph'\* 'ap' vim_ref.txt /\*'ap'\* 'autoindent' vim_ref.txt /\*'autoindent'\* 'autoprint' vim_ref.txt /\*'autoprint'\* 'autowrite' vim_ref.txt /\*'autowrite'\* 'aw' vim_ref.txt /\*'aw'\* 'backspace' vim_ref.txt /\*'backspace'\* 'backup' vim_ref.txt /\*'backup'\* 'backupdir' vim_ref.txt /\*'backupdir'\* 'backupext' vim_ref.txt /\*'backupext'\* 'bdir' vim_ref.txt /\*'bdir'\* 'beautify' vim_ref.txt /\*'beautify'\* 'bex' vim_ref.txt /\*'bex'\* 'bf' vim_ref.txt /\*'bf'\* 'bin' vim_ref.txt /\*'bin'\* 'binary' vim_ref.txt /\*'binary'\* 'biosk' vim_ref.txt /\*'biosk'\* 'bioskey' vim_ref.txt /\*'bioskey'\* 'bk' vim_ref.txt /\*'bk'\* 'breakat' vim_ref.txt /\*'breakat'\* 'brk' vim_ref.txt /\*'brk'\* 'bs' vim_ref.txt /\*'bs'\* 'ch' vim_ref.txt /\*'ch'\* 'cin' vim_ref.txt /\*'cin'\* 'cindent' vim_ref.txt /\*'cindent'\* 'cink' vim_ref.txt /\*'cink'\* 'cinkeys' vim_ref.txt /\*'cinkeys'\* 'cino' vim_ref.txt /\*'cino'\* 'cinoptions' vim_ref.txt /\*'cinoptions'\* 'cinw' vim_ref.txt /\*'cinw'\* 'cinwords' vim_ref.txt /\*'cinwords'\* 'cmdheight' vim_ref.txt /\*'cmdheight'\* 'co' vim_ref.txt /\*'co'\* 'columns' vim_ref.txt /\*'columns'\* 'com' vim_ref.txt /\*'com'\* 'comments' vim_ref.txt /\*'comments'\* 'compatible' vim_ref.txt /\*'compatible'\* 'cp' vim_ref.txt /\*'cp'\* 'cpo' vim_ref.txt /\*'cpo'\* 'cpoptions' vim_ref.txt /\*'cpoptions'\* 'def' vim_ref.txt /\*'def'\* 'define' vim_ref.txt /\*'define'\* 'dg' vim_ref.txt /\*'dg'\* 'dict' vim_ref.txt /\*'dict'\* 'dictionary' vim_ref.txt /\*'dictionary'\* 'digraph' vim_ref.txt /\*'digraph'\* 'dir' vim_ref.txt /\*'dir'\* 'directory' vim_ref.txt /\*'directory'\* 'ea' vim_ref.txt /\*'ea'\* 'eb' vim_ref.txt /\*'eb'\* 'ed' vim_ref.txt /\*'ed'\* 'edcompatible' vim_ref.txt /\*'edcompatible'\* 'ef' vim_ref.txt /\*'ef'\* 'efm' vim_ref.txt /\*'efm'\* 'ek' vim_ref.txt /\*'ek'\* 'endofline' vim_ref.txt /\*'endofline'\* 'eol' vim_ref.txt /\*'eol'\* 'ep' vim_ref.txt /\*'ep'\* 'equalalways' vim_ref.txt /\*'equalalways'\* 'equalprg' vim_ref.txt /\*'equalprg'\* 'errorbells' vim_ref.txt /\*'errorbells'\* 'errorfile' vim_ref.txt /\*'errorfile'\* 'errorformat' vim_ref.txt /\*'errorformat'\* 'esckeys' vim_ref.txt /\*'esckeys'\* 'et' vim_ref.txt /\*'et'\* 'expandtab' vim_ref.txt /\*'expandtab'\* 'exrc' vim_ref.txt /\*'exrc'\* 'fl' vim_ref.txt /\*'fl'\* 'flash' vim_ref.txt /\*'flash'\* 'fo' vim_ref.txt /\*'fo'\* 'formatoptions' vim_ref.txt /\*'formatoptions'\* 'formatprg' vim_ref.txt /\*'formatprg'\* 'fp' vim_ref.txt /\*'fp'\* 'gd' vim_ref.txt /\*'gd'\* 'gdefault' vim_ref.txt /\*'gdefault'\* 'gfn' vim_ref.txt /\*'gfn'\* 'go' vim_ref.txt /\*'go'\* 'gr' vim_ref.txt /\*'gr'\* 'graphic' vim_ref.txt /\*'graphic'\* 'guifont' vim_ref.txt /\*'guifont'\* 'guioptions' vim_ref.txt /\*'guioptions'\* 'guipty' vim_ref.txt /\*'guipty'\* 'hardtabs' vim_ref.txt /\*'hardtabs'\* 'helpfile' vim_ref.txt /\*'helpfile'\* 'helpheight' vim_ref.txt /\*'helpheight'\* 'hf' vim_ref.txt /\*'hf'\* 'hh' vim_ref.txt /\*'hh'\* 'hi' vim_ref.txt /\*'hi'\* 'hid' vim_ref.txt /\*'hid'\* 'hidden' vim_ref.txt /\*'hidden'\* 'highlight' vim_ref.txt /\*'highlight'\* 'history' vim_ref.txt /\*'history'\* 'hk' vim_ref.txt /\*'hk'\* 'hkmap' vim_ref.txt /\*'hkmap'\* 'hl' vim_ref.txt /\*'hl'\* 'ht' vim_ref.txt /\*'ht'\* 'ic' vim_ref.txt /\*'ic'\* 'icon' vim_ref.txt /\*'icon'\* 'ignorecase' vim_ref.txt /\*'ignorecase'\* 'im' vim_ref.txt /\*'im'\* 'inc' vim_ref.txt /\*'inc'\* 'include' vim_ref.txt /\*'include'\* 'incsearch' vim_ref.txt /\*'incsearch'\* 'inf' vim_ref.txt /\*'inf'\* 'infercase' vim_ref.txt /\*'infercase'\* 'insertmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'insertmode'\* 'is' vim_ref.txt /\*'is'\* 'isf' vim_ref.txt /\*'isf'\* 'isfname' vim_ref.txt /\*'isfname'\* 'isi' vim_ref.txt /\*'isi'\* 'isident' vim_ref.txt /\*'isident'\* 'isk' vim_ref.txt /\*'isk'\* 'iskeyword' vim_ref.txt /\*'iskeyword'\* 'isp' vim_ref.txt /\*'isp'\* 'isprint' vim_ref.txt /\*'isprint'\* 'joinspaces' vim_ref.txt /\*'joinspaces'\* 'js' vim_ref.txt /\*'js'\* 'keywordprg' vim_ref.txt /\*'keywordprg'\* 'kp' vim_ref.txt /\*'kp'\* 'langmap' vim_ref.txt /\*'langmap'\* 'laststatus' vim_ref.txt /\*'laststatus'\* 'lbr' vim_ref.txt /\*'lbr'\* 'linebreak' vim_ref.txt /\*'linebreak'\* 'lines' vim_ref.txt /\*'lines'\* 'lisp' vim_ref.txt /\*'lisp'\* 'list' vim_ref.txt /\*'list'\* 'lmap' vim_ref.txt /\*'lmap'\* 'ls' vim_ref.txt /\*'ls'\* 'magic' vim_ref.txt /\*'magic'\* 'makeprg' vim_ref.txt /\*'makeprg'\* 'maxmapdepth' vim_ref.txt /\*'maxmapdepth'\* 'maxmem' vim_ref.txt /\*'maxmem'\* 'maxmemtot' vim_ref.txt /\*'maxmemtot'\* 'mesg' vim_ref.txt /\*'mesg'\* 'ml' vim_ref.txt /\*'ml'\* 'mls' vim_ref.txt /\*'mls'\* 'mm' vim_ref.txt /\*'mm'\* 'mmd' vim_ref.txt /\*'mmd'\* 'mmt' vim_ref.txt /\*'mmt'\* 'mod' vim_ref.txt /\*'mod'\* 'modeline' vim_ref.txt /\*'modeline'\* 'modelines' vim_ref.txt /\*'modelines'\* 'modified' vim_ref.txt /\*'modified'\* 'more' vim_ref.txt /\*'more'\* 'mouse' vim_ref.txt /\*'mouse'\* 'mouset' vim_ref.txt /\*'mouset'\* 'mousetime' vim_ref.txt /\*'mousetime'\* 'mp' vim_ref.txt /\*'mp'\* 'noai' vim_ref.txt /\*'noai'\* 'noautoindent' vim_ref.txt /\*'noautoindent'\* 'noautowrite' vim_ref.txt /\*'noautowrite'\* 'noaw' vim_ref.txt /\*'noaw'\* 'nobackup' vim_ref.txt /\*'nobackup'\* 'nobin' vim_ref.txt /\*'nobin'\* 'nobinary' vim_ref.txt /\*'nobinary'\* 'nobiosk' vim_ref.txt /\*'nobiosk'\* 'nobioskey' vim_ref.txt /\*'nobioskey'\* 'nobk' vim_ref.txt /\*'nobk'\* 'nocin' vim_ref.txt /\*'nocin'\* 'nocindent' vim_ref.txt /\*'nocindent'\* 'nocompatible' vim_ref.txt /\*'nocompatible'\* 'nocp' vim_ref.txt /\*'nocp'\* 'nodg' vim_ref.txt /\*'nodg'\* 'nodigraph' vim_ref.txt /\*'nodigraph'\* 'noea' vim_ref.txt /\*'noea'\* 'noeb' vim_ref.txt /\*'noeb'\* 'noed' vim_ref.txt /\*'noed'\* 'noedcompatible' vim_ref.txt /\*'noedcompatible'\* 'noek' vim_ref.txt /\*'noek'\* 'noendofline' vim_ref.txt /\*'noendofline'\* 'noeol' vim_ref.txt /\*'noeol'\* 'noequalalways' vim_ref.txt /\*'noequalalways'\* 'noerrorbells' vim_ref.txt /\*'noerrorbells'\* 'noesckeys' vim_ref.txt /\*'noesckeys'\* 'noet' vim_ref.txt /\*'noet'\* 'noexpandtab' vim_ref.txt /\*'noexpandtab'\* 'noexrc' vim_ref.txt /\*'noexrc'\* 'nogd' vim_ref.txt /\*'nogd'\* 'nogdefault' vim_ref.txt /\*'nogdefault'\* 'noguipty' vim_ref.txt /\*'noguipty'\* 'nohid' vim_ref.txt /\*'nohid'\* 'nohidden' vim_ref.txt /\*'nohidden'\* 'nohk' vim_ref.txt /\*'nohk'\* 'nohkmap' vim_ref.txt /\*'nohkmap'\* 'noic' vim_ref.txt /\*'noic'\* 'noicon' vim_ref.txt /\*'noicon'\* 'noignorecase' vim_ref.txt /\*'noignorecase'\* 'noim' vim_ref.txt /\*'noim'\* 'noincsearch' vim_ref.txt /\*'noincsearch'\* 'noinf' vim_ref.txt /\*'noinf'\* 'noinfercase' vim_ref.txt /\*'noinfercase'\* 'noinsertmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'noinsertmode'\* 'nois' vim_ref.txt /\*'nois'\* 'nojoinspaces' vim_ref.txt /\*'nojoinspaces'\* 'nojs' vim_ref.txt /\*'nojs'\* 'nolbr' vim_ref.txt /\*'nolbr'\* 'nolinebreak' vim_ref.txt /\*'nolinebreak'\* 'nolisp' vim_ref.txt /\*'nolisp'\* 'nolist' vim_ref.txt /\*'nolist'\* 'nomagic' vim_ref.txt /\*'nomagic'\* 'noml' vim_ref.txt /\*'noml'\* 'nomod' vim_ref.txt /\*'nomod'\* 'nomodeline' vim_ref.txt /\*'nomodeline'\* 'nomodified' vim_ref.txt /\*'nomodified'\* 'nomore' vim_ref.txt /\*'nomore'\* 'nonu' vim_ref.txt /\*'nonu'\* 'nonumber' vim_ref.txt /\*'nonumber'\* 'nopaste' vim_ref.txt /\*'nopaste'\* 'noreadonly' vim_ref.txt /\*'noreadonly'\* 'noremap' vim_ref.txt /\*'noremap'\* 'norestorescreen' vim_ref.txt /\*'norestorescreen'\* 'norevins' vim_ref.txt /\*'norevins'\* 'nori' vim_ref.txt /\*'nori'\* 'norightleft' vim_ref.txt /\*'norightleft'\* 'norl' vim_ref.txt /\*'norl'\* 'noro' vim_ref.txt /\*'noro'\* 'nors' vim_ref.txt /\*'nors'\* 'noru' vim_ref.txt /\*'noru'\* 'noruler' vim_ref.txt /\*'noruler'\* 'nosb' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosb'\* 'nosc' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosc'\* 'noscs' vim_ref.txt /\*'noscs'\* 'nosecure' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosecure'\* 'noshiftround' vim_ref.txt /\*'noshiftround'\* 'noshortname' vim_ref.txt /\*'noshortname'\* 'noshowcmd' vim_ref.txt /\*'noshowcmd'\* 'noshowmatch' vim_ref.txt /\*'noshowmatch'\* 'noshowmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'noshowmode'\* 'nosi' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosi'\* 'nosm' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosm'\* 'nosmartcase' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosmartcase'\* 'nosmartindent' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosmartindent'\* 'nosmarttab' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosmarttab'\* 'nosmd' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosmd'\* 'nosn' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosn'\* 'nosol' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosol'\* 'nosplitbelow' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosplitbelow'\* 'nosr' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosr'\* 'nosta' vim_ref.txt /\*'nosta'\* 'nostartofline' vim_ref.txt /\*'nostartofline'\* 'nota' vim_ref.txt /\*'nota'\* 'notagrelative' vim_ref.txt /\*'notagrelative'\* 'notbi' vim_ref.txt /\*'notbi'\* 'noterse' vim_ref.txt /\*'noterse'\* 'notextauto' vim_ref.txt /\*'notextauto'\* 'notextmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'notextmode'\* 'notf' vim_ref.txt /\*'notf'\* 'notildeop' vim_ref.txt /\*'notildeop'\* 'notimeout' vim_ref.txt /\*'notimeout'\* 'notitle' vim_ref.txt /\*'notitle'\* 'noto' vim_ref.txt /\*'noto'\* 'notop' vim_ref.txt /\*'notop'\* 'notr' vim_ref.txt /\*'notr'\* 'nottimeout' vim_ref.txt /\*'nottimeout'\* 'nottybuiltin' vim_ref.txt /\*'nottybuiltin'\* 'nottyfast' vim_ref.txt /\*'nottyfast'\* 'notx' vim_ref.txt /\*'notx'\* 'novb' vim_ref.txt /\*'novb'\* 'novice' vim_ref.txt /\*'novice'\* 'novisualbell' vim_ref.txt /\*'novisualbell'\* 'nowa' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowa'\* 'nowarn' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowarn'\* 'nowb' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowb'\* 'noweirdinvert' vim_ref.txt /\*'noweirdinvert'\* 'nowiv' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowiv'\* 'nowrap' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowrap'\* 'nowrapscan' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowrapscan'\* 'nowriteany' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowriteany'\* 'nowritebackup' vim_ref.txt /\*'nowritebackup'\* 'nows' vim_ref.txt /\*'nows'\* 'nu' vim_ref.txt /\*'nu'\* 'number' vim_ref.txt /\*'number'\* 'op' vim_ref.txt /\*'op'\* 'open' vim_ref.txt /\*'open'\* 'optimize' vim_ref.txt /\*'optimize'\* 'pa' vim_ref.txt /\*'pa'\* 'para' vim_ref.txt /\*'para'\* 'paragraphs' vim_ref.txt /\*'paragraphs'\* 'paste' vim_ref.txt /\*'paste'\* 'patchmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'patchmode'\* 'path' vim_ref.txt /\*'path'\* 'pm' vim_ref.txt /\*'pm'\* 'prompt' vim_ref.txt /\*'prompt'\* 'readonly' vim_ref.txt /\*'readonly'\* 'redraw' vim_ref.txt /\*'redraw'\* 'remap' vim_ref.txt /\*'remap'\* 'report' vim_ref.txt /\*'report'\* 'restorescreen' vim_ref.txt /\*'restorescreen'\* 'revins' vim_ref.txt /\*'revins'\* 'ri' vim_ref.txt /\*'ri'\* 'rightleft' vim_ref.txt /\*'rightleft'\* 'rl' vim_ref.txt /\*'rl'\* 'ro' vim_ref.txt /\*'ro'\* 'rs' vim_ref.txt /\*'rs'\* 'ru' vim_ref.txt /\*'ru'\* 'ruler' vim_ref.txt /\*'ruler'\* 'sb' vim_ref.txt /\*'sb'\* 'sbr' vim_ref.txt /\*'sbr'\* 'sc' vim_ref.txt /\*'sc'\* 'scr' vim_ref.txt /\*'scr'\* 'scroll' vim_ref.txt /\*'scroll'\* 'scrolljump' vim_ref.txt /\*'scrolljump'\* 'scrolloff' vim_ref.txt /\*'scrolloff'\* 'scs' vim_ref.txt /\*'scs'\* 'sect' vim_ref.txt /\*'sect'\* 'sections' vim_ref.txt /\*'sections'\* 'secure' vim_ref.txt /\*'secure'\* 'sh' vim_ref.txt /\*'sh'\* 'shcf' vim_ref.txt /\*'shcf'\* 'shell' vim_ref.txt /\*'shell'\* 'shellcmdflag' vim_ref.txt /\*'shellcmdflag'\* 'shellpipe' vim_ref.txt /\*'shellpipe'\* 'shellquote' vim_ref.txt /\*'shellquote'\* 'shellredir' vim_ref.txt /\*'shellredir'\* 'shelltype' vim_ref.txt /\*'shelltype'\* 'shiftround' vim_ref.txt /\*'shiftround'\* 'shiftwidth' vim_ref.txt /\*'shiftwidth'\* 'shm' vim_ref.txt /\*'shm'\* 'shortmess' vim_ref.txt /\*'shortmess'\* 'shortname' vim_ref.txt /\*'shortname'\* 'showbreak' vim_ref.txt /\*'showbreak'\* 'showcmd' vim_ref.txt /\*'showcmd'\* 'showmatch' vim_ref.txt /\*'showmatch'\* 'showmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'showmode'\* 'shq' vim_ref.txt /\*'shq'\* 'si' vim_ref.txt /\*'si'\* 'sidescroll' vim_ref.txt /\*'sidescroll'\* 'sj' vim_ref.txt /\*'sj'\* 'slow' vim_ref.txt /\*'slow'\* 'slowopen' vim_ref.txt /\*'slowopen'\* 'sm' vim_ref.txt /\*'sm'\* 'smartcase' vim_ref.txt /\*'smartcase'\* 'smartindent' vim_ref.txt /\*'smartindent'\* 'smarttab' vim_ref.txt /\*'smarttab'\* 'smd' vim_ref.txt /\*'smd'\* 'sn' vim_ref.txt /\*'sn'\* 'so' vim_ref.txt /\*'so'\* 'sol' vim_ref.txt /\*'sol'\* 'sourceany' vim_ref.txt /\*'sourceany'\* 'sp' vim_ref.txt /\*'sp'\* 'splitbelow' vim_ref.txt /\*'splitbelow'\* 'sr' vim_ref.txt /\*'sr'\* 'srr' vim_ref.txt /\*'srr'\* 'ss' vim_ref.txt /\*'ss'\* 'st' vim_ref.txt /\*'st'\* 'sta' vim_ref.txt /\*'sta'\* 'startofline' vim_ref.txt /\*'startofline'\* 'su' vim_ref.txt /\*'su'\* 'suffixes' vim_ref.txt /\*'suffixes'\* 'sw' vim_ref.txt /\*'sw'\* 'swapsync' vim_ref.txt /\*'swapsync'\* 'sws' vim_ref.txt /\*'sws'\* 't_#4' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_#4'\* 't_%1' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_%1'\* 't_%i' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_%i'\* 't_&8' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_&8'\* 't_@7' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_@7'\* 't_AL' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_AL'\* 't_CS' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_CS'\* 't_DL' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_DL'\* 't_F1' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_F1'\* 't_F2' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_F2'\* 't_K1' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_K1'\* 't_K3' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_K3'\* 't_K4' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_K4'\* 't_K5' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_K5'\* 't_RI' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_RI'\* 't_ZH' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ZH'\* 't_ZR' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ZR'\* 't_al' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_al'\* 't_cd' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_cd'\* 't_ce' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ce'\* 't_cl' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_cl'\* 't_cm' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_cm'\* 't_cs' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_cs'\* 't_da' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_da'\* 't_db' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_db'\* 't_dl' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_dl'\* 't_k1' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k1'\* 't_k2' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k2'\* 't_k3' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k3'\* 't_k4' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k4'\* 't_k5' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k5'\* 't_k6' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k6'\* 't_k7' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k7'\* 't_k8' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k8'\* 't_k9' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k9'\* 't_k;' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_k;'\* 't_kD' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kD'\* 't_kI' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kI'\* 't_kN' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kN'\* 't_kP' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kP'\* 't_kb' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kb'\* 't_kd' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kd'\* 't_ke' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ke'\* 't_kh' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kh'\* 't_kl' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kl'\* 't_kr' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_kr'\* 't_ks' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ks'\* 't_ku' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ku'\* 't_md' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_md'\* 't_me' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_me'\* 't_mr' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_mr'\* 't_ms' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ms'\* 't_se' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_se'\* 't_so' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_so'\* 't_sr' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_sr'\* 't_te' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_te'\* 't_ti' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ti'\* 't_ue' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ue'\* 't_us' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_us'\* 't_vb' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_vb'\* 't_ve' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_ve'\* 't_vi' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_vi'\* 't_vs' vim_ref.txt /\*'t_vs'\* 'ta' vim_ref.txt /\*'ta'\* 'tabstop' vim_ref.txt /\*'tabstop'\* 'tag' vim_ref.txt /\*'tag'\* 'taglength' vim_ref.txt /\*'taglength'\* 'tagrelative' vim_ref.txt /\*'tagrelative'\* 'tags' vim_ref.txt /\*'tags'\* 'tagstack' vim_ref.txt /\*'tagstack'\* 'tbi' vim_ref.txt /\*'tbi'\* 'term' vim_ref.txt /\*'term'\* 'terse' vim_ref.txt /\*'terse'\* 'textauto' vim_ref.txt /\*'textauto'\* 'textmode' vim_ref.txt /\*'textmode'\* 'textwidth' vim_ref.txt /\*'textwidth'\* 'tf' vim_ref.txt /\*'tf'\* 'tgst' vim_ref.txt /\*'tgst'\* 'tildeop' vim_ref.txt /\*'tildeop'\* 'timeout' vim_ref.txt /\*'timeout'\* 'timeoutlen' vim_ref.txt /\*'timeoutlen'\* 'title' vim_ref.txt /\*'title'\* 'titlelen' vim_ref.txt /\*'titlelen'\* 'tl' vim_ref.txt /\*'tl'\* 'tm' vim_ref.txt /\*'tm'\* 'to' vim_ref.txt /\*'to'\* 'top' vim_ref.txt /\*'top'\* 'tr' vim_ref.txt /\*'tr'\* 'ts' vim_ref.txt /\*'ts'\* 'tsl' vim_ref.txt /\*'tsl'\* 'ttimeout' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttimeout'\* 'ttimeoutlen' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttimeoutlen'\* 'ttm' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttm'\* 'tty' vim_ref.txt /\*'tty'\* 'ttybuiltin' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttybuiltin'\* 'ttyfast' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttyfast'\* 'ttyscroll' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttyscroll'\* 'ttytype' vim_ref.txt /\*'ttytype'\* 'tw' vim_ref.txt /\*'tw'\* 'tx' vim_ref.txt /\*'tx'\* 'uc' vim_ref.txt /\*'uc'\* 'ul' vim_ref.txt /\*'ul'\* 'undolevels' vim_ref.txt /\*'undolevels'\* 'updatecount' vim_ref.txt /\*'updatecount'\* 'updatetime' vim_ref.txt /\*'updatetime'\* 'ut' vim_ref.txt /\*'ut'\* 'vb' vim_ref.txt /\*'vb'\* 'vi' vim_ref.txt /\*'vi'\* 'viminfo' vim_ref.txt /\*'viminfo'\* 'visualbell' vim_ref.txt /\*'visualbell'\* 'w1200' vim_ref.txt /\*'w1200'\* 'w300' vim_ref.txt /\*'w300'\* 'w9600' vim_ref.txt /\*'w9600'\* 'wa' vim_ref.txt /\*'wa'\* 'warn' vim_ref.txt /\*'warn'\* 'wb' vim_ref.txt /\*'wb'\* 'wc' vim_ref.txt /\*'wc'\* 'wd' vim_ref.txt /\*'wd'\* 'weirdinvert' vim_ref.txt /\*'weirdinvert'\* 'wh' vim_ref.txt /\*'wh'\* 'whichwrap' vim_ref.txt /\*'whichwrap'\* 'wi' vim_ref.txt /\*'wi'\* 'wildchar' vim_ref.txt /\*'wildchar'\* 'window' vim_ref.txt /\*'window'\* 'winheight' vim_ref.txt /\*'winheight'\* 'wiv' vim_ref.txt /\*'wiv'\* 'wm' vim_ref.txt /\*'wm'\* 'wrap' vim_ref.txt /\*'wrap'\* 'wrapmargin' vim_ref.txt /\*'wrapmargin'\* 'wrapscan' vim_ref.txt /\*'wrapscan'\* 'writeany' vim_ref.txt /\*'writeany'\* 'writebackup' vim_ref.txt /\*'writebackup'\* 'writedelay' vim_ref.txt /\*'writedelay'\* 'ws' vim_ref.txt /\*'ws'\* 'ww' vim_ref.txt /\*'ww'\* ( vim_ref.txt /\*(\* ) vim_ref.txt /\*)\* + vim_ref.txt /\*+\* , vim_ref.txt /\*,\* ,mb: vim_ref.txt /\*,mb:\* ,mb: vim_ref.txt /\*,mb:\* - vim_ref.txt /\*-\* -+ vim_ref.txt /\*-+\* -+/ vim_ref.txt /\*-+/\* -+c vim_ref.txt /\*-+c\* -+reverse vim_gui.txt /\*-+reverse\* -+rv vim_gui.txt /\*-+rv\* -- vim_ref.txt /\*--\* -H vim_ref.txt /\*-H\* -L vim_ref.txt /\*-L\* -R vim_ref.txt /\*-R\* -T vim_ref.txt /\*-T\* -W vim_ref.txt /\*-W\* -b vim_ref.txt /\*-b\* -background vim_gui.txt /\*-background\* -bg vim_gui.txt /\*-bg\* -bold vim_gui.txt /\*-bold\* -boldfont vim_gui.txt /\*-boldfont\* -borderwidth vim_gui.txt /\*-borderwidth\* -bw vim_gui.txt /\*-bw\* -c vim_ref.txt /\*-c\* -cursor vim_gui.txt /\*-cursor\* -d vim_ref.txt /\*-d\* -display vim_gui.txt /\*-display\* -e vim_ref.txt /\*-e\* -f vim_ref.txt /\*-f\* -fg vim_gui.txt /\*-fg\* -file vim_ref.txt /\*-file\* -fn vim_gui.txt /\*-fn\* -font vim_gui.txt /\*-font\* -foreground vim_gui.txt /\*-foreground\* -geom vim_gui.txt /\*-geom\* -geometry vim_gui.txt /\*-geometry\* -gui vim_gui.txt /\*-gui\* -i vim_ref.txt /\*-i\* -iconic vim_gui.txt /\*-iconic\* -italic vim_gui.txt /\*-italic\* -italicfont vim_gui.txt /\*-italicfont\* -l vim_ref.txt /\*-l\* -menuheight vim_gui.txt /\*-menuheight\* -mh vim_gui.txt /\*-mh\* -n vim_ref.txt /\*-n\* -o vim_ref.txt /\*-o\* -qf vim_ref.txt /\*-qf\* -r vim_ref.txt /\*-r\* -reverse vim_gui.txt /\*-reverse\* -rv vim_gui.txt /\*-rv\* -s vim_ref.txt /\*-s\* 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/\b vim_ref.txt /\*/\\b\* /\bar vim_ref.txt /\*/\\bar\* /\e vim_ref.txt /\*/\\e\* /\f vim_ref.txt /\*/\\f\* /\i vim_ref.txt /\*/\\i\* /\k vim_ref.txt /\*/\\k\* /\p vim_ref.txt /\*/\\p\* /\r vim_ref.txt /\*/\\r\* /\star vim_ref.txt /\*/\\star\* /\t vim_ref.txt /\*/\\t\* /\~ vim_ref.txt /\*/\\~\* /^ vim_ref.txt /\*/^\* /bar vim_ref.txt /\*/bar\* /star vim_ref.txt /\*/star\* /vim/src/ vim_ref.txt /\*/vim/src/\* /~ vim_ref.txt /\*/~\* 0 vim_ref.txt /\*0\* : vim_ref.txt /\*:\* :! vim_ref.txt /\*:!\* :!! vim_ref.txt /\*:!!\* :!cmd vim_ref.txt /\*:!cmd\* :# vim_ref.txt /\*:#\* :$ vim_ref.txt /\*:$\* :% vim_ref.txt /\*:%\* :& vim_ref.txt /\*:&\* :' vim_ref.txt /\*:'\* :+cmd vim_ref.txt /\*:+cmd\* :. vim_ref.txt /\*:.\* :/ vim_ref.txt /\*:/\* ::e vim_ref.txt /\*::e\* ::h vim_ref.txt /\*::h\* ::p vim_ref.txt /\*::p\* ::r vim_ref.txt /\*::r\* ::t vim_ref.txt /\*::t\* :< vim_ref.txt /\*:<\* : vim_ref.txt /\*:\* : vim_ref.txt /\*:\* : vim_ref.txt /\*:\* : vim_ref.txt /\*:\* := vim_ref.txt /\*:=\* :> vim_ref.txt /\*:>\* :? vim_ref.txt /\*:?\* :@ vim_ref.txt /\*:@\* :@@ vim_ref.txt /\*:@@\* :N vim_ref.txt /\*:N\* :Next vim_ref.txt /\*:Next\* :_! vim_ref.txt /\*:_!\* :_# vim_ref.txt /\*:_#\* :_% vim_ref.txt /\*:_%\* :_%: vim_ref.txt /\*:_%:\* :_%< vim_ref.txt /\*:_%<\* :a vim_ref.txt /\*:a\* :ab vim_ref.txt /\*:ab\* :abbreviate vim_ref.txt /\*:abbreviate\* :abc vim_ref.txt /\*:abc\* :abclear vim_ref.txt /\*:abclear\* :al vim_win.txt /\*:al\* :all vim_win.txt /\*:all\* :append vim_ref.txt /\*:append\* :ar vim_ref.txt /\*:ar\* :args vim_ref.txt /\*:args\* :argu vim_ref.txt /\*:argu\* :argument vim_ref.txt /\*:argument\* :as vim_ref.txt /\*:as\* :ascii vim_ref.txt /\*:ascii\* :au vim_ref.txt /\*:au\* :autocmd vim_ref.txt /\*:autocmd\* :b vim_win.txt /\*:b\* :bN vim_win.txt /\*:bN\* :bNext vim_win.txt /\*:bNext\* :ba vim_win.txt /\*:ba\* :ball vim_win.txt /\*:ball\* :bar vim_ref.txt /\*:bar\* :bd vim_win.txt /\*:bd\* :bdelete vim_win.txt /\*:bdelete\* :bl vim_win.txt /\*:bl\* :blast 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/\*:clo\* :close vim_win.txt /\*:close\* :cm vim_ref.txt /\*:cm\* :cmap vim_ref.txt /\*:cmap\* :cmap_l vim_ref.txt /\*:cmap_l\* :cmapc vim_ref.txt /\*:cmapc\* :cmapclear vim_ref.txt /\*:cmapclear\* :cmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:cmenu\* :cn vim_ref.txt /\*:cn\* :cnext vim_ref.txt /\*:cnext\* :cno vim_ref.txt /\*:cno\* :cnorea vim_ref.txt /\*:cnorea\* :cnoreabbrev vim_ref.txt /\*:cnoreabbrev\* :cnoremap vim_ref.txt /\*:cnoremap\* :cnoremenu vim_gui.txt /\*:cnoremenu\* :co vim_ref.txt /\*:co\* :copy vim_ref.txt /\*:copy\* :cp vim_ref.txt /\*:cp\* :cprevious vim_ref.txt /\*:cprevious\* :cq vim_ref.txt /\*:cq\* :cquit vim_ref.txt /\*:cquit\* :cu vim_ref.txt /\*:cu\* :cuna vim_ref.txt /\*:cuna\* :cunabbrev vim_ref.txt /\*:cunabbrev\* :cunmap vim_ref.txt /\*:cunmap\* :cunme vim_gui.txt /\*:cunme\* :cunmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:cunmenu\* :d vim_ref.txt /\*:d\* :delete vim_ref.txt /\*:delete\* :di vim_ref.txt /\*:di\* :dig vim_ref.txt /\*:dig\* :digraphs vim_ref.txt /\*:digraphs\* :display vim_ref.txt 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vim_ref.txt /\*:j\* :join vim_ref.txt /\*:join\* :ju vim_ref.txt /\*:ju\* :jumps vim_ref.txt /\*:jumps\* :k vim_ref.txt /\*:k\* :l vim_ref.txt /\*:l\* :la vim_ref.txt /\*:la\* :last vim_ref.txt /\*:last\* :le vim_ref.txt /\*:le\* :left vim_ref.txt /\*:left\* :list vim_ref.txt /\*:list\* :ls vim_win.txt /\*:ls\* :m vim_ref.txt /\*:m\* :ma vim_ref.txt /\*:ma\* :mak vim_ref.txt /\*:mak\* :make vim_ref.txt /\*:make\* :make_makeprg vim_ref.txt /\*:make_makeprg\* :map vim_ref.txt /\*:map\* :map! vim_ref.txt /\*:map!\* :map_l vim_ref.txt /\*:map_l\* :map_l! vim_ref.txt /\*:map_l!\* :mapc vim_ref.txt /\*:mapc\* :mapc! vim_ref.txt /\*:mapc!\* :mapclear vim_ref.txt /\*:mapclear\* :mapclear! vim_ref.txt /\*:mapclear!\* :mark vim_ref.txt /\*:mark\* :marks vim_ref.txt /\*:marks\* :me vim_gui.txt /\*:me\* :menu vim_gui.txt /\*:menu\* :mk vim_ref.txt /\*:mk\* :mkexrc vim_ref.txt /\*:mkexrc\* :mkv vim_ref.txt /\*:mkv\* :mkvimrc vim_ref.txt /\*:mkvimrc\* :mod vim_ref.txt /\*:mod\* :mode vim_ref.txt /\*:mode\* :move vim_ref.txt /\*:move\* :n vim_ref.txt /\*:n\* :new vim_win.txt /\*:new\* :next vim_ref.txt /\*:next\* :next_f vim_ref.txt /\*:next_f\* :nm vim_ref.txt /\*:nm\* :nmap vim_ref.txt /\*:nmap\* :nmap_l vim_ref.txt /\*:nmap_l\* :nmapc vim_ref.txt /\*:nmapc\* :nmapclear vim_ref.txt /\*:nmapclear\* :nmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:nmenu\* :nn vim_ref.txt /\*:nn\* :nnoremap vim_ref.txt /\*:nnoremap\* :nnoremenu vim_gui.txt /\*:nnoremenu\* :no vim_ref.txt /\*:no\* :no! vim_ref.txt /\*:no!\* :norea vim_ref.txt /\*:norea\* :noreabbrev vim_ref.txt /\*:noreabbrev\* :noremap vim_ref.txt /\*:noremap\* :noremap! vim_ref.txt /\*:noremap!\* :noremenu vim_gui.txt /\*:noremenu\* :norm vim_ref.txt /\*:norm\* :normal vim_ref.txt /\*:normal\* :nu vim_ref.txt /\*:nu\* :number vim_ref.txt /\*:number\* :nun vim_ref.txt /\*:nun\* :nunmap vim_ref.txt /\*:nunmap\* :nunme vim_gui.txt /\*:nunme\* :nunmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:nunmenu\* :o vim_ref.txt /\*:o\* :on vim_win.txt /\*:on\* :only vim_win.txt /\*:only\* :open vim_ref.txt /\*:open\* :p vim_ref.txt /\*:p\* :po vim_ref.txt /\*:po\* :pop vim_ref.txt /\*:pop\* :pre vim_ref.txt /\*:pre\* :preserve vim_ref.txt /\*:preserve\* :prev vim_ref.txt /\*:prev\* :previous vim_ref.txt /\*:previous\* :print vim_ref.txt /\*:print\* :pu vim_ref.txt /\*:pu\* :put vim_ref.txt /\*:put\* :pw vim_ref.txt /\*:pw\* :pwd vim_ref.txt /\*:pwd\* :q vim_ref.txt /\*:q\* :qa vim_win.txt /\*:qa\* :qall vim_win.txt /\*:qall\* :quit vim_ref.txt /\*:quit\* :quote vim_ref.txt /\*:quote\* :r vim_ref.txt /\*:r\* :r! vim_ref.txt /\*:r!\* :range vim_ref.txt /\*:range\* :range! vim_ref.txt /\*:range!\* :read vim_ref.txt /\*:read\* :read! vim_ref.txt /\*:read!\* :rec vim_ref.txt /\*:rec\* :recover vim_ref.txt /\*:recover\* :red vim_ref.txt /\*:red\* :redo vim_ref.txt /\*:redo\* :reg vim_ref.txt /\*:reg\* :registers vim_ref.txt /\*:registers\* :res vim_win.txt /\*:res\* :resize vim_win.txt /\*:resize\* :ret vim_ref.txt /\*:ret\* :retab vim_ref.txt /\*:retab\* :rew vim_ref.txt /\*:rew\* :rewind vim_ref.txt /\*:rewind\* :ri vim_ref.txt /\*:ri\* :right vim_ref.txt /\*:right\* :rv vim_ref.txt /\*:rv\* :rviminfo vim_ref.txt /\*:rviminfo\* :s vim_ref.txt /\*:s\* :sN vim_win.txt /\*:sN\* :sNext vim_win.txt /\*:sNext\* :s_c vim_ref.txt /\*:s_c\* :sa vim_win.txt /\*:sa\* :sal vim_win.txt /\*:sal\* :sall vim_win.txt /\*:sall\* :sargument vim_win.txt /\*:sargument\* :sb vim_win.txt /\*:sb\* :sbN vim_win.txt /\*:sbN\* :sbNext vim_win.txt /\*:sbNext\* :sba vim_win.txt /\*:sba\* :sball vim_win.txt /\*:sball\* :sbl vim_win.txt /\*:sbl\* :sblast vim_win.txt /\*:sblast\* :sbm vim_win.txt /\*:sbm\* :sbmodified vim_win.txt /\*:sbmodified\* :sbn vim_win.txt /\*:sbn\* :sbnext vim_win.txt /\*:sbnext\* :sbp vim_win.txt /\*:sbp\* :sbprevious vim_win.txt /\*:sbprevious\* :sbr vim_win.txt /\*:sbr\* :sbrewind vim_win.txt /\*:sbrewind\* :sbuffer vim_win.txt /\*:sbuffer\* :se vim_ref.txt /\*:se\* :set vim_ref.txt /\*:set\* :set_env vim_ref.txt /\*:set_env\* :sh vim_ref.txt /\*:sh\* :shell vim_ref.txt /\*:shell\* :sl vim_ref.txt /\*:sl\* :sla vim_win.txt /\*:sla\* :slast vim_win.txt /\*:slast\* :sleep vim_ref.txt /\*:sleep\* :sn vim_win.txt /\*:sn\* :snext vim_win.txt /\*:snext\* :so vim_ref.txt /\*:so\* :source vim_ref.txt /\*:source\* :source_crnl vim_ref.txt /\*:source_crnl\* :sp vim_win.txt /\*:sp\* :split vim_win.txt /\*:split\* :split_f vim_win.txt /\*:split_f\* :spr vim_win.txt /\*:spr\* :sprevious vim_win.txt /\*:sprevious\* :sr vim_win.txt /\*:sr\* :srewind vim_win.txt /\*:srewind\* :st vim_ref.txt /\*:st\* :sta vim_win.txt /\*:sta\* :stag vim_win.txt /\*:stag\* :star vim_ref.txt /\*:star\* :stop vim_ref.txt /\*:stop\* :substitute vim_ref.txt /\*:substitute\* :sun vim_win.txt /\*:sun\* :sunhide vim_win.txt /\*:sunhide\* :sus vim_ref.txt /\*:sus\* :suspend vim_ref.txt /\*:suspend\* :sv vim_win.txt /\*:sv\* :sview vim_win.txt /\*:sview\* :sw vim_ref.txt /\*:sw\* :swapname vim_ref.txt /\*:swapname\* :t vim_ref.txt /\*:t\* :ta vim_ref.txt /\*:ta\* :tag vim_ref.txt /\*:tag\* :tags vim_ref.txt /\*:tags\* :u vim_ref.txt /\*:u\* :una vim_ref.txt /\*:una\* :unabbreviate vim_ref.txt /\*:unabbreviate\* :undo vim_ref.txt /\*:undo\* :unh vim_win.txt /\*:unh\* :unhide vim_win.txt /\*:unhide\* :unm vim_ref.txt /\*:unm\* :unm! vim_ref.txt /\*:unm!\* :unmap vim_ref.txt /\*:unmap\* :unmap! vim_ref.txt /\*:unmap!\* :unme vim_gui.txt /\*:unme\* :unmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:unmenu\* :v vim_ref.txt /\*:v\* :ve vim_ref.txt /\*:ve\* :version vim_ref.txt /\*:version\* :vglobal vim_ref.txt /\*:vglobal\* :vi vim_ref.txt /\*:vi\* :vie vim_ref.txt /\*:vie\* :view vim_ref.txt /\*:view\* :visual vim_ref.txt /\*:visual\* :visual_example vim_ref.txt /\*:visual_example\* :vm vim_ref.txt /\*:vm\* :vmap vim_ref.txt /\*:vmap\* :vmap_l vim_ref.txt /\*:vmap_l\* :vmapc vim_ref.txt /\*:vmapc\* :vmapclear vim_ref.txt /\*:vmapclear\* :vmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:vmenu\* :vn vim_ref.txt /\*:vn\* :vnoremap vim_ref.txt /\*:vnoremap\* :vnoremenu vim_gui.txt /\*:vnoremenu\* :vu vim_ref.txt /\*:vu\* :vunmap vim_ref.txt /\*:vunmap\* :vunme vim_gui.txt /\*:vunme\* :vunmenu vim_gui.txt /\*:vunmenu\* :w vim_ref.txt /\*:w\* :w! vim_ref.txt /\*:w!\* :wN vim_ref.txt /\*:wN\* :wNext vim_ref.txt /\*:wNext\* :w_a vim_ref.txt /\*:w_a\* :w_c vim_ref.txt /\*:w_c\* :w_f vim_ref.txt /\*:w_f\* :wa vim_win.txt /\*:wa\* :wall vim_win.txt /\*:wall\* :wn vim_ref.txt /\*:wn\* :wnext vim_ref.txt /\*:wnext\* :wp vim_ref.txt /\*:wp\* :wprevious vim_ref.txt /\*:wprevious\* :wq vim_ref.txt /\*:wq\* :wqa vim_win.txt /\*:wqa\* :wqall vim_win.txt /\*:wqall\* :write vim_ref.txt /\*:write\* :write_a vim_ref.txt /\*:write_a\* :write_c vim_ref.txt /\*:write_c\* :write_f vim_ref.txt /\*:write_f\* :wv vim_ref.txt /\*:wv\* :wviminfo vim_ref.txt /\*:wviminfo\* :x vim_ref.txt /\*:x\* :xa vim_win.txt /\*:xa\* :xall vim_win.txt /\*:xall\* :xit vim_ref.txt /\*:xit\* :y vim_ref.txt /\*:y\* :yank vim_ref.txt /\*:yank\* :z vim_ref.txt /\*:z\* :~ vim_ref.txt /\*:~\* ; vim_ref.txt /\*;\* < vim_ref.txt /\*<\* << vim_ref.txt /\*<<\* <> vim_ref.txt /\*<>\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* vim_ref.txt /\*\* = vim_ref.txt /\*=\* == vim_ref.txt /\*==\* > vim_ref.txt /\*>\* >> vim_ref.txt /\*>>\* ? vim_ref.txt /\*?\* ? vim_ref.txt /\*?\* @ vim_ref.txt /\*@\* @: vim_ref.txt /\*@:\* @@ vim_ref.txt /\*@@\* A vim_ref.txt /\*A\* B vim_ref.txt /\*B\* BufEnter vim_ref.txt /\*BufEnter\* BufLeave vim_ref.txt /\*BufLeave\* BufNewFile vim_ref.txt /\*BufNewFile\* BufRead vim_ref.txt /\*BufRead\* BufReadPost vim_ref.txt /\*BufReadPost\* BufReadPre vim_ref.txt /\*BufReadPre\* BufWrite vim_ref.txt /\*BufWrite\* BufWritePost vim_ref.txt /\*BufWritePost\* BufWritePre vim_ref.txt /\*BufWritePre\* C vim_ref.txt /\*C\* C-editing vim_tips.txt /\*C-editing\* COMSPEC vim_ref.txt /\*COMSPEC\* CTRL-A vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-A\* CTRL-B vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-B\* CTRL-C vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-C\* CTRL-D vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-D\* CTRL-E vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-E\* CTRL-F vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-F\* CTRL-G vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-G\* CTRL-H vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-H\* CTRL-I vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-I\* CTRL-J vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-J\* CTRL-L vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-L\* CTRL-M vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-M\* CTRL-N vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-N\* CTRL-O vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-O\* CTRL-P vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-P\* CTRL-R vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-R\* CTRL-T vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-T\* CTRL-U vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-U\* CTRL-V vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-V\* CTRL-W vim_idx.txt /\*CTRL-W\* CTRL-W_+ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_+\* CTRL-W_- vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_-\* CTRL-W_ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_\* CTRL-W_ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_\* CTRL-W_= vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_=\* CTRL-W_CTRL-B vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-B\* CTRL-W_CTRL-C vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-C\* CTRL-W_CTRL-D vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-D\* CTRL-W_CTRL-F vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-F\* CTRL-W_CTRL-I vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-I\* CTRL-W_CTRL-J vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-J\* CTRL-W_CTRL-K vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-K\* CTRL-W_CTRL-N vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-N\* CTRL-W_CTRL-O vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-O\* CTRL-W_CTRL-P vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-P\* CTRL-W_CTRL-Q vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-Q\* CTRL-W_CTRL-R vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-R\* CTRL-W_CTRL-S vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-S\* CTRL-W_CTRL-T vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-T\* CTRL-W_CTRL-W vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-W\* CTRL-W_CTRL-X vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-X\* CTRL-W_CTRL-] vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-]\* CTRL-W_CTRL-^ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-^\* CTRL-W_CTRL-_ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_CTRL-_\* CTRL-W_R vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_R\* CTRL-W_S vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_S\* CTRL-W_W vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_W\* CTRL-W_] vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_]\* CTRL-W_^ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_^\* CTRL-W__ vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W__\* CTRL-W_b vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_b\* CTRL-W_c vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_c\* CTRL-W_d vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-W_d\* CTRL-W_f vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_f\* CTRL-W_i vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-W_i\* CTRL-W_j vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_j\* CTRL-W_k vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_k\* CTRL-W_n vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_n\* CTRL-W_o vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_o\* CTRL-W_p vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_p\* CTRL-W_q vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_q\* CTRL-W_r vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_r\* CTRL-W_s vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_s\* CTRL-W_t vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_t\* CTRL-W_w vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_w\* CTRL-W_x vim_win.txt /\*CTRL-W_x\* CTRL-X vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-X\* CTRL-Y vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-Y\* CTRL-Z vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-Z\* CTRL-] vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-]\* CTRL-^ vim_ref.txt /\*CTRL-^\* C_indenting vim_ref.txt /\*C_indenting\* D vim_ref.txt 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single_repeat vim_ref.txt /\*single_repeat\* slow_fast_terminal vim_ref.txt /\*slow_fast_terminal\* slow_start vim_ref.txt /\*slow_start\* slow_terminal vim_ref.txt /\*slow_terminal\* space vim_ref.txt /\*space\* speed-up vim_tips.txt /\*speed-up\* spoon vim_unix.txt /\*spoon\* star vim_ref.txt /\*star\* starting vim_ref.txt /\*starting\* startup vim_ref.txt /\*startup\* startup-options vim_ref.txt /\*startup-options\* startup_terminal vim_ref.txt /\*startup_terminal\* static_tag vim_ref.txt /\*static_tag\* status_line vim_win.txt /\*status_line\* suffixes vim_ref.txt /\*suffixes\* suspend vim_ref.txt /\*suspend\* swap_file vim_ref.txt /\*swap_file\* swapfile_changed vim_40.txt /\*swapfile_changed\* t vim_ref.txt /\*t\* t_#4 vim_ref.txt /\*t_#4\* t_%1 vim_ref.txt /\*t_%1\* t_%i vim_ref.txt /\*t_%i\* t_&8 vim_ref.txt /\*t_&8\* t_@7 vim_ref.txt /\*t_@7\* t_AL vim_ref.txt /\*t_AL\* t_CS vim_ref.txt /\*t_CS\* t_DL vim_ref.txt /\*t_DL\* t_F1 vim_ref.txt /\*t_F1\* t_F2 vim_ref.txt /\*t_F2\* 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/\*t_sf9\* t_skd vim_40.txt /\*t_skd\* t_skl vim_40.txt /\*t_skl\* t_skr vim_40.txt /\*t_skr\* t_sku vim_40.txt /\*t_sku\* t_so vim_ref.txt /\*t_so\* t_sr vim_ref.txt /\*t_sr\* t_tb vim_40.txt /\*t_tb\* t_te vim_ref.txt /\*t_te\* t_ti vim_ref.txt /\*t_ti\* t_tp vim_40.txt /\*t_tp\* t_ts vim_40.txt /\*t_ts\* t_ue vim_ref.txt /\*t_ue\* t_undo vim_40.txt /\*t_undo\* t_us vim_ref.txt /\*t_us\* t_vb vim_ref.txt /\*t_vb\* t_ve vim_ref.txt /\*t_ve\* t_vi vim_ref.txt /\*t_vi\* t_vs vim_ref.txt /\*t_vs\* tab vim_ref.txt /\*tab\* tag_commands vim_ref.txt /\*tag_commands\* tag_priority vim_ref.txt /\*tag_priority\* tag_search vim_ref.txt /\*tag_search\* tags_and_searches vim_ref.txt /\*tags_and_searches\* tags_option vim_ref.txt /\*tags_option\* tagstack vim_ref.txt /\*tagstack\* tcsh-style vim_ref.txt /\*tcsh-style\* termcap vim_ref.txt /\*termcap\* termcap_changed vim_40.txt /\*termcap_changed\* terminal_info vim_ref.txt /\*terminal_info\* terminal_options vim_ref.txt /\*terminal_options\* 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/\*z\* z- vim_ref.txt /\*z-\* z. vim_ref.txt /\*z.\* z vim_ref.txt /\*z\* z vim_ref.txt /\*z\* z vim_ref.txt /\*z\* zN vim_ref.txt /\*zN\* zb vim_ref.txt /\*zb\* ze vim_ref.txt /\*ze\* zh vim_ref.txt /\*zh\* zl vim_ref.txt /\*zl\* zs vim_ref.txt /\*zs\* zt vim_ref.txt /\*zt\* zz vim_ref.txt /\*zz\* { vim_ref.txt /\*{\* {Visual} vim_ref.txt /\*{Visual}\* {motion} vim_ref.txt /\*{motion}\* } vim_ref.txt /\*}\* ~ vim_ref.txt /\*~\* 07070100000f15000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081200002f0c000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_tips.txt*vim_tips.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Aug 30 Contents: Editing C programs |C-editing| Editing local HTML files (WWW) |html-editing| Editing paragraphs without a line break |edit-no-break| Switching screens in an xterm |xterm-screens| Scrolling in Insert mode |scroll-insert| Smooth scrolling |scroll-smooth| Correcting common typing mistakes |type-mistakes| Renaming files |rename-files| Speeding up external commands |speed-up| Useful mappings |useful-mappings| Compressing the help files |gzip-helpfile| Executing shell commands in a window |shell_window| Pseudo-Ex mode |pseudo-Q| Using <> notation in autocommands |autocmd-<>| Editing C programs *C-editing* ================== There are quite a few features in Vim to help you edit C program files. Here is an overview with tags to jump to: |C_indenting| Automatically set the indent of line while typing text. |=| Re-indent a few lines. |format_comments| Format comments. |:checkpath| Show all recursively included files. |[i| Search for identifier under cursor in current and included files. |[_CTRL-I| Jump to match for "[i" |[I| List all lines in current and included files where identifier under the cursor matches. |[d| Search for define under cursor in current and included files. |CTRL-]| Jump to tag under cursor. |CTRL-T| Jump back from tag. |gd| Go to Declaration of local variable under cursor. |gD| Go to Declaration of global variable under cursor. |gf| Go to file name under the cursor. |%| Go to matching (), {}, [], /* */, #if, #else, #endif. |[/| Go to previous start of comment. |]/| Go to next end of comment. |[#| Go back to unclosed #if, #ifdef, or #else. |]#| Go forward to unclosed #else or #endif. |[(| Go back to unclosed '(' |])| Go forward to unclosed ')' |[{| Go back to unclosed '{' |]}| Go forward to unclosed '}' |v_S| Select current block from "[(" to "])" |v_P| Select current block from "[{" to "]}" Editing local HTML files (WWW) *html-editing* ============================== Vim has some features which can help simplify the creation and maintenance of HTML files, provided that the files you are editing are available on the local file system. The "]f", "gf" and "CTRL-W f" commands can be used to jump to the file whose name appears under the cursor, thus not only checking that the link is valid (at least the file name part of the URL) but also providing a quick and easy way to edit many related HTML pages at once. |gf| A set of macros to help with editing html can be found on the Vim pages. |www| Editing paragraphs without a line break *edit-no-break* ======================================= If you are typing text in Vim that will later go to a word processor, it is useful to keep a paragraph as a single line. To make this more easy: - set 'wrap' on, to make lines wrap |'wrap'| - set 'linebreak' on, to make wrapping happen at a blank |'linebreak'| - use "gk" and "gj" to move one screen line up or down |gj| Switching screens in an xterm *xterm-screens* ============================= (From comp.editors, by Juergen Weigert, in reply to a question) >> Another question is that after exiting vim, the screen is left as it >> was, i.e. the contents of the file I was viewing (editting) was left on >> the screen. The output from my previous like "ls" were lost, >> ie. no longer in the scrolling buffer. I know that there is a way to >> restore the screen after exiting vim or other vi like editors, >> I just don't know how. Helps are appreciated. Thanks. >I imagine someone else can answer this. I assume though that vim and vi do >the same thing as each other for a given xterm setup. They not necessarily do the same thing, as this may be a termcap vs. terminfo problem. You should be aware that there are two databases for describing attributes of a particular type of terminal: termcap and terminfo. This can cause differences when the entries differ *and* when of the programs in question one uses terminfo and the other uses termcap. In your particular problem, you are looking for the control sequences ^[[?47h and ^[[?47l. These switch between xterms alternate and main screen buffer. As a quick workaround a command sequence like echo -n "^[[?47h"; vim ... ; echo -n "^[[?47l" may do what you want. (My notation ^[ means the ESC character, further down you'll see that the databases use \E instead). On startup, vim echoes the value of the termcap variable ti (terminfo: smcup) to the terminal. When exiting, it echoes te (terminfo: rmcup). Thus these two variables are the correct place where the above mentioned control sequences should go. Compare your xterm termcap entry (found in /etc/termcap) with your xterm terminfo entry (retrieved with /usr/5bin/infocmp -C xterm). Both should contain entries similar to: :te=\E[2J\E[?47l\E8:ti=\E7\E[?47h: PS: If you find any difference, someone (your sysadmin?) should better check the complete termcap and terminfo database for consistency. NOTE: If you recompile Vim with SAVE_XTERM_SCREEN defined in feature.h, the builtin xterm will include the mentioned "te" and "ti" entries. Scrolling in Insert mode *scroll-insert* ======================== If you are in insert mode and you want to see something that is just off the screen, you can use CTRL-X CTRL-E and CTRL-X CTRL-Y to scroll the screen. |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E| To make this easier, you could use these mappings: :inoremap ^E ^X^E :inoremap ^Y ^X^Y (Type CTRL-V CTRL-E to enter ^E, CTRL-V CTRL-X to enter ^X, etc.) Also consider setting 'scrolloff' to a larger value, so that you can always see some context around the cursor. If 'scrolloff' is bigger than half the window height, the cursor will always be in the middle and the text is scrolled when the cursor is moved up/down. Smooth scrolling *scroll-smooth* ================ If you like the scrolling to go a bit smoother, you can use these mappings: :map ^U ^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y^Y :map ^D ^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E^E (Type CTRL-V CTRL-U to enter ^U, CTRL-V CTRL-Y to enter ^Y, etc.) Correcting common typing mistakes *type-mistakes* ================================= When there are a few words that you keep on typing in the wrong way, make abbreviations that correct them. For example: :ab teh the :ab fro for Renaming files *rename-files* ============== Say I have a directory with the following files in them (directory picked at random :-): addcr.c alloc.c amiga.c ... and I want to rename *.c *.bla. I'd do it like this: $ vim :r! ls *.c :%s/\(.*\).c/mv & \1.bla :w !sh :q! Speeding up external commands *speed-up* ============================= In some situations, execution of an external command can be very slow. This can also slow down wildcard expansion on Unix. Here are a few suggestions to increase the speed. If your .cshrc (or other file, depending on the shell used) is very long, you should separate it into a section for interactive use and a section for non-interactive use (often called secondary shells). When you execute a command from Vim like ":!ls", you do not need the interactive things (for example, setting the prompt). Put the stuff that is not needed after these lines: if ($?prompt == 0) then exit 0 endif Another way is to include the "-f" flag in the 'shell' option, e.g.: :set shell=csh\ -f (the backslash is needed to include the space in the option). This will make csh completely skip the use of the .cshrc file. This may cause some things to stop working though. Useful mappings *useful-mappings* =============== Here are a few mappings that some people like to use. :map ' ` Make the single quote work like a backtick. Puts the cursor on the column of a mark, instead of going to the first non-blank character in the line. *emacs_keys* For Emacs-style editing on the command-line: :cnoremap ^A start of line :cnoremap ^B back one character :cnoremap ^D delete character under cursor :cnoremap ^E end of line :cnoremap ^F forward one character :cnoremap ^N recall newer command-line :cnoremap ^P recall previous (older) command-line :cnoremap ^B back one word :cnoremap ^F forward one word *format_bullet_list* This mapping will format any bullet list. It requires that there is an empty line above and below each list entry: :map _f :set ai{O}{)^Wi gq}{dd5lDJ (<> notation |<>|. Note that ^W is "^" "W", not CTRL-W. You can copy/paste this into Vim if '<' is not included in 'cpoptions') You also need to set 'textwidth' to a non-zero value, e.g., set tw=70 A mapping that does about the same, but takes the indent for the list from the first line (Note: this mapping is a single long line): :map _f :set ai}{a WWmmkD`mikkddpJgq}'mJOj Compressing the help files *gzip-helpfile* ========================== For those of you who are really short on disk space, you can compress the help files and still be able to view them with Vim. This makes accessing the help files a bit slower. (1) Compress all the help files: "gzip doc/*.txt". (2) Edit "doc/vim_tags" and do ":%s=\\.txt/=.txt.gz/=" (<> notation |<>|. You have to type a single backslash for \\ and a real Tab for ) (3) Add these lines to your vimrc: set helpfile=/vim_help.txt.gz autocmd BufReadPre *.txt.gz set bin autocmd BufReadPost *.txt.gz '[,']!gunzip autocmd BufReadPost *.txt.gz set nobin set cmdheight=2 Where is the directory where the help files are. If you have already included autocommands to edit ".gz" files, you should omit the three "autocmd" lines. Setting the command height to two is to avoid having to hit return; it is not mandatory. Executing shell commands in a window *shell_window* ==================================== There have been questions for the possibility to execute a shell in a window inside Vim. The answer: you can't! Including this would add a lot of code to Vim, which is a good reason not to do this. After all, Vim is an editor, it is not supposed to do non-editing tasks. However, to get something like this, you might try splitting your terminal screen or display window with the "splitvt" program. You can probably find it on some ftp server. The person that knows more about this is Sam Lantinga (slouken@cs.ucdavis.edu). Pseudo-Ex mode *pseudo-Q* ============== If you really miss the "Q" command from Vi a lot, you might want to try this mapping. It is far from a real Ex mode, but it looks like it. The "Q" command can still be used for formatting if you use Visual mode. You need to type "visual" to get out of Ex mode. Unfortunately, any error message does that too. nnoremap Q :cnoremap :: cabbrev visual cunmap (<> notation |<>|. You should enter this literally.) In a following version of Vim the "Q" command will be made Vi compatible. Use "gq" for formatting text. Using <> notation in autocommands *autocmd-<>* ================================= The <> notation is not recognized in the argument for :autocmd. To avoid having to use special characters, you could use a mapping to get the <> notation and then call the mapping from the autocmd. Example: *buffer-menu* " " This is for automatically adding the name of the file to the menu list " first we use the normal mode to convert the 'dots' in the filename to " \., store that in register '"' and then add that name to the Buffers menu " list. WARNING: this does have some side effects, like overwriting the " current register contents. " nmap _xaddbufmenu O%:.g/\./s/\./\\./g0"9y$u:menu Buffers.9 :buffer % autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPre * normal _xaddbufmenu vim:ts=8:sw=8:js:tw=78: 07070100000f16000081a400000064000000640000000132f50812000007f4000000200000001b00000000000000000000001b00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_unix.txt*vim_unix.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 20 This file contains the particularities for the Unix version of Vim. For compiling Vim on Unix see "INSTALL" and "Makefile" in the src directory. The default help filename is "/usr/local/lib/vim/vim_help.txt" The files "$HOME/.vimrc" and "$HOME/.exrc" are used instead of "s:.vimrc" and "s:.exrc". Additionally "/usr/local/etc/vimrc" is used first. If "/usr/local/share" exists it is used instead of "/usr/local/lib" Temporary files (for filtering) are put in "/tmp". With wildcard expansion you can use <~> (home directory) and <$> (environment variable). *fork* *spoon* For executing external commands fork()/exec() is used when possible, otherwise system() is used, which is a bit slower. The output of ":version" includes "+fork" when fork()/exec() is used. This can be changed at compile time by defining USE_SYSTEM in feature.h. (For forking of the GUI version see |gui_fork|). Because terminal updating under Unix is often slow (e.g. serial line terminal, shell window in suntools), the 'showcommand' and 'ruler' options are default off. If you have a fast terminal, try setting them on. You might also want to set 'ttyfast'. When using Vim in an xterm the mouse clicks can be used by Vim by setting 'mouse' to "a". If you then still want the xterm copy/paste with the mouse, press the shift key when using the mouse. See |mouse_using|. *colors* To use colors in Vim you can use the following example (if your terminal supports colors!): :set t_me=^[[0;1;36m " normal mode (undoes t_mr and t_md) :set t_mr=^[[0;1;33;44m " reverse (invert) mode :set t_md=^[[1;33;41m " bold mode :set t_se=^[[1;36;40m " standout end :set t_so=^[[1;32;45m " standout mode :set t_ue=^[[0;1;36m " underline end :set t_us=^[[1;32m " underline mode start [the ^[ is an , type CTRL-V to enter it] The file "tools/Vim132" is a shell script that can be used to put Vim in 132 column mode on a vt100 and lookalikes. 07070100000f17000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081200003dfe000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_w32.txt*vim_w32.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Sep 30 This file documents the idiosyncrasies of the Win32 version of Vim. The Win32 version was written by George V. Reilly . The original Windows NT port was done by Roger Knobbe . The Win32 version of Vim works on both Windows NT and Windows 95. It is a console-mode application (i.e., it runs in a command prompt window or a "DOS box"). It is not a full-fledged Windows GUI application, although it may become one some day. It will not run in the Win32s subsystem in Windows 3.1; use the 32-bit DOS version of Vim instead. See |vim_dos.txt|. KNOWN PROBLEMS There are a few known problems with running the Win32 Vim on Windows 95. Comments from somebody working at Microsoft: "Win95 console support has always been and will always be flaky". - Dead key support doesn't work. - Resizing the window with ":set columns=nn rows=n" works, but executing external commands may cause the system to crash. If this bothers you, use the 32 bit MS-DOS version. - When doing filename completion, matches for the short filename will also be found. But this will result in the corresponding long filename. For example, if you have the long file name "this_is_a_test" with the short filename "this_i~1", the command ":e *1" will start editing "this_is_a_test". LOCATION OF DOCUMENTATION and VIMRC FILE You should set the environment variable "VIM" to the directory where the Vim documentation files are. If "VIM" is used but not defined, "HOME" is tried too. If the HOME environment variable is not set, the value "C:/" is used as a default. The default help filename is "$VIM\vim_help.txt". If the environment variable $VIM is not defined or the file is not found, the Win32 search path is used to search for the file "vim_help.txt". If you do not want to put "vim_help.txt" in your search path, use the command ":set helpfile=pathname" to tell Vim where the help file is. |'helpfile'| Vim will look for initializations in eight places. The first that is found is used and the others are ignored. The order is: - The environment variable VIMINIT - The file "$VIM/_vimrc" - The file "$HOME/_vimrc" - The file "$VIM/.vimrc" - The file "$HOME/.vimrc" - The environment variable EXINIT - The file "$VIM/_exrc" - The file "$HOME/_exrc" USING BACKSLASHES Using backslashes in file names can be a problem. Vi halves the number of backslashes for some commands. Vim is a bit more tolerant and backslashes are not removed from a file name, so ":e c:\foo\bar" works as expected. But when a backslash is used before a special character (space, comma, backslash, etc.), it is removed. Use slashes to avoid problems: ":e c:/foo/bar" works fine. Vim will replace the slashes with backslashes internally, to avoid problems with some MS-DOS programs and Win32 programs. USING COLORS You can set the color used in five modes with nine termcap options. Which of the five modes is used for which action depends on the |'highlight'| option. ":set t_mr=^V^[\|xxm" start of invert mode ":set t_md=^V^[\|xxm" start of bold mode ":set t_me=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ":set t_so=^V^[\|xxm" start of standout mode ":set t_se=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ":set t_us=^V^[\|xxm" start of underline mode ":set t_ue=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ":set t_ZH=^V^[\|xxm" start of italics mode ":set t_ZR=^V^[\|xxm" back to normal text ^V is CTRL-V ^[ is xx must be replaced with a decimal code, which is the foreground color number and background color number added together: COLOR FOREGROUND BACKGROUND black 0 0 blue 1 16 green 2 32 cyan 3 48 red 4 64 magenta 5 80 brown 6 96 lightgray 7 112 darkgray 8 128 lightblue 9 144 lightgreen 10 160 lighcyan 11 176 lightred 12 192 lightmagenta 13 208 yellow 14 224 white 15 240 When you use 0, the color is reset to the one used when you started Vim (usually 7, lightgray on black, but you can override this in NT. If you have overridden the default colors in a command prompt, you may need to adjust some of the highlight colors in your vimrc---see below). The defaults for the various highlight modes are: t_mr 112 reverse mode: black text (0) on lightgray (112) t_md 63 bold mode: white text (15) on cyan (48) t_me 0 normal mode (revert to default) t_so 31 standout mode: white (15) text on blue (16) t_se 0 standout mode end (revert to default) t_czh 225 italic mode: blue text (1) on yellow (224) t_czr 0 italic mode end (revert to default) t_us 67 underline mode: cyan text (3) on red (64) t_ue 0 underline mode end (revert to default) These colors were chosen because they also look good when using an inverted display, but you can change them to your liking. Example: :set t_mr=^V^[\|97m " start of invert mode: blue (1) on brown (96) :set t_md=^V^[\|67m " start of bold mode: cyan (3) on red (64) :set t_me=^V^[\|112m " back to normal mode: black (0) on light gray (112) :set t_so=^V^[\|37m " start of standout mode: magenta (5) on green (32) :set t_se=^V^[\|112m " back to normal mode: black (0) on light gray (112) TEXTMODE or NON-MS-DOS FILES If the "tx" (textmode) option is set (which is the default), Vim will accept a single or a pair for end-of-line. When writing a file, Vim will use . Thus, if you edit a file and write it, is replaced with . If the "tx" option is not set, a single will be used for end-of-line. A will be shown as ^M. You can use Vim to replace with by reading in any mode and writing in text mode (":se tx"). You can use Vim to replace with by reading in text mode and writing in non-text mode (":se notx"). 'textmode' is set automatically when 'textauto' is on (which is the default), so you don't really have to worry about what you are doing. |'textmode'| |'textauto'| If you want to edit a script file or a binary file, you should reset the 'textmode' and 'textauto' options before loading the file. Script files and binary files may contain single characters which would be replaced with . You can reset 'textmode' and 'textauto' automatically by starting Vim with the "-b" (binary) option. :CD COMMAND The ":cd" command recognizes the drive specifier and changes the current drive. Use ":cd c:" to make drive C the active drive. Use ":cd d:\foo" to go to the directory "foo" in the root of drive D. UNC names are also recognized; e.g., ":cd \\server\share\dir". |:cd| INTERRUPTING Use CTRL-BREAK instead of CTRL-C to interrupt searches. The CTRL-C is not detected until a key is read. TEMP FILES Temporary files (for filtering) are put in the first directory in the next list that exists and where a file can be created: $TMP $TEMP C:\TMP C:\TEMP current directory SHELL OPTION DEFAULT *win32_shell* The default for the 'sh' ('shell') option is "command.com" on Windows 95 and "cmd.exe" on Windows NT. If SHELL is defined, it is used instead, and if SHELL is not defined but COMSPEC is, COMPSPEC is used. External commands are started with " /c ". Typing CTRL-Z starts a new command subshell. Return to Vim with "exit". |'shell'| |CTRL-Z| If you are running a third-party shell, you may need to set the |'shellcmdflag'| ('shcf') and |'shellquote'| ('shq') options. For example, with the MKS Korn shell or with bash, the values of the options should be: 'shellcmdflag' -c 'shellquote' " This will start the shell as -c "" "-c" is needed in place of "/c" and double quotes are needed around the command passed to the shell. Vim will check for the presence of "sh" anywhere in the 'shell' option. If it is present, the 'shellcmdflag' and 'shellquote' option will be set to "-c" and "\"". TERM OPTION DEFAULT *win32_term* The only kind of terminal type that the Win32 version of Vim understands is "win32", which is built-in. If you set 'term' to anything else, you will probably get very strange behaviour from Vim. Therefore the default value of 'term' is not obtained from the environment variable "TERM". RESTORE SCREEN CONTENTS When 'restorescreen' is set (which is the default), Vim will restore the original contents of the console when exiting or when executing external commands. If you don't want this, use ":set nors". |'restorescreen'| COMPILING Vim for Win32 compiles with the Microsoft Visual C++ 2.0 compiler and later, and with the Borland C++ 4.5 32-bit compiler and later. It compiles on Windows 95 and all four NT platforms: i386, Alpha, MIPS, and PowerPC. The NT/i386 and the Windows 95 binaries are identical. Use Makefile.w32 to compile with Visual C++ and Makefile.b32 to compile with Borland C++. The Win32 binary was compiled with Visual C++ version 4.0, using Makefile.w32. Other compilers should also work. If you get all kinds of strange error messages when compiling (you shouldn't with the Microsoft or Borland 32-bit compilers), try adding characters at the end of each line. This can be done with the addcr program: "nmake -f makefile.w32 addcr". This will compile addcr.c to addcr.exe and then execute the addcr.bat file. Sometimes this fails. In that case, execute the addcr.bat file from the DOS prompt. USING THE MOUSE The Win32 version of Vim supports using the mouse. If you have a two-button mouse, the middle button can be emulated by pressing both left and right buttons simultaneously. |mouse_using| WIN32 FAQ *win32_faq* Q. Why does the Win32 version of Vim update the screen so slowly on Windows 95? A. The support for Win32 console mode applications is very buggy in Win95. For some unknown reason, the screen updates very slowly when Vim is run at one of the standard resolutions (80x25, 80x43, or 80x50) and the 16-bit DOS version updates the screen much more quickly than the Win32 version. However, if the screen is set to some other resolution, such as by ":set columns=100" or ":set lines=40", screen updating becomes about as fast as it is with the 16-bit version. WARNING: Changing 'columns' may make Windows 95 crash while updating the window (complaints --> Microsoft). Since this mostly works, this has not been disabled, but be careful with changing 'columns'. Changing the screen resolution makes updates faster, but it brings problems with it of its own. External commands (e.g., ":!dir") can cause Vim to freeze when the screen is set to a non-standard resolution, particularly when 'columns' is not equal to 80. It is not possible for Vim to reliably set the screen resolution back to the value it had upon startup before running external commands, so if you change the number of 'lines' or 'columns', be very, very careful. In fact, Vim will not allow you to execute external commands when 'columns' is not equal to 80, because it is so likely to freeze up afterwards. None of the above applies on Windows NT. Screen updates are fast, no matter how many 'lines' or 'columns' the window is set to, and external commands will not cause Vim to freeze. Q. So if the Win32 version updates the screen so slowly on Windows 95 and the 16-bit DOS version updates the screen quickly, why would I want to run the Win32 version? A. Firstly, the Win32 version isn't that slow, especially when the screen is set to some non-standard number of 'lines' or 'columns'. Secondly, the 16-bit DOS version has some severe limitations: It can't do big changes and it doesn't know about long filenames. The Win32 version doesn't have these limitations and it's faster overall (the same is true for the 32-bit DJGPP DOS version of Vim). The Win32 version is smarter about handling the screen, the mouse, and the keyboard than the DJGPP version is. Q. And what about the 16-bit DOS version versus the Win32 version on NT? A. There are no good reasons to run the 16-bit DOS version on NT. The Win32 version updates the screen just as fast as the 16-bit version does when running on NT. All of the above disadvantages apply. Finally, DOS applications can take a long time to start up and will run more slowly. On non-Intel NT platforms, the DOS version is almost unusably slow, because it runs on top of an 80x86 emulator. Q. Why can't I paste into Vim when running Windows 95? A. In the properties dialog box for the MS-DOS window, go to "MS-DOS Prompt/Misc/Fast pasting" and make sure that it is NOT checked. You should also do ":set paste" in Vim to avoid unexpected effects. |'paste'| Q. How do I type dead keys on Windows 95? (A dead key is an accent key, such as acute, grave, or umlaut, that doesn't produce a character by itself, but when followed by another key, produces an accented character, such as a-acute, e-grave, u-umlaut, n-tilde, and so on. Very useful for most European languages. English-language keyboard layouts don't use dead keys, as far as we know.) A. You don't. The console mode input routines simply do not work correctly in Windows 95, and I have not been able to work around them. In the words of a senior developer at Microsoft: Win95 console support has always been and will always be flaky. The flakiness is unavoidable because we are stuck between the world of MS-DOS keyboard TSRs like KEYB (which wants to cook the data; important for international) and the world of Win32. So keys that don't "exist" in MS-DOS land (like dead keys) have a very tenuous existence in Win32 console land. Keys that act differently between MS-DOS land and Win32 console land (like capslock) will act flaky. Don't even _mention_ the problems with multiple language keyboard layouts... You may be able to fashion some sort of workaround with the digraphs mechanism. |digraphs| Alternatively, you can try one of the DOS versions of Vim where dead keys reportedly do work. Q. How do I type dead keys on Windows NT? A. Dead keys work on NT 3.51. Just type them as you would in any other application. On NT 4.0, you need to make sure that the default locale (set in the Keyboard part of the Control Panel) is the same as the currently active locale. Otherwise the NT code will get confused and crash! This is a NT 4.0 problem, not really a Vim problem. Q. When will a real GUI version of Vim (gvim) for Win32 with scrollbars, menus, pasting from the clipboard, and so on become available? A. A few months after Vim 4.0 is released. Apart from the features you might expect in gvim (see |vim_gui.txt|), it is expected that a real GUI version will also be able to handle dead keys correctly and that the problems with external commands will be a thing of the past. Q. I'm using Vim to edit a symbolically linked file on a Unix NFS file server. When I write the file, Vim does not "write through" the symlink. Instead, it deletes the symbolic link and creates a new file in its place. Why? A. On Unix, Vim is prepared for links (symbolic or hard). A backup copy of the original file is made and then the original file is overwritten. This assures that all properties of the file remain the same. On non-Unix systems, the original file is renamed and a new file is written. Only the protection bits are set like the original file. However, this doesn't work properly when working on an NFS-mounted file system where links and other things exist. The only way to fix this in the current version is not making a backup file, by ":set nobackup nowritebackup" |'writebackup'| vim:ts=8:sw=8:js:tw=78:fo=tcq2: 07070100000f18000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081200005675000000200000001b00000000000000000000001a00000004reloc/lib/vim/vim_win.txt*vim_win.txt* For Vim version 4.5. Last modification: 1996 Aug 6 Editing with multiple windows and buffers. The commands which have been added to use multiple windows and buffers are explained here. Additionally, there are explanations for commands that work differently when used in combination with more than one window. A window is a viewport onto a buffer. You can use multiple windows on one buffer, or several windows on different buffers. A buffer is a file loaded into memory for editing. The original file remains unchanged until you write the buffer to the file. A buffer can be in one of three states: *active_buffer* active: The buffer is displayed in a window. If there is a file for this buffer, it has been read into the buffer. The buffer may have been modified. *hidden_buffer* hidden: The buffer is not displayed. If there is a file for this buffer, it has been read into the buffer. The buffer may have been modified. *inactive_buffer* inactive: The buffer is not displayed and does not contain anything. Options for the buffer are remembered if the file was once loaded. In a table: state displayed loaded ":buffers" in window shows active yes yes ' ' hidden no yes 'h' inactive no no '-' Starting Vim ------------ By default, Vim starts with one window, just like Vi. The "-o" argument to Vim can be used to open a window for each file in the argument list: "Vim -o file1 file2 file3" will open three windows. "-oN", where N is a decimal number, opens N windows. If there are more filenames than windows, only N windows are opened and some files do not get a window. If there are more windows than filenames, the last few windows will be editing empty buffers. If there are many filenames, the windows will become very small. You might want to set the 'winheight' option to create a workable situation. Buf/Win Enter/Leave autocommands are not executed when opening the new windows and reading the files, that's only done when they are really entered. *status_line* A status line will be used to separate windows. The 'laststatus' option tells when the last window also has a status line: 'laststatus' = 0 never a status line 'laststatus' = 1 status line if there is more than one window 'laststatus' = 2 always a status line Normally, inversion is used to display the status line. This can be changed with the 's' character in the 'highlight' option. For example, "sb" sets it to bold characters. If no highlighting is used for the status line ("sn"), the '=' character is used. If the mouse is supported and enabled with the 'mouse' option, a status line can be dragged to resize windows. Note: If you expect your status line to be in reverse video and it isn't, check if the 'highlight' option contains "si". In version 3.0, this meant to invert the status line. Now it should be "sr", reverse the status line, as "si" now stands for italic! If italic is not available on your terminal, the status line is inverted anyway; you will only see this problem on terminals that have termcap codes for italics. Opening a new window -------------------- CTRL-W s *CTRL-W_s* CTRL-W S *CTRL-W_S* CTRL-W CTRL-S *CTRL-W_CTRL-S* :[N]sp[lit] *:sp* *:split* Split current window in two. The result is two viewports on the same file. Make new window N high (default is to use half the height of the current window). Reduces the current window height to create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option is set). (Note: CTRL-S does not work on all terminals). CTRL-W n *CTRL-W_n* CTRL-W CTRL_N *CTRL-W_CTRL-N* :[N]new *:new* Create a new window and start editing an empty file in it. Make new window N high (default is to use half the existing height). Reduces the current window height to create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option is set). :[N]new [+command] {file} :[N]split [+command] {file} *:split_f* Create a new window and start editing file {file} in it. If [+command] is given, execute the command when the file has been loaded. Make new window N high (default is to use half the existing height). Reduces the current window height to create room (and others, if the 'equalalways' option is set). :[N]sv[iew] [+command] {file} *:sv* *:sview* Same as ":split", but set 'readonly' option for this buffer. CTRL-W CTRL-^ *CTRL-W_CTRL-^* *CTRL-W_^* CTRL-W ^ Does ":split #", split window in two and edit alternate file. When a count is given, it becomes ":split #N", split window and edit buffer N. Closing a window ---------------- CTRL-W q *CTRL-W_q* CTRL-W CTRL-Q *CTRL-W_CTRL-Q* :quit Quit current window, unless the buffer was changed and there are no other windows for this buffer. When quitting the last window (not counting help windows), exit Vim. (Note: CTRL-Q does not work on all terminals) :quit! Quit current window. If this was the last window for a buffer, any changes to that buffer are lost. When quitting the last window (not counting help windows), exit Vim. CTRL-W CTRL-C *CTRL-W_CTRL-C* CTRL-W c *CTRL-W_c* *:clo* *:close* :clo[se] Quit current window, unless it is the last window on the screen. The buffer becomes hidden (unless there is another window editing it). (Note: CTRL-W CTRL-C does not work). CTRL-W o *CTRL-W_o* CTRL-W CTRL-O *CTRL-W_CTRL-O* *:on* *:only* :on[ly] Make the current window the only one on the screen. All other windows are closed. All buffers in the other windows become hidden. Moving the cursor to other windows ---------------------------------- CTRL-W *CTRL-W_* CTRL-W CTRL-J *CTRL-W_CTRL-J* *CTRL-W_j* CTRL-W j move cursor to Nth window below current one. CTRL-W *CTRL-W_* CTRL-W CTRL-K *CTRL-W_CTRL-K* *CTRL-W_k* CTRL-W k move cursor to Nth window above current one. CTRL-W w *CTRL-W_w* *CTRL-W_CTRL-W* CTRL-W CTRL-W Without count: move cursor to window below current one. If there is no window below, go to top window. With count: go to Nth window. *CTRL-W_W* CTRL-W W Without count: move cursor to window above current one. If there is no window above, go to bottom window. With count: go to Nth window. CTRL-W t *CTRL-W_t* *CTRL-W_CTRL-T* CTRL-W CTRL-T move cursor to top window. CTRL-W b *CTRL-W_b* *CTRL-W_CTRL-B* CTRL-W CTRL-B move cursor to bottom window. CTRL-W p *CTRL-W_p* *CTRL-W_CTRL-P* CTRL-W CTRL-P go to previous (last accessed) window. If Visual mode is active and the new window is not for the same buffer, the Visual mode is ended. Moving windows around --------------------- CTRL-W r *CTRL-W_r* *CTRL-W_CTRL-R* CTRL-W CTRL-R Rotate windows downwards. The first window becomes the second one, the second one becomes the third one, etc. The last window becomes the first window. The cursor remains in the same window. *CTRL-W_R* CTRL-W R Rotate windows upwards. The second window becomes the first one, the third one becomes the second one, etc. The first window becomes the last window. The cursor remains in the same window. CTRL-W x *CTRL-W_x* *CTRL-W_CTRL-X* CTRL-W CTRL-X Without count: Exchange current window with next one. If there is no next window, exchange with previous window. With count: Exchange current window with Nth window (first window is 1). The cursor is put in the other window. Window resizing --------------- *CTRL-W_=* CTRL-W = make all windows (almost) equally high. :res[ize] -N *:res* *:resize* *CTRL-W_-* CTRL-W - decrease current window height by N :resize +N *CTRL-W_+* CTRL-W + increase current window height by N :resize [N] CTRL-W CTRL-_ *CTRL-W_CTRL-_* *CTRL-W__* CTRL-W _ set current window height to N (default: highest possible) z set current window height to nr You can also resize the window by dragging a status line up or down with the mouse. This only works if the version of Vim that is being used supports the mouse and the 'mouse' option has been set to enable it. The option 'winheight' ('wh') is used to set the minimal window height of the current window. This option is used each time another window becomes the current window. If the option is '0', it is disabled. Set 'winheight' to a very large value, e.g., '9999', to make the current window always fill all available space. Set it to a reasonable value, e.g., '10', to make editing in the current window comfortable. When the option 'equalalways' ('ea') is set, all the windows are automatically made the same size after splitting or closing a window. If you don't set this option, splitting a window will reduce the size of the current window and leave the other windows the same. When closing a window, the extra lines are given to the window above it. The option 'commandheight' ('ch') is used to set the height of the command line. If you are annoyed by the "Hit RETURN to continue" questions for long messages, set this option to 2 or 3. If there is only one window, resizing that window will also change the command line height. If there are several windows, resizing the current window will also change the height of the window below it (and sometimes the window above it). Exiting Vim with multiple windows or buffers -------------------------------------------- *:qa* *:qall* :qa[ll] Exit Vim, unless there are some buffers which have been changed. (Use ":bmod" to go to the next modified buffer). :qall! Exit Vim. Any changes to buffers are lost. :wqa[ll] *:wqa* *:wqall* *:xa* *:xall* :xa[ll] Write all changed buffers and exit Vim. If there are buffers without a file name, which are readonly or which cannot be written for another reason, Vim is not quit. :wqall! :xall! Write all changed buffers, even the ones that are readonly, and exit Vim. If there are buffers without a file name or which cannot be written for another reason, Vim is not quit. Writing with multiple buffers ----------------------------- *:wa* *:wall* :wa[ll] Write all changed buffers. Buffers without a file name or which are readonly are not written. :wa[ll]! Write all changed buffers, even the ones that are readonly. Buffers without a file name are not written. Overview of argument and buffer list commands --------------------------------------------- args list buffer list meaning 1. :[N]argument [N] 11. :[N]buffer [N] to arg/buf N 2. :[N]next [file ..] 12. :[N]bnext [N] to Nth next arg/buf 3. :[N]Next [N] 13. :[N]bNext [N] to Nth previous arg/buf 4. :[N]previous [N] 14. :[N]bprevious [N] to Nth previous arg/buf 5. :rewind 15. :brewind to first arg/buf 6. :last 16. :blast to last arg/buf 7. :all 17. :ball edit all args/buffers 18. :unhide edit all loaded buffers 19. :[N]bmod [N] to Nth modified buf split & args list split & buffer list meaning 21. :[N]sargument [N] 31. :[N]sbuffer [N] split + to arg/buf N 22. :[N]snext [file ..] 32. :[N]sbnext [N] split + to Nth next arg/buf 23. :[N]sNext [N] 33. :[N]sbNext [N] split + to Nth previous arg/buf 24. :[N]sprevious [N] 34. :[N]sbprevious [N] split + to Nth previous arg/buf 25. :srewind 35. :sbrewind split + to first arg/buf 26. :slast 36. :sblast split + to last arg/buf 27. :sall 37: :sball edit all args/buffers 38. :sunhide edit all loaded buffers 39. :[N]sbmod [N] split + to Nth modified buf 40. :args list of arguments 41. :buffers list of buffers The meaning of [N] depends on the command: [N] is number of buffers to go forward/backward on ?2, ?3, and ?4 [N] is an argument number, defaulting to current argument, for 1 and 21 [N] is a buffer number, defaulting to current buffer, for 11 and 31 [N] is a count for 19 and 39 Note: ":next" is an exception, because it must accept a list of file names for compatibility with Vi. The argument list and multiple windows -------------------------------------- The current position in the argument list can be different for each window. Remember that when doing ":e file", the position in the argument list stays the same, but you are not editing the file at that position. To indicate this, the file message (and the title, if you have one) shows "(file (N) of M)", where "(N)" is the current position in the file list, and "M" the number of files in the file list. All the entries in the argument list are added to the buffer list. Thus, you can also get to them with the buffer list commands, like ":bnext". :[N]al[l] [N] *:al* *:all* *:sal* *:sall* :[N]sal[l] [N] Rearrange the screen to open one window for each argument. All other windows are closed (buffers become hidden). When a count is given, this is the maximum number of windows to open. Buf/Win Enter/Leave autocommands are not executed for the new windows here, that's only done when they are really entered. :[N]sa[rgument][!] [N] *:sa* *:sargument* Short for ":split | argument [N]": split window and go to Nth argument. But when there is no such argument, the window is not split. :[N]sn[ext][!] [file ..] *:sn* *:snext* Short for ":split | [N]next": split window and go to Nth next argument. But when there is no next file, the window is not split. :[N]spr[evious][!] [N] *:spr* *:sprevious* :[N]sN[ext][!] [N] *:sN* *:sNext* Short for ":split | [N]Next": split window and go to Nth previous argument. But when there is no previous file, the window is not split. *:sr* *:srewind* :sr[ewind][!] Short for ":split | rewind": split window and go to first argument. But when there is no argument list, the window is not split. *:sla* *:slast* :sla[st][!] Short for ":split | last": split window and go to last argument. But when there is no argument list, the window is not split. Tag or file name under the cursor --------------------------------- *:sta* *:stag* :sta[g][!] [tagname] Does ":tag[!] [tagname]" and splits the window for the found tag. See also |:tag|. CTRL-W ] *CTRL-W_]* *CTRL-W_CTRL-]* CTRL-W CTRL-] split current window in two. Use identifier under cursor as a tag and jump to it in the new upper window. Make new window N high. CTRL-W f *CTRL-W_f* *CTRL-W_CTRL-F* CTRL-W CTRL-F split current window in two. Edit file name under cursor. Like ":split ]f", but window isn't split if the file does not exist. Uses the 'path' variable as a list of directory names where to look for the file. Also the path for current file is used to search for the file name. If the name is a hypertext link that looks like "type://machine/path", only "/path" is used. Using hidden buffers -------------------- A hidden buffer is not displayed in a window, but is still loaded into memory. This makes it possible to jump from file to file, without the need to read or write the file every time and having to keep the file in a window. If the option 'hidden' ('hid') is set, abandoned buffers are kept for all commands that start editing another file: ":edit", ":next", ":tag", etc. The commands that move through the buffer list make the current buffer hidden although the 'hidden' option is not set (see below). You can make a hidden buffer not hidden by starting to edit it with any command. Or by deleting it with the ":bdelete" command. *hidden_quit* When you try to quit Vim while there is a hidden, modified buffer, you will get an error message and Vim will make that buffer the current buffer. You can then decide to write this buffer (":wq") or quit without writing (":q!"). Be careful: there may be more hidden, modified buffers! :files *:files* :buffers *:buffers* *:ls* :ls Show all buffers. Example: 1 #h "/test/text" line 1 2 - "asdf" line 0 3 % + "version.c" line 1 Each buffer has a unique number. That number will not change, so you can always go to a specific buffer with ":buffer N" or "N CTRL-^", where N is the buffer number. '-' indicates a buffer that is not loaded. 'h' indicates a hidden buffer: It is loaded, but currently not displayed in a window. '%' indicates the buffer in the current window. '#' indicates the alternate buffer for ":e #" or CTRL-^. '+' indicates a modified buffer. :[N]bd[elete] *:bd* *:bdelete* :bd[elete] [N] Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer) and delete it from the buffer list. If the buffer was changed, this fails. The file remains unaffected. Any windows for this buffer are closed. If buffer [N] is the current buffer, the next buffer (displayed in a window) becomes the current buffer. :[N]bdelete! :bdelete! [N] Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer) and delete it from the buffer list. If the buffer was changed the changes are lost. The file remains unaffected. Any windows for this buffer are closed. If buffer [N] is the current buffer, the next buffer (displayed in a window) becomes the current buffer. :bdelete[!] {bufname} Like ":bdelete[!] [N]", but buffer given by name. Note that a buffer whose name is a number cannot be referenced by that name; use the buffer number instead. Insert a backslash before a space in a buffer name. :N,Mbdelete[!] do ":bdelete[!]" for all buffers in the range N to M (inclusive). :bdelete[!] N1 N2 ... do ":bdelete[!]" for buffer N1, N2, etc. The arguments can be buffer numbers or buffer names (but not buffer names that are a number). Insert a backslash before a space in a buffer name. :[N]bun[load] *:bun* *:bunload* :bun[load] [N] Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer). The memory allocated for this buffer will be freed. The buffer remains in the buffer list. If the buffer was changed, this fails. Any windows for this buffer are closed. If buffer [N] is the current buffer, the next buffer (displayed in a window) becomes the current buffer. :[N]bunload! :bunload! [N] Unload buffer [N] (default: current buffer). The memory allocated for this buffer will be freed. The buffer remains in the buffer list. If the buffer was changed, the changes are lost. Any windows for this buffer are closed. If buffer [N] is the current buffer, the next buffer (displayed in a window) becomes the current buffer. :bunload[!] {bufname} Like ":bunload[!] [N]", but buffer given by name. Note that a buffer whose name is a number cannot be referenced by that name; use the buffer number instead. Insert a backslash before a space in a buffer name. :N,Mbunload[!] do ":bunload[!]" for all buffers in the range N to M (inclusive). :bunload[!] N1 N2 ... do ":bunload[!]" for buffer N1, N2, etc. The arguments can be buffer numbers or buffer names (but not buffer names that are a number). Insert a backslash before a space in a buffer name. :[N]b[uffer] [N] *:b* *:buffer* Edit buffer [N] from the buffer list. If [N] is not given, the current buffer remains being edited. :[N]b[uffer] {filename} Edit buffer for {filename} from the buffer list. :[N]sb[uffer] [N] *:sb* *:sbuffer* Split window and edit buffer [N] from the buffer list. If [N] is not given, the current buffer is edited. :[N]sb[uffer] {filename} Split window and edit buffer for {filename} from the buffer list. *:bn* *:bnext* :[N]bn[ext] [N] Go to [N]th next buffer in buffer list. [N] defaults to one. Wraps around the end of the buffer list. *:sbn* *:sbnext* :[N]sbn[ext] [N] Split window and go to [N]th next buffer in buffer list. Wraps around the end of the buffer list. :[N]bN[ext] [N] *:bN* *:bNext* *:bp* *:bprevious* :[N]bp[revious] [N] Go to [N]th previous buffer in buffer list. [N] defaults to one. Wraps around the start of the buffer list. :[N]sbN[ext] [N] *:sbN* *:sbNext* *:sbp* *:sbprevious* :[N]sbp[revious] [N] Split window and go to [N]th previous buffer in buffer list. Wraps around the start of the buffer list. *:br* *:brewind* :br[ewind] Go to first buffer in buffer list. *:sbr* *:sbrewind* :sbr[ewind] Split window and go to first buffer in buffer list *:bl* *:blast* :bl[ast] Go to last buffer in buffer list. *:sbl* *:sblast* :sbl[ast] Split window and go to last buffer in buffer list. :[N]bm[odified] [N] *:bm* *:bmodified* Go to [N]th next modified buffer in buffer list. :[N]sbm[odified] [N] *:sbm* *:sbmodified* Split window and go to [N]th next modified buffer in buffer list. :[N]unh[ide] [N] *:unh* *:unhide* *:sun* *:sunhide* :[N]sun[hide] [N] Rearrange the screen to open one window for each loaded buffer in the buffer list. When a count is given, this is the maximum number of windows to open. :[N]ba[ll] [N] *:ba* *:ball* *:sba* *:sball* :[N]sba[ll] [N] Rearrange the screen to open one window for each buffer in the buffer list. When a count is given, this is the maximum number of windows to open. Buf/Win Enter/Leave autocommands are not executed for the new windows here, that's only done when they are really entered. Memory usage limits ------------------- The option 'maxmem' ('mm') is used to set the maximum memory used for one buffer (in kilobytes). 'maxmemtot' is used to set the maximum memory used for all buffers (in kilobytes). The defaults depend on the system used. For the Amiga and MS-DOS, 'maxmemtot' is set depending on the amount of memory available. If you don't like Vim to swap to a file, set 'maxmem' and 'maxmemtot' to a very large value. The swapfile will then only be used for recovery. If you don't want a swapfile at all, set 'updatecount' to 0, or use the "-n" argument when starting Vim. Note that the 'maxmem' option is only used when a buffer is created. Changing this option does not affect buffers that have already been loaded. Thus you can set it to different values for different files. 'maxmemtot' works always. vim:ts=8:sw=8:js:tw=78:fo=tcq2:isk=!-~,^*,^\|,^\": 07070100001dc1000041ed00000064000000640000000332f509b700000000000000200000001b00000000000000000000000a00000004reloc/man070701000170fe000041ed00000064000000640000000232f509b700000000000000200000001b00000000000000000000000f00000004reloc/man/man1070701000170ff000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081400004206000000200000001b00000000000000000000001700000004reloc/man/man1/ctags.1.TH CTAGS 1 "5 October 1996" "Darren Hiebert" .SH NAME ctags \- Generate C language tag files for use with .BR vi (1) .SH SYNOPSIS .TP 6 .B ctags [ .B \-aBdFnNsStTuwWx ] [ .BI \-f " tagfile" ] [ .BI \-h " list" ] .br [ .BI \-i " types" ] [ .BI \-I " ignorelist" ] [ .BI \-L " listfile" ] .br [ .BI \-o " tagfile" ] [ .B \--help ] [ .I file(s) ] .SH DESCRIPTION .B Ctags generates an index (or "tag") file of C language objects found in .I file(s) that allows these items to be quickly and easily located by a text editor or other utility. A "tag" signifies a C language object for which an index entry is available (or, alternatively, the index entry created for that object). .PP Alternatively, .B ctags can generate a cross reference file which lists, in human readable form, information about the various objects found in a set of C language files. .PP Tag index files are supported by the .BR vi (1) editor and its derivatives (such as .BR vim , .BR elvis , .BR stevie , and .BR xvi ) through the use of the ":ta" command, which locates the object associated with a name appearing in a source file and jumps to the file and line which defines the name. The following types of tags are supported by .B ctags: .PP .RS 4 macro definitions (i.e. names created by #define) .br enumerated values (i.e. the values inside enum{...}) .br function definitions .br function prototypes or declarations (optional) .br class, enum, struct and union tags .br typedefs .br variables .RE .PP .B Ctags only generates tags for objects which have global scoping (file-wide visibility). This means that, with the exception of macro definitions, only objects defined outside of brace enclosed function blocks are candidates for a tag. For every one of the qualified objects which are discovered in the source files supplied to .BR ctags , a separate line is added to the tags file in the following format: .PP .PD 0 .RS 4 .TP 4 1. tag name (a C language identifier) .TP 4 2. a single tab character .TP 4 3. the name of the file in which the object associated with the tag is located .TP 4 4. a single tab character .TP 4 5. an Ex command to locate the tag within the file; generally either a search pattern (either /pattern/ or ?pattern?) or line number .RE .PD 1 .PP Note that, unless changed via .BR \-n " or " \-N , line numbers are only used for tags from macro definitions, while patterns are used for all other tags. .PP Note that the name of each source file will be recorded in the tag file exactly as it appears on the command line. Therefore, if the path you specified on the command line was relative to some directory, then it will be recorded in that same manner in the tag file. .PP This version of .B ctags imposes no formatting requirements. Other versions of ctags tended to rely upon certain formatting assumptions in order to help it resolve coding dilemmas caused by preprocessor conditionals. .PP In general, .B ctags tries to be smart about conditional preprocessor directives. If a preprocessor conditional is encountered within a statement which defines a tag, .B ctags follows only the first branch of that conditional (except in the special case of "#if 0", in which case it follows only the last branch). The reason for this is that failing to pursue only one branch can result in ambiguous syntax, as in the following example: .PP .RS #ifdef TWO_ALTERNATIVES .br struct { .br #else .br union { .br #endif .RS 4 short a; .br long b; .RE } .RE .PP Both branches cannot be followed, or braces become unbalanced and .B ctags would be unable to make sense of the syntax. .PP If the application of this heuristic fails to properly parse a file, generally due to complicated and inconsistent pairing within the conditionals, .B ctags will retry the file using a different heuristic which does not selectively follow conditional preprocessor branches, but instead falls back to relying upon a closing brace ("}") in column 1 as indicating the end of a block once any brace imbalance is detected within a #if conditional. .PP .B Ctags will also try to specially handle arguments lists enclosed in double sets of parentheses in order to accept the following conditional construct: .PP .RS extern void foo __ARGS((int one, char two)); .RE .PP Any name immediately preceding the "((" will be automatically ignored and the previous name will be used. .PP After creating or appending to the tag file, it is sorted by the tag name, removing identical tag lines. .PP Note that the path recorded for filenames in the tag file and utilized by the editor to search for tags are identical to the paths specified for .I file(s) on the command line. This means the if you want the paths for files to be relative to some directory, you must invoke .B ctags with the same pathnames for .IR file(s) . .SH OPTIONS .PP Note that spaces separating options from their parameters are optional. .TP 5 .B \--help Prints to standard output a detailed usage description. .TP 5 .B \-a Append the tags to an existing tag file. .TP 5 .B \-B Use backward searching patterns (?...?). .TP 5 .B \-d Include macro definitions in the output file. This is equivalent to .BI -i +d and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of .B -i is preferred. .TP 5 .BI \-f " tagfile" Output tags to the specified file (default is "tags"). If .I tagfile is specified as "-", then the tag file is written to standard output instead. .B Ctags will stubbornly refuse to take orders if .I tagfile exists and its first line contains something other than a valid tags line. This will save your neck if you mistakenly type "ctags -o *.c", which would otherwise overwrite your first C file with the tags generated by the rest! .TP 5 .B \-F Use forward searching patterns (/.../) (default). .TP 5 .BI \-h " list" Specifies a list of file extensions used for headers, separated by either periods or commas. The default list is ".h.H.hpp.hxx.h++". .TP 5 .BI \-i " types" Specifies the list of tag types to include in the output file. .I Types is a group of letters designating the types of tags affected. Each letter or group of letters may be preceded by either a '+' sign (default, if omitted) to add it to those already included, a '-' sign to exclude it from the list (e.g. to exclude a default tag type), or an '=' sign to include its corresponding tag type at the exclusion of those not listed. The following tag types are supported: .RS 8 .PD 0 .TP 4 .B d macro definitions .TP 4 .B e enumerated values (values inside enum{...}) .TP 4 .B f function and method definitions .TP 4 .B g enum/struct/union tags (or new C++ types) .TP 4 .B p external function prototypes .TP 4 .B t typedefs .TP 4 .B v variable declarations .RE .RS 5 In addition, the following two modifiers are accepted: .RE .RS 8 .TP 4 .B P Prefix static tags (if included) in the tag file with the filename in which they appear, followed by a colon (Elvis style; not widely supported). .TP 4 .B S Include static tags (those not visible outside of a single source file). Function and variable definitions are considered static only when their definitions are preceded with the "static" keyword. All other types of tags are considered static when they appear in a non-header file (see the -h option). .RE .RS 5 The default value of .I list is "=defgtvS" (i.e all tag types except for function prototypes; include static tags but do not prefix them). .RE .PD 1 .TP 5 .BI \-I " ignorelist" Reads a list of names which are to be ignored while generating tags for the source files. The list may be supplied directly on the command line or found in a separate file. Normally, the parameter .I ignorelist is a list of names to be ignored, each separated with a comma, a semicolon, or white space (in which case the list should be quoted to keep the entire list as one command line argument). The parameter .I ignorelist will be interpreted as a filename if its first character is given as either a '.' or a pathname separator ('/' or '\\'). In order to specify a file found in the current directory, use "./filename". .RS 5 .PP This feature is useful when preprocessor macros are used in such a way that they cause syntactic confusion due to their presence. Some examples will illustrate this point. .RE .PP .RS /* creates a global version string in module */ MODULE_VERSION("$Revision: 1.25 $") .RE .PP .RS 5 In this example, the macro invocation looks to much like a function definition because it is not followed by a semicolon (indeed, it could even be followed by a global variable definition that would look exactly like a K&R style function parameter declaration). In fact, this seeming function definition would likely cause the rest of the file to be skipped over while trying to complete the definition. Ignoring "MODULE_ID" would avoid such a problem. .RE .PP .RS int foo ARGDECL2(void *, ptr, long int, nbytes) .RE .PP .RS 5 In this example, the macro "ARGDECL2" would be mistakenly interpreted to be the name of the function instead of the correct name of "foo". Ignoring the name "ARGDECL2" results in the correct behavior. .RE .TP 5 .BI \-L " listfile" Read from .I listfile a list of file names for which tags should be generated. If .I listfile is specified as "-", then file names are read from standard input. .TP 5 .B \-n Places into the tag file line numbers in the source file where tags are located rather than patterns to be searched for. This has three advantages: .RS 5 .PD 0 .TP 4 1. Significantly reduces the size of the resulting tag file. .TP 4 2. Eliminates failures to find tags because the line defining the tag has changed, causing the pattern match to fail (note that some editors, such as .BR vim , are able to recover in many such instances). .TP 4 3. Eliminates finding identical matching, but incorrect, source lines (see .BR BUGS , below). .PP However, this option has one significant drawback: changes to the source files can cause the line numbers recorded in the tag file to no longer correspond to the lines in the source file, causing jumps to some tags to miss the target definition by one or more lines. Basically, this option is best used when the source code to which it is applied is not subject to change. See also the .B \-N option. Selecting this option causes the following options to be ignored: .BR \-F ", " \-B " and " \-N . .PD 1 .RE .TP 5 .B \-N Uses search patterns for all tags, rather than the line numbers usually used for macro definitions. This has the advantage of not referencing obsolete line numbers when lines have been added or removed since the tag file was generated. See also the .B \-n option. Selecting this option causes the following options to be ignored: .BR \-F ", " \-B " and " \-n . .TP 5 .BI \-o " tagfile" Alternative for .BR -f "." .TP 5 .B \-s Include static tags in the output file, each prefixed with the name of the file in which it appears followed by a colon. This is equivalent to .BI -i +SP and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of .B -i is preferred. .TP 5 .B \-S Include static tags in the output file, but do not prefix them, thereby making them appear the same as global tags. This is equivalent to .BI -i +S-P and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of .B -i is preferred. .TP 5 .B \-t Include typedefs in the output file. This is equivalent to .BI -i +t and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of .B -i is preferred. .TP 5 .B \-T Include typedefs and class/enum/struct/union tags in the output file. This is equivalent to .BI -i +tg and is supported only for backwards compatibility with other versions of ctags. Use of .B -i is preferred. .TP 5 .B \-u Unsorted; do not sort the tags. Please note that this disables the warning messages normally enabled by .BR \-W , because sorted tags are used to detect duplicate tags. Note also that .BR vi (1) requires sorted tags. .TP 5 .B \-w Exclude warnings about duplicate tags (default). .TP 5 .B \-W Generate warnings about duplicate tags. .TP 5 .B \-x Print a tabular, human-readable cross reference (xref) file to standard output. The information contained in the output includes: the tag name; the tag type; the line number, file name, and source line (with extra white space condensed) of the file which defines the tag. No tag file is written and the following options will be ignored: .BR \-a ", " \-f ", " \-i+P ", " \-n ", " \-o ", " \-B " and " \-F . Example applications for this feature are generating a listing of all functions (including statics) located in a source file (e.g. .B "ctags -xi=fS " .IR "file" ")," or generating a list of all externally visible global variables located in a source file (e.g. .B "ctags -xi=v " .IR "file" ")." .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .TP 8 .B CTAGS If found, this variable will be assumed to contain a set of custom default options which are read when .B ctags starts, but before any command line options are read. Options in this variable should be in the same form as those on the command line. Command line options will override options specified in this variable. Only options may be specified with this variable; no source file names are read from its value. .SH "HOW TO USE WITH VI" Vi will, by default, expect a tag file by the name "tags" in the current directory. Once the tag file is build, the following vi commands take exercise the tag indexing feature: .TP 12 vi -t tag Start vi and position the cursor at the file and line where "tag" is defined. .TP 12 Control-] Find the tag under the cursor. .TP 12 :ta tag Find a tag. .TP 12 Control-T Return to previous location before jump to tag (not widely implemented). .SH BUGS Support for C++ features is quite limited. .PP Because .B ctags does not look inside brace enclosed function blocks, local declarations of class/enum/struct/union tags and enumeration values within a function will not have tags generated for them. .PP Note that because .B ctags generates search patterns for non-macro tags, it is entirely possible that the wrong line may be found by your editor if there exists another, identical, line (whose context prevents it from generating a tag) which is identical to the line containing the tag. The following example demonstrates this condition: .PP .RS int variable; /* ... */ .br void foo(variable) .br int variable; .br { .RS 4 /* ... */ .RE } .RE .PP Depending upon which editor you use and where in the code you happen to be, it is possible that the search pattern may locate the local parameter declaration in foo() before it finds the actual global variable definition, since the lines (and therefore their search patterns are identical). This can be avoided by use of the .B \-n option. .PP Because .B ctags is neither a preprocessor nor a compiler, some complex or obscure constructs can fool .B ctags into either missing a tag or improperly generating an inappropriate tag. In particular, the use of preprocessor constructs which alter the textual syntax of C can fool .BR ctags , as demonstrated by the following example: .PP .RS #ifdef GLOBAL .br #define EXTERN .br #define INIT(assign) assign .br #else .br #define EXTERN extern .br #define INIT(assign) .br #endif .br EXTERN BUF *firstbuf INIT(= NULL); .RE .PP This looks too much like a declaration for a function called "INIT", which returns a pointer to a typedef "firstbuf", rather than the actual variable definition that it is, since this distinction can only be resolved by the preprocessor. The moral of the story: don't do this if you want a tag generated for it, or use the .B \-I option to specify "INIT" as a keyword to be ignored. .SH FILES .TP 10 .I tags The default tag file created by .BR ctags . .SH "SEE ALSO" The official Exuberant Ctags web site at: .PP .RS 4 http://fly.hiwaay.net/~darren/ctags.html .RE .PP Also .BR ex (1), .BR vi (1), .BR elvis , or, better yet, .BR vim , the official editor of .BR ctags . For more information on .BR vim , see the VIM Pages web site at: .PP .RS 4 http://www.math.fu-berlin.de/~guckes/vim/ .RE .SH AUTHOR Darren Hiebert, (darren@sirsi.com, darren@hiwaay.net, http://fly.hiwaay.net/~darren) .SH MOTIVATION "Think ye at all times of rendering some service to every member of the human race." .PP "All effort and exertion put forth by man from the fullness of his heart is worship, if it is prompted by the highest motives and the will to do service to humanity." .PP .RS 10 \-- From the Baha'i Writings .SH CREDITS This version of .B ctags is derived from and inspired by the ctags program by Steve Kirkendall (kirkenda@cs.pdx.edu) that comes with the Elvis vi clone (though almost none of the original code remains). .PP Credit is also due Bram Moolenaar, the author of .BR vim , who has devoted so much of his time and energy both to developing the editor as a service to others, and to helping the orphans of Uganda. 07070100017100000081a400000064000000640000000132f5080f0000208d000000200000001b00000000000000000000001500000004reloc/man/man1/vim.1.TH VIM 1 "1996 May 27" .SH NAME vim \- Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor .SH SYNOPSIS .B vim [options] [file ..] .br .B vim [options] \-t tag .br .B vim [options] \-e [errorfile] .SH DESCRIPTION .B Vim is a text editor that is upwards compatible to vi. It can be used to edit any ASCII text. It is especially useful for editing programs. .PP There are a lot of enhancements above vi: multi level undo, multi windows and buffers, command line editing, filename completion, on-line help, visual selection, etc.. Read vim_diff.txt for a summary of the differences between .B Vim and vi. .PP While running .B Vim a lot of help can be obtained from the on-line help system. See ON-LINE HELP below. .PP Most often .B Vim is started to edit a single file with the command .PP vim file .PP More generally .B Vim is started with: .PP vim [options] [filelist] .PP If the filelist is missing, the editor will start with an empty buffer. Otherwise exactly one out of the following three may be used to choose one or more files to be edited. .TP 12 file .. A list of file names. The first one will be the current file and read into the buffer. The cursor will be positioned on the first line of the buffer. You can get to the other files with the ":next" command. To edit a file that starts with a dash, precede the filelist with "--". .TP -t {tag} The file to edit and the initial cursor position depends on a "tag", a sort of goto label. {tag} is looked up in the tags file, the associated file becomes the current file and the associated command is executed. Mostly this is used for C programs. {tag} then should be a function name. The effect is that the file containing that function becomes the current file and the cursor is positioned on the start of the function. See ":help tag_commands". .TP -e [errorfile] Start in quickFix mode. The file [errorfile] is read and the first error is displayed. If [errorfile] is omitted the file name is obtained from the 'errorfile' option (defaults to "AztecC.Err" for the Amiga, "errors.vim" on other systems). Further errors can be jumped to with the ":cn" command. See ":help quickfix". .SH OPTIONS The options, if present, must precede the filelist. The options may be given in any order. Options can mostly be combined after a single dash. .TP 12 +[num] For the first file the cursor will be positioned on line "num". If "num" is missing, the cursor will be positioned on the last line. .TP +/{pat} For the first file the cursor will be positioned on the first occurrence of {pat}. See ":help search_pattern" for the available search patterns. .TP +{command} .TP -c {command} {command} will be executed after the first file has been read. {command} is interpreted as an Ex command. If the {command} contains spaces it must be enclosed in double quotes (this depends on the shell that is used). Example: Vim "+set si" main.c .br Note: You can use only one "+" or "-c" argument. .TP -b Binary mode. A few options will be set that makes it possible to edit a binary or executable file. .TP -d {device} Open {device} for use as a terminal. Only on the Amiga. Example: "\-d con:20/30/600/150". .TP -i {viminfo} When using the viminfo file is enabled, this option sets the file name to use, instead of the default "~/.viminfo". This can also be used to skip the use of the .viminfo file, by giving the name "NONE". .TP -g If .B Vim has been compiled with GUI support, this option turns the GUI on. If no GUI support was compiled in, an error message is given and .B Vim aborts. .TP -H If .B Vim has been compiled with RIGHTLEFT support for editing right-to-left oriented files and Hebrew keyboard mapping, this option starts .B Vim in Hebrew mode, i.e. hkmap and rightleft are set. Otherwise an error message is given and .B Vim aborts. .TP -n No swap file will be used. Recovery after a crash will be impossible. Handy if you want to edit a file on a very slow medium (e.g. floppy). Can also be done with ":set uc=0". Can be undone with ":set uc=200". .TP -o[N] Open N windows. When N is omitted, open one window for each file. .TP -r List swap files, with information about using them for recovery. .TP -r {file} Recovery mode. The swap file is used to recover a crashed editing session. The swap file is a file with the same file name as the text file with ".swp" appended. See ":help recovery". .TP -s {scriptin} The script file {scriptin} is read. The characters in the file are interpreted as if you had typed them. The same can be done with the command ":source! {scriptin}". If the end of the file is reached before the editor exits, further characters are read from the keyboard. .TP -T {terminal} Tells .B Vim the name of the terminal you are using. Should be a terminal known to .B Vim (builtin) or defined in the termcap or terminfo file. .TP -u {vimrc} Use the commands in the file "vimrc" for initializations. All the other initializations are skipped. Use this to edit a special kind of files. It can also be used to skip all initializations by giving the name "NONE". See ":help initialization" within vim for more details. .TP -v View mode. The 'readonly' option will be set. You can still edit the buffer, but will be prevented from accidently overwriting a file. If you do want to overwrite a file, add an exclamation mark to the Ex command, as in ":w!". The -v option also implies the -n option (see below). The 'readonly' option can be reset with ":set noro". See ":help 'readonly'". .TP -w {scriptout} All the characters that you type are recorded in the file {scriptout}, until you exit .B Vim. This is useful if you want to create a script file to be used with "vim -s" or ":source!". If the {scriptout} file exists, characters are appended. .TP -W {scriptout} Like -w, but an existing file is overwritten. .TP -x (Amiga only) .B Vim is not restarted to open a new window. This option should be used when .B Vim is executed by a program that will wait for the edit session to finish (e.g. mail). The ":sh" and ":!" commands will not work. .TP -- Denotes the end of the options, arguments after this will be handled as a file name. This can be used to edit a file name that starts with a '-'. .SH ON-LINE HELP Type ":help" in .B Vim to get started. Type ":help subject" to get help on a specific subject. For example: ":help ZZ" to get help for the "ZZ" command. Use and CTRL-D to complete subjects (":help cmdline_completion"). Tags are present to jump from one place to another (sort of hypertext links, see ":help"). All files mentioned below can be viewed in this way, for example ":help vim_ref.txt". .SH FILES Vim documentation (in /opt/BMvim/lib/vim). .TP 15 vim_ref.txt A complete reference of .B Vim (long). .TP vim_help.txt File used by the on-line help (short), contains links to all other files. .TP vim_win.txt Explanation of the multi windows and buffers commands and options. .TP vim_idx.txt Overview of all command characters (useful when adding new mappings). .TP vim_tips.txt Some useful tips about using .B Vim for specific file types. .TP vim_digr.txt Overview of the available digraphs. .TP vim_kcc.txt About copying .B Vim and Uganda. .TP vim_diff.txt Overview of the differences between .B Vim and vi. .TP vim_.txt Machine specific comments. can be ami (Amiga), arch (Archimedes), unix, w32 (Windows 95/NT), dos (MS-DOS), mint (Atari MiNT) and mac (Macintosh). .TP vim_gui.txt Specific comments about the GUI version. .TP vim_rlh.txt Information about using .B Vim for editing right-to-left oriented files. .TP /opt/BMvim/lib/vim/vimrc System wide .B Vim initializations .TP /opt/BMvim/lib/vim/gvimrc System wide gvim initializations .PP For recent info read the VIM home page: .br .SH AUTHOR Most of .B Vim was made by Bram Moolenaar. .br .B Vim is based on Stevie, worked on by: Tim Thompson, Tony Andrews and G.R. (Fred) Walter .SH BUGS Probably. See the "todo" file that comes with the distribution. .PP Note that a number of things that may be regarded as bugs by some, are in fact caused by a too-faithful reproduction of vi's behaviour. Other people may think other things are bugs "because vi does it differently". Those people should take a closer look at the vim_diff.txt file (or type :help vim_diff.txt when in Vim). Also have a look at the 'compatible' option. 07070100017101000081a400000064000000640000000132f5081600001b79000000200000001b00000000000000000000001500000004reloc/man/man1/xxd.1.TH XXD 1 "August 1996" "Manual page for xxd" .\" .\" 21st May 1996 .\" Man page author: .\" Tony Nugent .\" Changes by Bram Moolenaar .SH NAME .I xxd \- make a hexdump or do the reverse. .SH SYNOPSIS .B xxd \-h[elp] .br .B xxd [options] [infile [outfile]] .br .B xxd \-r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]] .SH DESCRIPTION .I xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like .BR uuencode(1) and .BR uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to standard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching. .SH OPTIONS If no .I infile is given, standard input is read. If .I infile is specified as a .RB \` \- \' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no .I outfile is given (or a .RB \` \- \' character is in its place), results are sent to standard output. .PP Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than the first letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter. Spaces between an option and a following parameter is optional, and in that case the long name is known to make equivalent \fB\-c8\fR, \fB\-c 8\fR, \fB\-cols 8\fR, and \fB\-cols8\fR. .PP .TP .I \-a \-autoskip toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off. .TP \fI\-c cols \fR| \fI\-cols cols format .RI < cols > octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30). Max 64. .TP .I \-h \-help print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping is performed. .TP .I \-i \-include output in C include file style. .TP \fI\-l len \fR| \fI\-len len stop after .RI < len > octets. .TP .I \-p \-ps \-postscript output in postscript continuous hexdump style. .TP .I \-r \-revert reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. .TP .I \-seek off When used after .I \-r : revert with .RI < offset > added to file positions found in hexdump. .TP .I \-s [\+][\-]seek start at bytes abs. (or +: rel.) infile offset. .I seek may be hex (eg, 0x3f) or decimal (eg, 47). \fI\+ \fRindicates that the seek is from the start of the input. \fI\- \fRindicates that the seek should be that many characters from the end of the input. .TP .I \-u use upper case hex letters (default is lower case). .TP .I \-v \-version show version string. .SH CAVEATS .PP .I xxd \-r has some builtin magic. The linenumbers at the start of each line matter! .PP Note that there is a difference between .br \fI% xxd \-i file\fR .br and .br \fI% xxd \-i \< file\fR .PP .I xxd \-s \+seek has some semantic differences, as lseek() is used to "rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may help to clarify (or further confuse!)... .PP Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read to the end of stdin. .br \fI% sh -c 'cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy' < file .PP Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k where dd left off. .br \fI% sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet' < file .PP Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on. .br \fI% sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet' < file .PP However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed. .SH EXAMPLES .PP .br Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of .B file \. .br \fI% xxd \-s 0x30 file .PP .br Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of .B file \. .br \fI% xxd \-s \-0x30 file .PP .br Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 40 octets per line. .br \fI% xxd \-l 120 \-ps \-c 20 xxd.1\fR .br 2e544820585844203120224d616e75616c207061 .br 676520666f7220787864220a2e5c220a2e5c2220 .br 32317374204d617920313939360a2e5c22204d61 .br 6e207061676520617574686f723a0a2e5c222020 .br 2020546f6e79204e7567656e74203c746f6e7940 .br 7363746e7567656e2e7070702e67752e6564752e .br .br Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line. .br \fI% xxd \-l 120 \-c 12 xxd.1\fR .br 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 224d .TH XXD 1 "M .br 000000c: 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 2066 anual page f .br 0000018: 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c 220a or xxd"..\\". .br 0000024: 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d 6179 .\\" 21st May .br 0000030: 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 4d61 1996..\\" Ma .br 000003c: 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 686f n page autho .br 0000048: 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 546f r:..\\" To .br 0000054: 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 3c74 ny Nugent output_file\fR .br .br Patch the date in the file xxd.1 .br \fI% echo '0000029: 3574 68' | xxd -r - xxd.1\fR .br \fI% xxd \-s 0x28 \-l 12 \-c 12 xxd.1\fR .br 0000028: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 25th May 199 .PP .br Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41). .br \fI% echo \'010000: 41\' | xxd \-r \> file\fR .PP .br Hexdump this file with autoskip. .br \fI% xxd \-a \-c 12 file\fR .br 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............ .br * .br 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A .br .br Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed. .br \fI% echo '010000: 41' | xxd \-r \-s \-0x10000 \> file\fR .PP .br Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as .B vim(1) to hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'. .br \fI:'a,'z!xxd\fR .br .br Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as .B vim(1) to recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'. .br \fI:'a,'z!xxd -r\fR .br .br Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as .B vim(1) to recover one line of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type: .br \fI!!xxd -r\fR .br .SH "RETURN VALUES" The following error values are returned: .TP 0 no errors encountered. .TP 1 parse error. .SH "SEE ALSO" uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1) .br .SH WARNINGS Use entirely at your own risk. .br .SH BUGS .br \fB\-seek3\fR and \fB\-skip3\fR (and others) do not work (use a space between the option and its parameter). .br .SH AUTHOR .br (c) 1990-1996 by Juergen Weigert .br .LP Distribute freely and credit me, .br make money and share with me, .br lose money and don't ask me. .PP Manual page by Tony Nugent .br .br Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. .PP 07070100000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b00000000TRAILER!!!